FIELD CONSISTENCY

-M.SURENDRAN (QHS 016)

 3D problems 2D problems
Plane stress (dimension small in normal direction) Plane strain (one dimension is very long) Axisymmetric (Involving solids of revolution)

Sufficient accuracy
Linear 3-noded triangle Bilinear 4-noded quadrilateral

Higher accuracy by higher order elements

Quadratic 6-noded triangle Quadratic 8-noded quadrilateral Quadratic 9-noded quadrilateral

Problems with current approach

Plane stress modelling of beam flexure Poissons ratio 0.5 (nearly incompressible materials and materials undergoing plastic deformation) Parasitic shear
Similar to shear locking in 1D Timoshenko beam element Error increases with increase in aspect ratio

Solved by Reduced integration Addition of bubble modes for 4-noded rectangular elements

 8-noded and 9-noded elements

No locking with reduced integration Show severe linear and quadratic shear stress oscillations

Shear locking, membrane locking, parasitic shear field inconsistency Adding drilling degrees of freedom (rotational DOF normal to the plane of element) Why does the technique work?

Problems due to inconsistency

Locking, poor convergence and violent stress oscillations in c0 elements formulation are due to lack of a consistent definition of critical strain field (strain field constrained in penalty regime) Eg. Shear strain in Timoshenko beam and Mindlin plates and shells, membrane strain in curved beams and shells, volumetric strain in incompressible elasticity

 The error in a timoshenko beam increases as the beam becomes thin even if shape functions are chosen to satisfy completeness and continuity As the beam becomes thin the shear strains should vanish and automatically enforce kirchhoffs codition

Symptoms vs Causes
Locking FEM solution vanishes quickly with increase in penalty multipliers Locking is linked to the non-singularity of stiffness matrix Eg. Timoshenko beam Shear stiffness becomes large as depth decreases So high rank and non-singularity But these are the outcomes of assumptions in formulation. Unexpected requirements are unsatisfied (symptoms) Not the reason that fem does not Cause???

FIELD CONSISTENCY
So the penalty linked strain fields should be discretized in a consistent way Only physically meaningful constraints The requirement that a certain strain field interpolation may have to be defined in a manner that only physically realistic constraint conditions will emerge in constrained physical regimes

BEAM THEORY
Transverse deflection of thin cantilever beam Length = L Load = q N/m A A A

By Ritz approximation
A A A This is best-fit or least-squares fit This seeks the best approximation

THE TIMOSHENKO BEAM THEORY

General formulation of beam flexure with transverse shear deformation Total strain energy 2 independent functions w(x) and (x) A A

2-TERM RITZ APPROXIMATION (Inconsistent)

approx = a1x u = b1x approx = a1x b1 a1= -3qL2/(12EI + L2) b1= -qL/2 1.5qL3/(12EI + L2) As ; a1, b1 0 [ , introduces a penalty condition on the shear strain] a10 imposes zero bending strain [spurious]

3-TERM RITZ APPROXIMATION (consistent)

approx = a1x u = b1x + b2x2 approx = -b1 + (a1 2b2)x So if shear strain 0 , (a1 2b2) 0. No spurious constraint on bending strain (approx ) BM is constant approximation of the quadratic variation SF has linear variation even if

4-TERM RITZ APPROXIMATION (Inconsistent)

approx = a1x + a2x2 u = b1x + b2x2 approx = -b1 + (a1 2b2)x + a2x2 ; shear strain 0 , a2 0 This means constant bending strain(approx ,x) So constant BM Same as 3-term approximation Quadratic shear oscillations. But they vanish at = 1/3. (which correspond to 2 point Gaussian integration rule)

4-TERM RITZ APPROXIMATION (Consistent)

Assume such that shear strain is consistent Inconsistent term is quadratic term in a2 Replace x2 by (Lx L2/6) approx = (-b1 - a2L2/6) + (a1 + a2L 2b2)x Yield physically meaningful constraints But we see that approx solution should be judged correctly

 Explained easily by shear flexible beam element Using reduced integration produced accurate elements It introduced errors that compensate the other constraining errors Functional reconstitution procedure to derive errors resulting from use of inconsistent strain field interpolations

PLANE STRESS MODEL OF BEAM FLEXURE

Y,V

y,v
x,u 2l L X,U

2t T

Length = L Depth = T Thickness = t DOF = u,v Strain energy functional consists of energy from normal strain (UE) and shear strain (UG)`

 a Timoshenko beam theory is obtained by substituting u = y For slender beams shear strains=0 (Classical Euler Bernoulli beam theory) But shear stress, shear force is finite This is the condition that causes difficulties

4-NODED RECTANGULAR ELEMENT

4-nodes 8-DOF u1 u4, v1 v4 Field variables are interpolated as
u = a0 + a1x + a2y + a3xy v = b0 + b1x + b2y + b3xy

Problem is associated with shear strain as it will be constrained and will become vanishingly small when flexural action of thin beam is modelled = u,y + v,x = (a2 +b1) + a3x + b3y

 Shear strain energy within element will be E Since shear strain = 0 in thin beam
a2 + b1 0 a3 0 b3 0

First constraint imposes conditions on both u and v Second and third impose conditions separately These are undesirable stiffening effect parasitic shear

 For slender beams (l > t) l2 >>t2 If shear strain energy approaches zero in thin beams, then a3 0 will be enforced more rapidly than b3 0 The spurious energy generated from these terms will be in similar proportions Since shear force at a section along length is constant shear strain will also be constant

 EQ Constant term averaged shear strain Linear oscillating termrelated to the spurious constraint This oscillation is self-equilibriating over the element. But it contributes a finite energy in equation In slender beams it becomes major and dominates behavior of beam

 The discretized strain energy functional of a beam portion from to can be re-constituted as A very simple trick is to use a one point integration rule for the shear strain energy. e= e is ratio of actual a3 and consistent a3

 By comparing the displacement eqns with actual displacements we get a3,consis=M0/EI average shear-stress representation in a 4node field-inconsistent plane stress element as For long element (slender beam) It also produces shear oscillations

8-NODED RECTANGULAR ELEMENT

Quadratic shear stress oscillations appear The performance of this element can be improved by reduced integration of the shear strain energy A a =

 Oscillating term is If a6 0 it will create inconsistency the quadratic function is an oscillating function with zero-points at the Gauss points associated with the 2-point integration rule FET Piece wise Ritz method stresses taken at gauss points so accurate