This paper will describe the use of tuning, or changing, the natural frequency of a system or component to control vibration response of large structures. Force Reduction of inputs related to rotating components, such as unbalance, misalignment, looseness, and rubbing, will result in a corresponding reduction of vibration response.
This paper will describe the use of tuning, or changing, the natural frequency of a system or component to control vibration response of large structures. Force Reduction of inputs related to rotating components, such as unbalance, misalignment, looseness, and rubbing, will result in a corresponding reduction of vibration response.
This paper will describe the use of tuning, or changing, the natural frequency of a system or component to control vibration response of large structures. Force Reduction of inputs related to rotating components, such as unbalance, misalignment, looseness, and rubbing, will result in a corresponding reduction of vibration response.
Design Modifications of Papermachine Support Structures to Control Vibration
Andrew K. Costain, B.Sc.Eng.
Dale G. Eyre, Eng., B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc. J Michael Robichaud, P.Eng., CMRP
Bretech Engineering Ltd.
ABSTRACT
The generally accepted methods for vibration control of equipment and structures include Force Reduction, Mass Addition, Tuning, Isolation, and Damping. This paper will describe the use of tuning, or changing, the natural frequency of a system or component to control vibration response of large structures. Several case studies will be presented, with emphasis on pragmatic solutions to papermachine vibration problems.
1. INTRODUCTION
Notwithstanding the replacement of worn or defective components, such as damaged bearings, 5 basic methods exist for vibration control of industrial equipment, as detailed below;
Force Reduction of excitation inputs due to, for example, unbalance or misalignment will decrease the corresponding vibration response of the system.
Mass Addition will reduce the effect (system response) of a constant excitation force not considered practical for papermachine support structures.
Tuning (changing) the natural frequency of a system or component will reduce or eliminate amplification due to resonance.
Isolation rearranges the excitation forces to achieve some reduction or cancellation
Damping is the conversion of mechanical energy (vibrations) into heat not considered practical for papermachine support structures.
2. BASIC METHODS FOR PAPERMACHINE VIBRATION CONTROL
The typical and preferred methods for vibration control of paper machine structures are force reduction and tuning. These methods are described in detail on the following pages.
2.1 Force Reduction
Force reduction of inputs related to rotating components, such as unbalance, misalignment, looseness, and rubbing, will result in a corresponding reduction of vibration response. Typically, force input increases in proportion to the frequency (speed). For higher speed machines, balancing to specified tolerances and precision shaft alignment may be required to moderate the input force. As shown in Equation 1, below, force due to unbalance increases with the square of the speed. Conversely, on slower machines, residual unbalance may not necessarily result in unacceptably high force input and corresponding vibration response.
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2 2 f e M F
[Equation 1 unbalance force]
where F = force, lb [N] M = mass, lb-sec 2 /in [kg] e = eccentricity, in [m] f = frequency, Hz
For force inputs at or near the system natural frequency, f n , (resonance), amplification of the vibration response is likely to occur. This may cause otherwise acceptable (residual) force inputs to result in excessive vibrations. For well damped systems, force reduction may sufficiently control the vibration response. For lightly damped systems, force reduction is typically used in conjunction with Tuning.
2.2 Tuning
Tuning is a process used to eliminate amplification due to resonance by changing a system or component natural frequency, f n , so that it is no longer coincident with the frequency of a specific force input. Resonance of industrial equipment will amplify vibration response, in theory up to , depending on system damping characteristics.
The Synchronous Amplification Factor (SAF) is a measure of how much 1X vibration is amplified when the system passes through a resonance. Systems with a high effective damping tend to have a low SAF, and systems with low effective damping have a high SAF. The Bode Plot, shown in Figure 1, below, indicates that systems with a high SAF (lightly damped) have a narrow range of resonance with high amplification; systems with low SAF (well damped) have relatively broad range of resonance with low amplification. Note that the range of resonance indicates the amount of tuning (change in the system natural frequency) required to eliminate resonance. Resonant frequencies that are nonsynchronous exhibit similar behavior.
