Advanced Laminate

Theories
Aditi Chattopadhyay
MAE 557
Fall 2012
1
Plate Theories
Kirchoff: Shear deformations are neglected;
straight line remains perpendicular to midplane after
deformation
Reissner/Mindlin: Shear deformations are included;
straight line does not remain normal to midplane
after deformation
Higher Order Theories higher order displacement
field
Layerwise Theory
Refined Layerwise Theory

Element Modeling and Displacement
Field
Classical Lamination Theory
First Order Shear Deformation Theory
In-plane
displacement
No Transverse
Shear stress
In-plane
Displacement
Rotational DOF
Transverse
Shear stress
Stress free BCs not satisfied
Element Modeling and Displacement Field
Higher Order Theory
Layerwise Zigzag Theory
In-plane
displacement
Transverse
Shear stress
Satisfies traction free BCs
Stress continuity conditions not satisfied
In-plane
displacement
Transverse
Shear stress
Traction free BCs satisfied
Stress continuous at interface
5
Classical Laminate Theory
Kirchoff: Shear deformations are neglected;
straight line remains perpendicular to midplane after
deformation
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) y , x w y , x w w
y , x F z y , x v v
y , x F z y , x u u
0
2
0
1
0
= =
+ =
+ =
Stress through the thickness (perpendicular to midplane)
is zero

u
Centroidal
axis
x
y
Deformation Hypothesis
8
z
Strains
x
w
c
c
= u
x
z u u =
x
2
2
x
w
z
x
u
x
c
c
=
c
c
= c
z
Strains
Strains
y
w
c
c
= u
y
z v u =
y
2
2
y
w
z
y
v
y
c
c
=
c
c
= c
Mid-plane Displacements
11
Undeformed
Deformed
CLASSICAL LAMINATION
THEORY
) , ( ) , , (
) , ( ) , , (
) , ( ) , , (
0
0
0
0
0
y x w z y x w
y
w
z y x v z y x v
x
w
z y x u z y x u
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
Displacement Field
Strain Field
6
0
2
0
1
0
zk
zk
zk
xy xy
y y
x x
+ =
+ =
+ =

c c
c c
y x
w
k
x
v
y
u
y
w
k
y
v
x
w
k
x
u
xy
y
x
c c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
0
2
6
0 0 0
2
0
2
2
0
0
2
0
2
1
0 0
2 ,
,
,

c
c
where
14
For moderately thick plates, thickness to span ratio
is not small enough; transverse shear deformation cannot be
neglected and Kirchoff assumption is no longer applicable.
Also relative weakness in both stiffness and strength
against transverse deformation compared with
conventional materials.

Lower transverse shear stiffnesses means higher
transverse shear strains under the same loads or stresses -
undermining Kirchhoff hypothesis.

Lower transverse strength implies prone to transverse
failure or, failure is more sensitive to transverse stresses.
Issues with CLT
15
First Order Shear Deformation Theory
(FSDT)
FSDT maintains Kirchoffs assumptions except that
normal does not have to be normal to the geometric
mid plane after deformation occurs. Implies constant
transverse shear stresses throughout plate thickness.
Since normal stress in z direction is not included still
a 2D theory.
Reissner/Mindlin: Shear deformations are
included; straight line does not remain normal to
midplane after deformation
Reissner/Mindlin Plate Theory
x
y
z
h
|
y

w
o
|
x

Transverse shear deformations are included
u0. v0, w0, |
x
|
y

Generalized displacements:
Reissner-Mindlin Plate

Neutral
surface

u
Centroidal
axis
x
y
CLT
18
19
20
Ref: Daniel
Straight line does not remain normal to
midplane after deformation
z
x
z u | =
x
x
z
x
u
x
x
c
c
=
c
c
=
|
c
xz x
x
w
|
c
c
=

xz
x
w
c
c
Deformation Hypothesis
z
y
z v | =
y
y
z
y
v
y
y
c
c
=
c
c
=
|
c
yz y
y
w
|
c
c
=

yz
y
w
c
c
Shear Strains
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
x y
z
x
v
y
u
y
x
xy
|
|

