International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 4, July August 2013 ISSN 2278-6856

Modeling of Gain Flattening using EDFAEYCDFA in Cascading Mode

Ronak R. Vashi1, Arpan H. Desai2 and Amit H. Choksi3
1,2,3

Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Electronics & Telecommunication Dept., V.V.Nagar, Gujarat 388120, India

Abstract: Gain flatness is a difficult goal to achieve in a

system which can be achieved using cascaded EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber amplifier) and EYCDFA (Erbium Ytterbium CoDoped Fiber Amplifier), without the help of external gainshaping and gain-flattening elements in the network. In the applications like WDM transmission systems and all optical self-routed wavelength addressable networks, gain flatness is essential. EDFA have biggest disadvantage in having different gain for different wavelength whereas in Yb codoped EDFAs, the Yb ions absorb most of the pump power and cross correlation between adjacent Yb and Er ions ensures the energy transfer. The introduction of Yb allows for higher Er concentrations, as stated, resulting in higher gain for a given pump level. In this paper, we have achieved flat gain of 36 db with noise figure in the range of 4.0 - 4.2 db for a 14 meter length and pumped at 980 nm wavelength for EDFA-EYCDFA Cascading mode. For simulation of optical link, license version of OptSim 5.2 is used.

Figure 1. Gain of EDFA as a function of signal wavelength with -20 dBm signal input Simulation of the behaviour of cascaded amplifiers in a WDM system provide a guide for optimizing the transmission characteristics of the system, both in terms of the choice of the amplifier and possible external wavelength-shaping filters. Various methods are used over the years to achieve gain flatness in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. The key characteristic of multistage amplifiers is that they allow a significant portion of the ASE to be eliminated at some middle point along the fiber amplifier. This allows the gain to grow at the expense of the ASE and also reduces the noise. The ideal amplifier would contain "ASE eliminators" distributed along the fiber. To date, multistage amplifiers have been only of the two-stage or three-stage variety. As noted before, it is difficult to obtain simultaneously very large gains and very low noise figures in a single-stage amplifier.

Keywords: EDFA, EYCDFA, Flat gain, ASE (amplified spontaneous Emission)

1. INTRODUCTION
Ytterbium (Yb)-sensitized erbium (Er)-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) have recently demonstrated high and broad gain, comparable to the performance of conventional EDFAs [1]. In addition, the pump efficiency of Yb -codoped EDFAs is significantly improved, as well as spectrally broadened. Furthermore, the incorporation of Yb minimizes the quenching process when high Er concentrations are necessary, e.g., in short-fiber or waveguide amplifiers [2], [3]. In EDFA, all the excited ions can spontaneously relax from the upper state to the ground state by emitting a photon that is uncorrelated with the signal photons. This spontaneously emitted photon can be amplified as it travels down the fiber and stimulates the emission of more photons from excited ions, photons that belong to the same mode of the electromagnetic field as the original spontaneous photon. This parasitic process, which can occur at any frequency within the fluorescence spectrum of the amplifier transitions, obviously reduces the gain from the amplifier. It robs photons that would otherwise participate in stimulated emission with the signal photons. It is usually referred to as ASE (amplified spontaneous emission). Ultimately it limits the total amount of gain available from the amplifier [1].

2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
An analysis of cascaded amplifier constant signal output power after each amplifier must take gain saturation and unequal gain effects into account. A common approximation to treat gain saturation is to assume that the total output power (signal + ASE) is constant in all amplifiers. One can show that the signal power after amplifier i is given by
i Psig Pin GL

[1]

And the corresponding total ASE power after amplifier i is given by Page 135

Volume 2, Issue 4 July August 2013

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 4, July August 2013 ISSN 2278-6856
Psp 2 sp h G 1B0 (GL ) k
k 0 i

[2]

Where the gain G is given in terms of the input signal power Pin and the bandwidth B0 of the optical filter assumed to be placed after each amplifier
G

In this method, we are using EDFA as a pre-amplifier with 35 dB gain cascading with 10 meter double-clad EYCDFA with a diameter of 30 m. Input signal power source is 10 mW and 980 nm wavelength of backward pumping is used. Counter pumping of the second stage can be employed if one wishes to avoid the signal loss from an input multiplexer, for a very low noise first stage. Table 1. Parameter used in the model EDFA and EYCDFA
Parameter Symbol NEr NYb 21 Value 1.3510
25

P 2 P L 2
in in

sp

hB0

sp

hB
0

[3]

Unit m-3 m-3 ms

Assumed that all amplifiers have equal gain and the span loss between amplifiers is constant. Because ASE is linearly built up in a cascade of amplifiers, the signal power is decreasing as it propagates through the amplifier chain.