Figure 1 Bode Plot
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Before attempting to tune a resonant system, the natural frequency (and damping characteristics) should be determined experimentally, typically by a forced response (bump) test. Once the frequency relationship between force input and system natural frequency, f n , are evaluated, a decision must be made on whether to raise or lower the natural frequency. For a simple (sdof) vibrating system, f n is proportional to the stiffness to mass ratio. Equation 2, below, indicates that adding stiffness will raise the f n , and, conversely, adding mass will lower the f n .
M K 2 1 f n
[Equation 2 natural frequency for simple vibrating system]
where f n = system natural frequency, Hz K = stiffness, lb/in [N/m] M = mass, lb-sec 2 /in [kg]
Since increasing mass and/or decreasing stiffness (to lower the f n ) may compromise the strength of a machine or its supporting structure, adding stiffness (to raise the f n ) is the most common practical application of detuning. When adding stiffeners to a resonant system, the optimal location for end connections is the system antinodes, and installations at nodes will be ineffective. A modal or operating deflection shape analysis is useful for determining the location of antinodes. Care should be taken to ensure that: 1) the added mass of the stiffener does not cancel its stiffening effect (note that pipe has the best stiffness to mass ratio), 2) stiffeners do not introduce new component natural frequencies that are coincident with force input frequencies (i.e. resonance), and 3) stiffener end connections are as fixed (rigid) as practically possible.
Figure 2A forced response test of vertical pump Figure 2B peak hold coastdown of vertical pump
Figures 2A and 2B, above, show the evaluation of system f n for a vertical pump, using both forced response testing and peak hold coastdown methods. In this case, 1X pump rotating speed, 700 rpm, is coincident with a system natural frequency (i.e. resonance). Note that by analyzing phase and coherence data, the 10.5 Hz peak shown in Figure 2A was found to be an external force input, rather than a system natural frequency.
3. TEST & EVALUATION
Evaluation and assessment of vibration response is necessary to determine the most effective vibration control strategy. Consideration should also be given to current and future machine requirements (planned operating speeds), equipment reliability, and project costs & roi.
Four basic vibration acquisition test methods are employed to produce information about the structure and direct a solution to the undesired machine vibration. These methods are described below; TAPPI/PIMA PaperCon08 Conference, May 4-7 2008, Dallas, TX Page 3 of 15
3.1 Transient and Speed Trial Data
Speed trial and transient testing methods involve the continuous acquisition of data for a period of time and operating conditions. These methods will capture any events which are not continuous, such as beats resulting from amplitude and/or frequency modulation. Vibration beating may be of particular interest, since dryer sections produce closely spaced forcing frequencies due to the draw or speed difference from the wet end to the dry end required to keep sheet tension. Beats can be very destructive over time to frame condition and directly affect machine reliability.
Speed trials involve continuous data acquisition over a machine operating range or range of interest. This data is acquired to investigate the relationship of machine speed versus vibration amplitude and frequency. As speed changes, so do associated forcing functions - as machine speed increases, vibration levels should show a gradual corresponding increase. The speed trial data analysis may reveal system natural frequencies and other unusual vibration amplitude patterns present in the machine operation.
Resonance occurs when forcing frequencies are coincident with system natural frequencies. At resonance, system response (vibration amplitude) is amplified. A sudden sharp peak followed by decreases in amplitude as machine speed increases is an indication of the presence of a system natural frequency. The amount of amplification depends on the system damping characteristics.
Unbalance in rolls may also be indicated in speed trial data. A sharp and continual increase in amplitude with increased speed may indicate an unbalance condition, since calculated force due to unbalance increases by the square of the rotational frequency (as shown in Equation 2). A key factor affecting vibration response due to unbalance is the rotating speed of the roll.
Multiple channels of vibration data acquired simultaneously with increasing machine speed on all papermachine components, tending and drive sides, will also allow the investigation of component phase relationships.