Transverse shear assumed constant through thickness

xz x
x
w
|
c
c
=
yz y
y
w
|
c
c
=
x xz
x
w
|
c
c
=
y yz
y
w
|
c
c
=

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

x y
y
x
z
y
x
y
x
xy
yy
xx
|
|
|
|

c
c

c
c

c
c
=
)
`

y
x
yz
xz
y
w
x
w
|
|

Transverse Shear Strain

Inplane Strain
Plane stress conditions assumed at each layer
Isotropic Material

Stress-Strain Relationships

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
(
(
(
(

x y
y
x
E
z
y
x
y
x
xy
y
x
|
|
|
|
v
v
v
v
t
o
o
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
Plane Stress
Stress-Strain Relationships
Transverse Shear Stress

c
c

c
c
+
=
)
`

y
x
yz
xz
y
w
x
w
E
|
|
v
t
t
) 1 ( 2
Moment Curvature

(
(
(
(

xy
y
x
xy
y
x
E

c
c
v
v
v
v
t
o
o
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
}

2 /
2 /
h
h
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
zdz
M
M
M
t
o
o

c c
c
c
c
c
c
=

y x
w
y
w
x
w
z
xy
y
x
2
2
2
2
2
2

c
c
Moment Curvature
}

(
(
(
(

=
2 /
2 /
2
2
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
h
h
dz
E
z
v
v
v
v
D

xy
y
x
xy
y
x
M
M
M
k
k
k
D
( )
(
(
(
(

=
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 12
2
3
v
v
v
v
Eh
D
Strain Energy
}
=
e
V
T
e
dV U D
2
1

}
=
e
A
T
e
dA U D
2
1

Substitute moments and curvature
Element Stiffness Matrix
Strain Energy
Contributions from plane stress
| | dzdA
E
U
xy
y
x
A
h
h
xy y x
ps

(
(
(
(

=
} }

c
c
v
v
v
v
c c
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 2
1
2
2 /
2 /
Contributions from transverse shear
| |
( )
dzdA
E k
U
yz
xz
A
h
h
yz xz
ts
)
`

=
} }

v

1 2 2
2 /
2 /
k is the correction factor for nonuniform stress
Stiffness Matrix
Contributions from plane stress
| | dzdA
E
U
xy
y
x
A
h
h
xy y x ps

(
(
(
(

=
} }

c
c
v
v
v
v
c c
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 2
1
2
2 /
2 /
| |
}

)

(
(
(
(

=
A
xy
y
x
xy y x ps
dA
Eh
k
k
k
v
v
v
v
k k k
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
1
2
3
k
Stiffness Matrix
Contributions from transverse stress
( )
}

)

c
c

c
c

c
c

c
c
=
A
y
x
y x
ts
dA
y
w
x
w
Ehk
y
w
x
w
|
|
v
| |
1 2
k
| |
( )
dzdA
E k
U
yz
xz
A
h
h
yz xz ts
)
`

=
} }

v

1 2 2
2 /
2 /
35
For monoclinic symmetry of the material about the plane
parallel to the reference surface - there is no coupling
between the inplane stresses and transverse shear strains and
vice versa
36
Limitations of FSDT

FSDT provides accurate results for moderately thin plates

For very thin plates FSDT gives overly stiff results for the solutions that
are obtained from FEM due to shear locking phenomenon - domination of
shear stiffness in the total stiffness as compared to the bending stiffness
when the full integration of the total potential energy is done.

Assumption of constant transverse shear stress not correct since stresses
must be zero at free surfaces!

To improve this condition, the shear correction factor was introduced to
the out of plane terms of the FSDT equations. A shear correction factor
of 5/6 is a generally accepted value even though a more accurate value
must be calculated case by case basis.


