BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS Intravenous fluids can be effective in restoring intravascular (blood) volume.

. It does not affect the Oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. It is the introduction of whole blood or blood components into the venous circulation. BLOOD GROUPS Human blood is commonly classified into four main groups (A, B, AB, and O). ANTIGENS- a substance capable of inducing the formation of anti-bodies. -antigens A, B, and RH are the most important in determining blood group or types. AGGLUTINOGENS- a substance that acts as an antigen and stimulates the production of AGGLUTININS. AGGLUTININS- specific anti-bodies formed in the blood. ANTIBODIES- immunoglobulins, part of the bodys plasma proteins, defend primarily against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections. TYPE O- universal donor. TYPE AB- universal recipients.

THE BLOOD GROUPS WITH THEIR CONSTITUENT AGGLUTINOGENS AND AGGLUTININS BLOOD TYPES A B AB O RBC ANTIGENS (AGGLUTINOGENS) A B A and B PLASMA ANTIBODIES (AGGLUTININS) B A A and B

TRANSFUSION RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ABO BLOOD GROUPS BLOOD GROUP A B AB O CAN ACT AS DONOR TO A,AB B,AB AB A,B,AB,O CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM A,O B,O A,B,AB,O O

RHESUS (RH) FACTOR Blood that contains the Rh Factoris known as Rh when it is not present,an Rh.

BLOOD TYPING AND CROSSMATCHING Blood typing is done to determine the ABO blood group and Rh factor status. This test is also performed on women on pregnant women and neonates to assess for possible intrauterine exposure of either to an incompatible blood type particularly Rh factor incompatibilities. Cross matching is necessary prior to transfusion to identify possible interactions of minor antigens with their corresponding antibodies. COOMBS SERUM- a reagent added from the blood donor and being mixed to the recipients serum.

SELECTION OF BLOOD DONORS Screening of blood donors is rigorous. Potential donors are eliminated by a history of Hepatitis, HIV infection (or risk factors for HIV infection), heart disease, most cancers, severe asthma, bleeding disorders or convulsions. Donation may be deferred for people with malaria or hepatitis or in situation of pregnancy, surgery, anemia, high or low blood pressure and certain drugs.

BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS It is more common for clients to receive a transfusion of a particular blood component specific to their individual needs.

TRANSFUSION REACTIONS Transfusion of ABO- or Rh- incompatible blood can result in a Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction with the destruction of the transfused RBCs and subsequent risk of kidney damage or failure. Other reactions that might occur: febrile, allergic or circulatory overload and sepsis.

ADMINISTERING BLOOD Blood is usually administered through a #18-#20 gauge intravenous needle or catheter.

AUTOLOGOUS RED BLOOD CELLS Used for blood replacement following elective surgery client donates blood for autologous transfusion is 4-5 weeks prior to surgery.

PLATELETS Replaces platelets in clients with bleeding disorders or platelet deficiency. Fresh platelets are most effective. Each unit should increase the average adult clients platelet count by about 5,000 platelets /microliter. Has a vital function to remove/ eliminate blood clotting.

FRESH FROZEN PLASMA Expands blood volume & provides clotting factors. It does not need to be typed & cross matched (contains no RBCs). Each unit will increase the level of any clotting factor by 2% to 3% in the average adult.

ALBUMIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN FRACTION Blood volume expander. Provides plasma proteins. PLASMA PROTEIN-Causes SEPSIS. ALBUMIN-lessen the transmission of infection.

CLOTTING FACTORS AND CRYOPRECIPITATE Used for clients with clotting factor deficiencies. Each provides different factors involved in the clotting pathway. Cryoprecipitate also contains fibrinogen. Helps treat or prevent bleeding disorders.

 HEPATITIS GLOBULIN-can treat Hepatitis.

BLOOD TRANSFUSSIONS IMPORTANCE: It carries hormone sand internal secretions. It carries oxygen to blood to the body tissues.

WHOLE HUMAN BLOOD Replaces blood volume. 35-40%.

PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS (PRBCs) Used to increase oxygen-carrying capacity of blood in anemia, surgeries, and disorders with slow bleeding. Raises HEMATOCRIT by approximately 2-3%.

RED BLOOD CELLS Has nucleus. Carries oxygen throughout the body.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS No nucleus. Helps protect the body in combating foreign microorganisms. 5000-10,000.

FIBRIN Clots the blood.