Figure 3 contains the 0 to 40 Hz waterfall plot of data in acceleration (gs) of a dryer section measurement. This data was acquired midframe on the tending side in the machine direction. The multi-axis plot contains data on three axes, the vibration amplitude, time, and frequency.
Amplitude Frequency Time Figure 3 Vibration Waterfall Plot, 0-40 Hz
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High vibration response from resonance is identified in several location of this plot as well and a proportional vibration increase with speed typical of unbalance in a rotating component. Using the trend over a given speed range comparison of vibration representing unbalance is separated from resonant response.
3.2 Forced Response
Forced Response Testing (impact testing) is used to identify the natural frequencies of systems and components. The raw data acquired during impact testing is evaluated for amplitude, coherence and phase shift to verify the accuracy of the sample. This data is then crosschecked with system forcing functions to identify possible areas where resonance will occur.
Sample data plots for the impact testing are shown in 4 and 5. The data was acquired on a point located at press felt roll 202F, in the upper frame of the press section. The indicated peak is 25.9 Hz. Note that other valid peaks are also present.
0.0 250.0000 Hertz 0.0 0.0150 sec/LBF Transfer Function B/A 096 - -50Z:1X in/s: 0.0137 Hert: 25.9375 30-May-07 14:05:00 JOBID: UTOPIAFRF
Figure 4A forced response test Figure 4B transfer function
The validity of an impact test is considered with reference to the dominance of the peak shown in the natural frequency transfer function compared with the coherence and the phase shift data. The coherence plot verifies that the vibration data acquired by the accelerometer is in fact a result of the impact by the modal hammer. In this test, a valid data point will have a coherence value of 0.95 or higher on a scale of 1.0, the indicated value in Figure 5 is 0.996. Additionally, a phase shift of approximately 180 degrees in the cross channel phase plot is consistent with resonance conditions (see Figure 5B). 0.0 250.0000 Hertz 0.3000 1.1000 Cross Channel Coherence 096 - -50Z:1X : 0.9960 Hert: 25.9375 30-May-07 14:05:00 JOBID: UTOPIAFRF
Figure 5A forced response test coherence Figure 5B forced response test cross phase TAPPI/PIMA PaperCon08 Conference, May 4-7 2008, Dallas, TX Page 5 of 15
All Forced Response data requires evaluation using the criteria presented in prior to acceptance as a valid natural frequency of the tested component(s)
Forced response testing indicates system natural frequencies, typically the 1 st and 2 nd bending modes. When forcing functions (such as 1X dryer turning speed) are coincident with the natural frequency, a significant increase in vibration amplitude will occur (i.e. resonance).
Additional components of interest to natural frequency modes, other than peak frequency and amplitude, are damping and amplification. The amount of damping in a structure affects the resonant response, such that, with no damping, one would expect to get infinite motion with very small excitation. As the damping increases, the resonant response from a given force reduces.
In a lightly damped system, the frequency peak is narrow at its base in the spectral plot. This narrow peak implies large amplification over a narrow frequency range. Conversely, a highly damped system shows a peak at a natural frequency with a wide base with lower amplification factor over a typically wider frequency range. Associated with system damping is how much the system vibration amplitude will be amplified by a coincident forcing function. The degree of amplification may be quantified by Equation 3, where Q is the amplification factor, f c is the center or peak frequency, and f a and f b are the frequencies at which the amplitude peak is 0.707 of its maximum.
fa fb fc Q
= [Equation 3 Amplification Factor using power points]
where f c = peak power point, Hz f a , f b = rms power points, Hz Q = amplification factor
In Figure 6 below, the amplification factor for the natural frequency peak of the #212 Felt Roll in the upper frame of dryer section 2, peaks at 0.707 of the center frequency amplitude, and Hz, are used to calculate Q, the amplification factor. Therefore, the vibration amplitudes at a frequency of 25.9 Hz will be amplified by a factor of 26.0.
Factors affecting natural frequencies include geometry and support stiffness (i.e. bearings, supporting structure, and felt wrap).