Very adhoc in nature!



37
Higher Order Theories
Higher order theories were developed for thick
plates but still are two dimensional in nature.

Improvements to FSDT done by adding higher
order terms to displacement based on the
existing deformation parameters such as u0 v0 ,
x and y or just adding new deformation
parameters. Several deformation theories exist
in the literature.
38
39
40
Christensens HOT
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) y x, z y x, z y x, w w
y x, z y x, z y x, z y x, v v
y x, z y x, z y x, z y x, u u
z
2
z
0
y
3
y
2
y
0
x
3
x
2
x
0
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
REFINED HIGHER ORDER
LAMINATED THEORY
) , , ( ) , , , (
) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , , (
) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( 1 ) , , , (
0
3
3
2
2
1 0
3
3
2
2
1 0
t y x w t z y x w
t y x z t y x z t y x z t y x t z y x
t y x z t y x z t y x z t y x u
R
z
t z y x u
y y y
x x x
=
+ + + =
+ + + |
.
|

\
|
+ =
u u

0
2
3
0
2
3
0
3
4
3
4
1
w w
h
z
y
w
z
h
z
x
w
z u
R
z
u
y y
x x
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ =

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
u u

d B u
u
=
Displacement field
Strain-displacement relation
Bu =
Constitutive relationship ( ) ( )
I T I
TQT Q = =
Simplified displacement field
| |
T
d y w x w w u
y x
c c c c =
0 0 0
u
T
] [ w u u = u
HIGHER ORDER LAMINATES THEORY
( STRESS RESULTANTS )

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

I
xy
I
y
I
x
I
xy
I
y
I
x
I
xy
I
y
I
x
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
xy
y
x
P
P
P
M
M
M
N
N
N
k
k
k
k
k
k
H H H
H H H
H H H
symmetric
F F F
F F F
F F F
D D D
D D D
D D D
E E E
E E E
E E E
B B B
B B B
B B B
A A A
A A A
A A A
P
P
P
M
M
M
N
N
N
2
6
2
2
2
1
0
6
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
66 26 16
26 22 12
16 12 11
66 26 16
26 22 12
16 12 11
66 26 16
26 22 12
16 12 11
66 26 16
26 22 12
16 12 11
66 26 16
26 22 12
16 12 11
66 26 16
26 22 12
16 12 11

c
c

)
`

)
`

)
`

)
`

(
(
(
(

)
`

)
`

I
x
I
y
I
x
I
y
xz
yz
x
y
x
y
R
R
Q
Q
k
k
F F
F F
symmetric
D D
D D
A A
A A
R
R
Q
Q
2
5
2
4
0
0
55 45
45 44
55 45
45 44
55 45
45 44

In-Plane Force and Moment Resultants

Transverse Shear Force Resultants
HIGHER ORDER LAMINATES THEORY
( STRESS RESULTANTS )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ) 5 , 4 , ( , , 1 , ,
) 6 , 2 , 1 , ( , , , , , 1 , , , , ,
2 /
2 /
4 2
2 /
2 /
6 4 3 2
= =
= =
}
}

j i dz z z Q F D A
j i dz z z z z z Q H F E D B A
h
h
ij ij ij ij
h
h
ij ij ij ij ij ij ij
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ) 5 , 4 ( , 1 ,
) 6 , 2 , 1 ( , , 1 , ,
2 /
2 /
2
2 /
2 /
3
= =
= =
}
}

i dz z R Q
i dz z z P M N
h
h
i i i
h
h
i i i i
o
o
Force and Moment Resultants
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ) 5 , 4 , ( , 1 ,
) 6 , 2 , 1 , ( , , 1 , ,
2 /
2 /
2
2 /
2 /
3
= =
= =
}
}

j i dz z Q R Q
j i dz z z Q P M N
h
h
I
j ij
I
i
I
i
h
h
I
j ij
I
i
I
i
I
i
c
c
Laminates Stiffness
Force and Moment Resultants due to Inelastic Strains
HIGHER ORDER LAMINATES THEORY
( Symmetric Laminates with No Bending Effect )
In-Plane Force Resultants

