Lab 5 - Minor Losses 1 Introduction

A pipe is a closed conduit which carries uid. We use piping networks extensively to carry all types of uids from one place to another. In order to design a piping network and to determine the pumping capacity require, an engineer must be able to calculate the losses that will occur in the system. This includes losses due to valves, bends, expansions, contractions, etc. 2 Purpose

In this experiment, the minor loss through 90 elbows, 90 bends, a ball gate, and an angle gate are examined. 3 Theory

In addition to friction losses, there are other loses encountered in pipe ow. These are termed minor losses and are due to energy losses in: 1. 2. 3. 4. Pipe entrances and exits Expansions or contractions Bends, elbows, tees and other ttings Valves p2 V22 p1 V12 + + z1 = + + z2 + hf + hm 2g 2g where p = Pressure = Specic Weight (= g ) V = Mean velocity z = Elevation hf = Friction head loss hm = Minor head losses g = Gravitational acceleration The head loss due to minor losses is dened as follows V2 hm = K 2g where K V g = = = Minor Loss Coecient Mean velocity Gravitational acceleration

The total energy between two points in closed conduit ow can be written as

The loss coecient can be found in tables or is given when purchasing a tting or pipe section. CE 2250 1 of 4 Lab 5

Apparatus

The Cussons P6100 Hydraulics Bench will be used in this experiment. The feedblock is positioned on the horizontal operating surface of the hydraulics bench using the locating pegs situated on the left hand side at the rear of the bench top. The required test section is then clamped to the feedblock with the pressure tapping points situated at the top for the valve sections and the bottom for the elbow sections. The variable head outlet tank is positioned on its appropriate positioning pegs on the right hand side of the bench top and connected to the right hand side of the test section. The pressure tapping points are then connected, by the clear plastic tube provided, to the digital manometer. The supply hose from the bench is connected to the boss on the rear of the feedblock. The overall head across the test section is regulated by adjusting the speed of the pump on the pump inverter with the bench supply valve fully open. A constant downstream head of 40 cm is maintained in all of the experiments by positioning the variable overow pipe of the variable head outlet tank at an appropriate height by changing the angle. Four test sections are considered as shown in Figure 1. The losses through a ball valve and an angle valve are considered as well as the loss around 4 90 smooth bends and 4 90 elbows. The valve test sections have a length of 360 mm between the pressure tapping points. The elbow sections have a length of 540 mm between pressure tapping points. The roughness for the PVC was determined in the last laboratory to be 0.013 mm. The manufacturer supplied loss coecient is 0.05 for the ball valve, 2.0 for the angle valve, 0.16 for a smooth bends, and 0.9 for an elbow. All pipes have a diameter of 10 mm.

(a) Section with Ball Valve

(b) Section with Angle Valve

(c) Section with Smooth Bends

(d) Section with Elbows

Figure 1: The test sections for the minor losses experiment.

CE 2250

2 of 4

Lab 5

Procedure 1. (Instructor) Connect the pressure tapping points to the digital manometer using the tubing. Start the pump and establish maximum ow (at 6000 RPM) across the test section. In order to keep the variable head outlet tank from overowing, lower the variable overow pipe to a near horizontal position. Slowly open the connection at the manometer to allow air in the manometer line to bleed out. The air in the downstream hose will not bleed out. While lowering the pump speed to the initial 1800 RPM, raise the variable overow pipe and allow the variable head outlet tank to ll. Close the bench regulating valve. Allow the water in the outlet tank to equilibrate and zero the manometer. Open the bench regulating valve and establish ow through the test section. 2. Raise or lower the variable overow pipe to obtain a downstream height of 40 cm in the variable head outlet tank. Before moving the variable overow pipe, loosen the nut at the connection to the variable head outlet tank so the pipe moves easily without torquing on the test section. 3. Measure the pressure drop on the manometer in mm Hg and the ow rate using the volumetric tank and a stop watch. In order to keep this measurement as accurate as possible, start the timer at 0 L and allow 1 minute to elapse. After the rst minute has elapsed, continue until the volumetric tank lls to the next labeled volume on the measuring gauge. Record the time and volume on the data sheet. 4. Raise the pump speed and repeat the above steps. 5. Stop the water ow, allow the test unit to drain and replace the test section. Repeat the above steps for the other 3 test sections. 6. For the smooth bends and ball valve test sections, the last data point will be obtained by lowering the variable overow pipe to a near horizontal position and increasing the pump speed until a height of 40 cm in the variable head outlet tank is obtained. Record the RPMs on the data sheet.

Results 1. Calculate the discharge and velocity for each section at each observation. 2. Determine the total head loss, hf + hm for the elbow test section. 3. Calculate the frictional head loss, hf , and the friction factor, f , for each test section using either the Colebrook-White or Jain equation. 4. Calculate the minor head loss, hm . 5. Determine the minor loss coecient, K , for the valve or 1 elbow. Determine the percentage error with the manufacturer supplied value. hm (x vs. y). 6. Plot the Reynolds number versus the relative minor loss, hm +hf

CE 2250

3 of 4

Lab 5

Sample Calculations

Measured Data - Elbow Section Manometer Reading = 274.3 mm Hg Volume Filled = 25 L Time Required = 91.6 seconds Calculations - Elbow Section Q= Volume 25 = (0.001) = 2.73 x 104 m3 /s time 91.6 2.73 Q = = 3.48 m/s V = A 0.78540 p hL = 13.546 mm of H2 0 1m = 3.73 m of water 1 mm of Hg 1000 mm L V2 D 2g

p = 274.3

hf = f Jain:

5.74 1 ks = 2.0 log + 3.7D Re0.9 f VD 3.48(0.01) Re = = = 34, 750 1 x 106 0.0013 1 5.74 = 2.0 log + 3.7 347500.9 f f = 0.026 2 540 3.482 LV = 0.026 = 0.87 m hf = f D 2g 10 2(9.81) hm = hL hf = 3.73 0.87 = 2.86 m V2 hm = 4K 2g hm 2g 2.86 2(9.81) K= = = 1.16 2 4 V 4 3.482 1.16 0.9 Percentage Error = (100) = 29% 0.9

CE 2250

4 of 4

Lab 5