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3.3 High resolution vibration measurements
Radial vibration measurements are acquired using a data acquisition route configured for all dryer cylinder bearings on the tending side and drive side. The data acquired is used as an assessment tool for the frequency and amplitude of each contributor to the vibration problem. Occasionally, there are multiple frequencies that can be contributing to the overall problems, thus requiring more than a single correction or single course of action.
Machine speed during data acquisition is held constant at the highest normal production rate for the machine. Vibration amplitudes at 1X the dryer turning speed represent movement induced by the turning speed of the roll and may indicate unbalance.
Vibration amplitudes of 0.04 in/sec peak (ips pk) have been identified as the maximum acceptable vibration amplitude at 1X dryer turning speed for dryer cylinders based on historical data and experience. Sample spectral and waveform data is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 sample vibration spectrum and waveform
This sample plot indicates the spectra and associated acceleration waveform for a horizontal measurement on the tending side bearing housing of dryer 33. The amplitude of the 1X dryer vibration in this plot, 0.205 ips pk, exceeds the acceptable amplitude of 0.04 ips pk, indicating the presence of dryer unbalance or frame movement.
Dryer unbalance is typically a combination of static and couple unbalance, and the severity of it is represented by the vibration magnitude at 1X the roll turning speed. The phase of the 1X component is measured relative to a phase marker (reflective paint) painted on a dryer head bolt. Generally, if the unbalance force is a result of pure unbalance and not affected by resonance or structural deflection, the unbalance force will increase as per Equation 1.
3.4 Operating Deflection Shape
Operating deflection shape (ODS) analysis is a powerful post-test analysis technique, in which users can observe, analyze, and document the relative dynamic behavior of machines and structures.
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Vibration amplitude and phase data is associated with specific points on a model to visually display the relative movements of papermachine components. The model can then be animated at any frequency present in the vibration data. This is valuable in identifying the frequencies causing the deflection of rolls and frames as well as in determining the phase relationship between these components.
Animations are created in .avi movie format using cross-channel data, images from the animations are shown below.
Figure 8A ODS press model Figure 8B ODS former model
Animations are run at specific forcing frequencies identified during previous data analysis using field data.
The results of ODS animation results is a key indication of problem locations and the limit of the affected areas or components. As data is acquired during a periodic vibration measurements variables including transient or beat vibration must be identified and addressed to ensure accurate results. Incorrect data acquisition and analysis is one of the leading potential sources for incorrect diagnosis.
4. Sample Structural Vibration Case Studies
Three case studies selected from previous analysis and corrections follow. Each correction deals with a problem that was identified and corrected through structural tuning or force reduction. Strong similarities exist in the data and careful analysis is necessary to determine the cost effective source to solution.
4.1 Case Study #1
A large newsprint machine was to increase nominal operating speed from 3400 fpm to 4000 fpm. Since existing runability problems at the dryer section (excessive sheet breaks) was already a concern, and since existing vibration forces were expected to increase with speed, a detailed dynamic analysis was conducted of the dryer section.
The baseline vibration assessment revealed; 1) several dryer cylinder bearing defects, and 2) felt roll unbalance problems, as shown in Figs 9A and 9B, below.
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0.0 4.2000 Seconds -1.2000 1.2000 G's Waveformof Dryer Can #20 - Y Direction G's: -0.2682 Seconds: 0.1699 09/12/02 11:57:29 J OB ID: 202137-3 0.0 200.0000 Hertz 0.0 0.4800 Peak in/sec Spectrumof Felt Roll F28 - X Direction in/sec: 0.3924 Hertz: 13.0000 09/12/02 16:04:45 J OB ID: 202137-4A 0.0 200.0000 Hertz 0.0 0.0300 Peak in/sec Spectrumof Dryer Can #20 - Y Direction in/sec: 0.0217 Hertz: 3.7500 09/12/02 11:57:29 J OB ID: 202137-3 0.0 4.2000 Seconds -0.6000 0.6000 G's Waveformof Felt Roll F28 - X Direction G's: 0.0696 Seconds: 0.0 09/12/02 16:04:45 J OB ID: 202137-4A
Figure 9A dryer bearing defect Figure 9B felt roll unbalance
As shown in Figs 10A and 10B, below, excessive dryer cylinder unbalance was detected at dryer section #1. Similar results were found at section #2 and #3, with 1X dryer (4 Hz) amplitude up to 0.3 in /sec pk in the machine direction (target value is 0.04 in/sec pk).