(
(
(

I
I
I
N
N
N
A A A
A A A
A A A
N
N
N
6
2
1
0
6
0
2
0
1
66 26 16
26 22 12
16 12 11
6
2
1
c
c
c
Transverse Shear Force Resultants
)
`

)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
(

=
)
`

I
I
Q
Q
D D
D D
h A A
A A
Q
Q
5
4
0
5
0
4
55 45
45 44
2
55 45
45 44
5
4
4
c
c
SIMULATION OF STRAIN RATE
DEPENDENT COMPOSITE DEFORMATION
IM7/977-2 composite : fiber volume ratio 0.60
Material Properties
IM7 fibers
Longitudinal modulus : 276 GPa, Transverse modulus : 13.8 GPa
Longitudinal Poissons ratio : 0.25, Transverse Poissons ratio : 0.25
In-plane shear modulus : 20.0 GPa
977-2 polymer matrix
STRESS-STRAIN CURVES AT DIFFERENT
STRAIN RATE
(IM7/977-2, [45
o
], 4.75x10
-5
/sec and 1.0/sec)
In-plane normal stress (o
xx
)
and strain (c
xx
) curve
Transverse shear stress (t
yz
)
and strain (
yz
) curve
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
s
t
r
e
s
s
(
M
P
a
)
strain
strain rate : 1.0/sec
strain rate : 4.75e-5/sec
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
s
t
r
e
s
s
(
M
P
a
)
strain
strain rate : 1.0/sec
strain rate : 4.75E-5/sec
STRESS-STRAIN CURVES AT DIFFERENT
STRAIN RATE
(IM7/977-2, [90
o
], 4.75x10
-5
/sec and 1.0/sec)
In-plane normal stress (o
xx
)
and strain (c
xx
) curve
Transverse shear stress (t
xz
)
and strain (
xz
) curve
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
s
t
r
e
s
s
(
M
P
a
)
strain
strain rate : 1.0/sec
strain rate : 4.75E-5/sec
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
0
5
10
15
20
25
s
t
r
e
s
s
(
M
P
a
)
strain
strain rate : 1.0/sec
strain rate : 4.75e-5/sec
STRESS-STRAIN CURVES AT DIFFERENT
STRAIN RATE
( IM7/977-2, [10
o
], 1.8x10
-5
/sec (Low Rate),
0.56/sec (Medium Rate) and 320/sec (High Rate) )
In-plane normal stress (o
xx
)
and strain (c
xx
) curve
Transverse shear stress (t
yz
)
and strain (
yz
) curve
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
s
t
r
e
s
s
(
M
P
a
)
strain
strain rate : 1.8e-5/sec
strain rate : 0.56/sec
strain rate : 320/sec
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
s
t
r
e
s
s
(
M
P
a
)
strain
strain rate : 1.8e-5/sec
strain rate : 0.56/sec
strain rate : 320/sec
STRESS-STRAIN CURVES AT DIFFERENT
STRAIN RATE
( IM7/977-2, [45
o
/-45
o
]
s
, 1.8x10
-5
/sec (Low Rate),
0.56/sec (Medium Rate) and 320/sec (High Rate) )
In-plane normal stress (o
xx
)
and strain (c
xx
) curve
Transverse shear stress (t
yz
)
and strain (
yz
) curve
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
0
50
100
150
s
t
r
e
s
s
(
M
P
a
)
strain
strain rate : 1.8e-5/sec
strain rate : 0.56/sec
strain rate : 320/sec
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
s
t
r
e
s
s
(
M
P
a
)
strain
strain rate : 1.8e-5/sec
strain rate : 0.56/sec
strain rate : 320/sec

51