Er ion concentrations Yb3+ ion concentrations Spontaneous Emission Lifetime form level 2 to 1

3+

8.501025 11.0

Spontaneous Emission Lifetime form level 3 to2 Spontaneous Emission

32

6.7

65

0.35

Ns

Lifetime form level 6 to 5 3.010-22 m3/s

Cross-correlation

R31, R61

Figure 2. Energy level transitions for Er and Yb systems

3+

3+

coefficients Length of EDFA and L 14 m

The Noise-Figure for a system consisting of a chain of optical amplifiers can be computed from the Noise-Figure for an individual amplifier. For all amplifiers have an equal noise and G=L. For a multistage amplifier constructed by piecing together several amplifies, written more generally as [4] F2 FN
F sys F1 G1 ... G 1 G 2 ... G N 1

EYCDFA Input power

Ppin ,s

-20

dBm

Pumping wavelength

980

nm

Which shows the Noise-Figure of a multi-stage amplifier is dominated by the noise of the first stage

3. Experimental Detail

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS It is often advantageous to pump the first stage with 980 nm wavelengths and the second stage with 1480 nm wavelength. Erbium ions are optically pumped by a typical 980nm laser diode. ER3+ ions are raised to energy level N4. Decay from N3 to N2 is very fast and non radiative as shown in figure 2. Due to this the accumulation of erbium ions at N2 metastable energy level is more. The accumulation of erbium ions lead to population inversion between N2 and N1. This leads to both stimulated and spontaneous emission where stimulated emission useful while spontaneous emission is of no use. An important finding is that when the Yb3+ cascaded stage is used, the ions are raised to the N6 level which is equivalent to N3 level of EDFA stage and at this level spontaneous emission is less. Ions will only reach the stable state resulting into stimulated emission when the input signal is applied.

Figure 3. OptSim 5.2 link of EDFA-EYCDFA Cascading amplifier. Volume 2, Issue 4 July August 2013 Page 136

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 4, July August 2013 ISSN 2278-6856
ratio. This can be used as WDM application and master oscillator power amplifier.

References
[1] P.C.Becker, N.A.Olsson, and J.R.Simpson, Erbium doped Fiber Amplifiers: fundamental and Technology, Academic Press, San Diego, 1st edition, 1999. [2] A.A.M.Saleh, R.M.Jopson, J.D.Evankow and J.Aspell, Modeling of Gain in Erbium- Doped Fiber Amplifiers, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.2, pp. 714-717, 1990. [3] C. R. Giles and E. Desurvire, Modeling ErbiumDoped Fiber Amplifiers, Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.9, pp. 271- 283, 1991. [4] S.Milo, R.F.Souza, Marcia B.C.Silva, E.Conforti and A.C.Bordonalli, An EDFA Theoretical Analysis Considering Different Configurations and Pumping Wavelengths, IEEE International Microwave and Optical Conference, vol. 5, pp. 105-110, 2003 [5] M. Achtenhagen, R.J.Besson, F. Pan, B. Nyman, A.Hardy, Gain and Noise in Ytterbium-Sensitized Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers: Measurements and Simulations, Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.19, pp.1521-1526, 2001. [6] O. Lumholt, T.Rasmussen, A.Bjarlev, Modelling of Extermely High Concentration Erbium Doped Silica waveguides, Electronics Letters, vol.29, pp. 495496, 1993. [7] D.T.Nguyen, A.Chavez, S.Jiang and N.Peyghambarian, A Novel Approach of modelling Cladding Pumped Highly Er-Yb co- doped Fiber Amplifiers, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.43, pp. 1018- 1027, 2007.

Figure 4. Gain as a function of source wavelength (meter), for a 14 meter length and pumped at 980 nm wavelength for EDFA-EYCDFA Cascading.

Figure 5. Noise Figure as a function of source wavelength (meter), for a 14 meter length and pumped at 980 nm wavelength for EDFA-EYCDFA Cascading. The 980 nm pumping wavelength offers the benefit of low noise figure at the all-important input portion as this band has a higher absorption cross section and is generally used where low noise performance is required, while the 1480 nm pumping wavelength which has a lower but broader absorption cross section offers much higher optical conversion efficiency for the power amplifier portion of the amplifier. From Figure 3, we achieved constant flat curve of 35 dB from 1550 nm- 1580 nm of signal wavelength, and 4.0 4.2 dB variation of Noise-Figure. By reducing the ASE, more gain is available for the signal and less noise is added to it from the spontaneous emission. Thus, it is not altogether surprising that the highest gain amplifiers have been achieved with a multistage design along with maintaining a low noise figure. The positioning of the pump sources and any passive components required is important in extracting the highest possible gain and the lowest possible noise figure. ASE originating in the second portion of the fiber that would otherwise deplete the inversion in the beginning sections of the fiber. 5. CONCLUSION Using EDFA-EYCDFA cascading amplifier, we achieve constant flat curve of 35 dB, and noise figure in the range of 4.0 -4.2 dB for 1550 nm - 1580 nm of signal wavelength. Hence a flat gain is achieved for greater range of frequencies and noise figure level has been dropped down which has improved the signal to noise Volume 2, Issue 4 July August 2013

AUTHOR
Ronak Vashi received the B.E. from BVM college & M.E. in communication from Gujarat Technological University. Currently working as an assistant Professor in BVM College, Gujarat, India. Arpan Desai received the B.E. from GCET college & M.S in Wireless communication from Brunel University. Currently working as an assistant Professor in BVM College, Gujarat, India. Amit Choksi received the B.E. from VIT college & M.E in Electronics communication systems from D.D. University. Currently working as an assistant Professor in BVM College, Gujarat, India.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the management of Charutar Vidya Mandal, Vallabh Vidyanagar and management of A D Patel Institute of Technology for their continuous support and encouragement. The authors would also like to thank the Rsoft design group for the OptSim 5.2 simulation software and Fiber Optics Services, Bombay. Page 137