Conversely, the dryer sections #4 and #5 were found to be well within tolerance. Note that sections #1, #2, and #3 are driven by dryer felts, and sections #4 and #5 are driven by enclosed gear trains.
Figure 10A 1X dryer vibration amplitude Figure 10B 1X dryer phase / magnitude vectors Tending Side 1X Vibr at ion - 3650 FPM 0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.180 0.200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dr yer Cylinder #' s V i b r a t i o n
A m p l i t u d e
( i n / s e c
p k ) TendingSideHorizontal TendingSideVertical TendingSideAxial VibrationLimit 0.238 0.210 0.202
An operating deflection analysis indicated excessive machine direction motion in the supporting structure. The ods model is shown in Fig 11, below. Machine direction is +x.
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Figure 11 operating deflection shape model
Visual examination of the support structure revealed previously installed machine direction braces, as shown in Fig 12A, below. These were found to be undersized, and in generally poor condition, with many of the structural welds broken.
Figure 12A failed structural brace Figure 12B example structural brace
Recommendations were submitted to design and install suitable machine direction bracing, similar to that shown in Fig 12B, above. At the time of writing, this work is in progress.
4.2 Case Study #2
A large papermachine was experiencing sheet breaks and runnability issues associated with dryer section vibration. Vibration in the 3 rd and 4 th sections in particular was excessive in the machine direction with visible sheet draw tension variations. Sheet breaks were accounting for up to 4 hrs lost production per day.
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Baseline vibration assessment identified: 1) dryer unbalance, and 2) machine direction frame resonance at current operating speed. See waterfall plot in Figure 13 below. Frame resonance was affecting felt roll vibration.
Figure 13 waterfall plot machine direction sill beam
Data acquired using both constant speed and transient techniques identified speed range where residual vibration amplitude was amplified in resonance. The dryer section was composed of 6 sections with individual sill beam separations by section. Data indicated both in phase and out of phase machine direction vibration as measured over time. Steady state amplitudes reached 1X dryer vibration amplitudes in excess of 0.6 ips-pk (target 0.04 ips-pk). Typical data plots are shown below in Figure 14 A and B.
ROUTEWAVEFORM 08-Feb-06 10:10: 42 RMS= .0499 PK(+) = .1550 PK(-) = .2205 CRESTF= 4.42 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 Timein Seconds A c c e le r a t io n in G - s PM 2- Dryer #52 D52 -TSH Tending SideHorizont al ROUTESPECTRUM 08-Feb-06 10:10: 42 OVERALL= .4891V-DG PK = .5311 LOAD= 100.0 RPM = 94. RPS= 1.57 0 30 60 90 120 150 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Frequencyin Hz P K V e lo c it y in In /S e c Freq: Ordr: Spec: 3.938 2.501 .411
An operating deflection analysis indicated excessive machine direction motion in the supporting structure and in particular vibration for the sill beam and below. This is the root cause of the upper frame vibration and the location for correction. TAPPI/PIMA PaperCon08 Conference, May 4-7 2008, Dallas, TX Page 11 of 15
Figure 15 operating deflection shape model
Bracing was installed during an annual outage in 4 of the 6 dryer sections (as time permitted) in conjunction with trim balancing of residual dryer vibration.
Vibration amplitudes were reduced to the target amplitude and breaks in the dryer section stopped. Machine speed is increasing and reliability improving.
4.3 Case Study #3
A large papermachine was experiencing very high machine direction vibration at 1X dryer turning speed. Machine design is 3500 FPM with current speeds of operation up to 4000 FPM with production plans for speed up to the drive limit of 4600 FPM. As all 4 dryer sections are on a continuous sill beam the two areas of concern exist with sheet draw between press/dryer and dryer/calender and the mechanical failure potential from vibration amplitudes as high as 1.5 ips overall.
Baseline vibration assessment identified: 1) dryer unbalance, and 2) machine direction frame resonance at current operating speed. The trend plots shown in Figure 18 identify the amplitude pattern typical of resonance along with the phase shift. TAPPI/PIMA PaperCon08 Conference, May 4-7 2008, Dallas, TX Page 12 of 15
PM1 Speed Tri al - Machi ne Di recti on Vi brati on 1X Dryer 37, Ampl i tude and Phase March 2003 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 Machine Speed (FPM) C o r r e c t e d
P h a s e
A n g l e
( D e g r e e s ) 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 V i b r a t i o n
A m p l i t u d e ( i n . / s e c
p e a k ) Measured Phase Projected Phase Measured Amplitude
Figure 17 waterfall plot machine direction sill beam
Speed trials identified that although the machine was operating in resonance at speed ranges between 3900 and 4100 FPM, the frame stiffness was lower than expected and dryer unbalance continued to deflect the frame with resulting high vibration amplitudes.
Structural corrections identified include both stiffness for a natural frequency change and strength for increased operating speed loads.
As with previous analysis, 1X dryer peak magnitude and phase is evaluated for peak amplitudes vs. target and their associated vector (phase & magnitude).
Figure 18A 1X dryer magnitude Figure 18B 1X dryer magnitude/phase Tending Side, 1XDryer Vibration - March 2003 Dryer Section 4 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.60 D28 D29 D30 D31 D32 D33 D34 D35 D36 D37 D38 D39 Dr yer Can # V i b r a t i o n
A m p l i t u d e
( i n . / s e c .
p e a k ) Vibr ation Limit (0.04 in./sec.) 0.70 (in/sec peak)
The operating deflection shape analysis identified a uniform motion in the machine direction with an out of phase movement between the tending side and the drive side. This out of phase motion places higher loads on frames and gear drive systems.
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Figure 19 operating deflection shape model
Using a computer FEA of the frame system along with load calculations and structural design two large braces were added to each side of the machine section. The braces were installed and a subsequent follow-up testing identified vibration amplitudes at the sill beam were reduced from 0.6 IPS pk at 1X dryer vibration to 0.02 ips pk.
Vibration amplitudes were reduced to the target amplitude and machine speed increased to 4500 FPM.
5. CONCLUSION
There are 5 basic and distinct methods available for vibration control of industrial equipment; two are effective for controlling vibration of papermachine structures as described in this paper. Prior to proceeding with a vibration control method, the vibrating system, including force inputs and system natural frequencies, must be evaluated.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Costain, A. and Robichaud, J. M., Practical Methods for Vibration Control of Industrial Equipment, CMVA, (2003)
[2] Costain, A., Case Studies on Paper Machine Vibration Problems, CMVA, (2003)
[3] Eshleman, R. Machinery Vibration Analysis: Diagnostics, Condition Evaluation, and Correction, Vibration Institute, (2002)
[4] Jackson, C. The Practical Vibration Primer Gulf Publishing Company - Houston, TX, (1979)
[5] Bently, Donald E. Fundamentals of Rotating Machinery Diagnostics Bently Pressurized Bearings Press, (2002)
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Design Modifications of Papermachine Support Structures to Control Vibration presented by Andrew Costain introduction test methods design strategies examples Design Modifications of Papermachine Support Structures to Control Vibration established in 1984 based in Saint John, NB 45 Engineers & Technicians computed improving fixed assets productivity is the most powerful mechanism to improve shareholders return introduction test methods Design Modifications of Papermachine Support Structures to Control Vibration vibration assessment & condition evaluation forced response testing speed trial testing operating deflection shape analysis peak magnitude & phase measurements ROUTE WAVEFORM 16-OCT-03 21: 20: 34 RMS = .0373 PK(+) = .1844 PK(-) = .1670 CRESTF= 4.95 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 -0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 Ti me i n Seconds A c c e l e r a t i o n
i n
G - s PM 5 - Dr yer #52 D52 -TSH Tendi ng Si de Hor i zontal ROUTE SPECTRUM 16-OCT-03 21: 20: 34 OVRALL= .0924 V-DG PK = .0986 LOAD = 100.0 RPM = 232. RPS = 3.87 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 Fr equency i n Hz P K
V e l o c i t y
i n
I n / S e c Fr eq: Ordr : Spec: 10.22 2.642 .01355 1X dryer 2X dryer 1X felt roll Time Domain Frequency Domain MACHINERY VIBRATION ANALYSIS ROUTE WAVEFORM 28-FEB-00 11:45:59 RMS = .5096 PK(+) = 2.09 PK(-) = 1.86 CRESTF= 4.11 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Time in Seconds A c c e l e r a t i o n
i n
G - s PM#1 - Dryer #24 D24 -TSH Tending Side Horiz. ROUTE SPECTRUM 28-FEB-00 11:45:59 OVRALL= .3989 V-DG PK = .3987 LOAD = 100.0 RPM = 220. RPS = 3.67 0 4000 8000 12000 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 Frequency in CPM P K
V e l o c i t y
i n
I n / S e c Freq: Ordr: Spec: Dfrq: 9161.3 41.64 .07664 213.28 0.0 150.0000 Hertz 0.0 0.0200 Peak in/sec Spectrum 350 - 283Y/001X(Ch B) in/s: 0.0179 Hert: 51.0000 15-Aug-06 13:29:05 J OB ID: MODDAO2PM 0.0 150.0000 Hertz 0.0 1.2000 Cross Channel Coherence 350 - 283Y/001X J 0.0 150.000 Hertz -180.0000 180.0000 Degrees Cross Phase 350 - 283Y/001X 0.0 150.0000 Hertz 0.0 0.00350 Peak in/sec Spectrum 01C - 010X/001X(Ch B) in/s: 0.00313 Hert: 2.4375 28-Dec-03 15:42:29 J OB ID: D3P9 0.0 150.0000 Hertz 0.0 1.2000 Cross Channel Coherence 01C - 010X/001X : 1.0000 Hert: 2.4375 28-Dec-03 15:42:29 J OB ID: D3P9 0.0 150.0000 Hertz -180.0000 180.0000 Degrees Cross Phase 01C - 010X/001X Degr: -89.5108 Hert: 2.4375 28-Dec-03 15:42:29 J OB ID: D3P9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 Speed (FPM) F r e q u e n c y
( H z ) 1X 48" RollS 2X 42.5" Roll 1X 42.5" Roll Primary Bel-Bond, X Dir., TS Secondary Bel-Bond, Y Dir., DS PM1 Fourdrinier January, 2004 PM1 Fourdrinier January, 2004 3000 FPM 2500 FPM 2200 FPM D12 (0.05 ips) D14 (0.13 ips) D16 (0.08 ips) D18 (0.07 ips) D20 (0.02 ips) D22 (0.10 ips) D13 (0.10 ips) D15 (0.13 ips) D17 (0.08 ips) D19 (0.13 ips) D21 (0.08 ips) D23 (0.12 ips) No. 5 Paper Machine Baseline Assessment Drive and Tending Sides, 1XDryer Vibration Dryer Section 2, October 2003 0.289 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 Dryer # V i b r a t i o n
A m p l i t u d e
( i n . / s e c .
p e a k ) Tending Side Drive Side Vibration Limit (0.04 in./sec.) No. 5 Paper Machine Baseline Assessment Drive and Tending Sides, 1XDryer Vibration Dryer Section 3, October 2003 0.287 0.239 0.204 0.222 0.206 0.199 0.2 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28 D29 D30 D31 D32 D33 D34 D35 D36 D37 D38 D39 Dryer # V i b r a t i o n
A m p l i t u d e
( i n . / s e c .
p e a k ) Tending Side Drive Side Vibration Limit (0.04 in./sec.) D27 (0.20 ips) D25 (0.20 ips) D29 (0.21 ips) D31 (0.19 ips) D33 (0.22 ips) D35 (0.20 ips) D37 (0.24 ips) D39 (0.29 ips) D24 (0.08 ips) D26 (0.12 ips) D28 (0.08 ips) D30 (0.05 ips) D32 (0.11 ips) D34 (0.04 ips) D36 (0.06 ips) D38 (0.09 ips) introduction test methods design strategies Design Modifications of Papermachine Support Structures to Control Vibration FORCE REDUCTION MASS ADDITION TUNING ISOLATION DAMPING Force Reduction of excitation inputs due to, for example, unbalance or misalignment, will decrease the corresponding vibration response of the system. Mass Addition will reduce the effect (system response) of a constant excitation force. a M F = Tuning (changing) the natural frequency of a system or component will reduce or eliminate amplification due to resonance. M K f n
Isolation rearranges the excitation forces to achieve some reduction or cancellation. Damping is the conversion of mechanical energy (vibrations) into heat. 1X Vi brati on Magni tude - Dryer Secti on 2, Tendi ng Si de 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Dr yer Cylinder # 1 X
V i b r a t i o n
M a g n i t u d e ,
i n / s e c Sept 8, 2000 J uly 19, 2001 IN-SITU Roll Balancing introduction test methods design strategies examples Design Modifications of Papermachine Support Structures to Control Vibration case study 1 case study 2 case study 3 Baseline Dynamic Assessment & Structural Modifications case study 1 Tending Side 1X Vibr at ion - 3650 FPM 0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.180 0.200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dr yer Cylinder #' s V i b r a t i o n
A m p l i t u d e
( i n / s e c
p k ) Tending Side Horizontal Tending Side Vertical Tending Side Axial Vibration Limit 0.238 0.210 0.202 Typical correction recommendations High Vibration Amplitudes (exceeds recommended limits) 1X turning speed of dryers is exciting support structure natural frequencies. Machine direction dominant 1X vibration Observations 1. Dryer Section frame stiffening (tuning) to change natural frequencies beyond present and projected operating speed range. Recommendations 2. IN-SITU ROLL BALANCING to reduce the forcing or exciting function. Recommendations Baseline Dynamic Assessment & Structural Modifications case study 2 ROUTE WAVEFORM 08-Feb-06 10:10: 42 RMS = .0499 PK(+) = .1550 PK(-) = .2205 CRESTF= 4.42 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 Time in Seconds A c c e l e r a t i o n
i n
G - s PM 2 - Dryer #52 D52 -TSH Tending Side Horizont al ROUTE SPECTRUM 08-Feb-06 10:10: 42 OVERALL= .4891 V-DG PK = .5311 LOAD = 100.0 RPM = 94. RPS = 1.57 0 30 60 90 120 150 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Frequencyin Hz P K
V e l o c i t y
i n
I n / S e c Freq: Ordr: Spec: 3.938 2.501 .411 Very High Vibration Amplitudes 1X turning speed of dryers is exciting support structure natural frequencies. Vibration increasing sheet breaks Observations 1. Dryer Section frame stiffening (tuning) to change natural frequencies beyond present and projected operating speed range. Recommendations 2. IN-SITU ROLL BALANCING to reduce the forcing or exciting function. Recommendations Baseline Dynamic Assessment & Structural Modifications case study 3 Very High Vibration Amplitudes 1X turning speed of dryers is exciting support structure natural frequencies. 1X felt roll turning speed exciting upper frame resonance Vibration increasing sheet breaks and reducing machine speed Observations 1. Dryer Section frame stiffening (tuning) to change natural frequencies beyond present and projected operating speed range. Recommendations 2. IN-SITU ROLL BALANCING to reduce the forcing or exciting function. Recommendations