Calculation formulas 1/4

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Pressure drops
(1)
d
v L
f p

= A
200
2

where : density [kg/m
3
]
v: velocity [m/s]
f: friction factor
L: pipe length [m]
d: inner pipe diameter [m]

For turbulent flow (Re>2320), f is constant at 0.02. For laminar flow (Re < 2320):

(2)
Re
64
= f

where Re: Reynolds number [-]
k: roughness [m]
v: kinematic viscosity [m
2
/s]

(3)
v
d v
= Re

(4)

=
5
2
10 2

, A
v
p
Fi


where : contraction coefficient [-]
v: velocity [m/s]
: density [kg/m
3
]

(5)
1000
2

A
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
v
Va
k
Q
p

where Q [m
3
/h]: pipe flow
kv [m
3
/h]: valve flow characteristic
[kg/m
3
]: density


Condensation
(6)
T
A
A
T
A
A A T Log A
T
A
A A
T p
6
4
10 10
10 101325 ) ( '
5 3 2
1
0

+ =
=


where A0 = 20.82648355
A1 = 2948.997118
A2 = 5.02808
A3 = 29811.33781
A4 = 32.923061
A5 = 25.21934913
A6 = 1302.8503
T: absolute temperature in Kelvin

(7) ) ( ' ) ( T p T p =

where [-]: relative air humidity

(8)
5771 . 23 ) (
9 . 4042
58 . 37

=
T p Ln
T
dew

Calculation formulas 2/4

































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(9)
total
j a f
pur s
total
i a f
i pur
total
c a f
f i
R
R T T
T T
R
R T T
T T
R
R T T
T T

=

=

=
) (
) (
) (


where Ti [C]: temperature of outer media pipe
Tf [C]: flow temperature
Ta [C]: air temperature
Tpur [C]: temperature of outer PUR
Ts [C]: temperature of outer casing pipe (surface temperature)
Ri [mK/W]: thermal resistance of insulation
Rc [mK/W]: thermal resistance of carrier pipe
Rj [mK/W]: thermal resistance of casing pipe
Rtotal [mK/W]: thermal resistance

Heat loss
(10) ) (
a f
T T U = | [W/m]

where U [W/mK]: heat transmission coefficient of a single pipe
Tf [C]: flow temperature
Ta []: air temperature

(11)
a j c i
R R R R
U
+ + +
=
1
[W/mK]

where Ri [mK/W]: thermal resistance of insulation
Rc[mK/W]: thermal resistance of carrier pipe
Rj [mK/W]: thermal resistance of casing pipe
Ra [mK/W]: thermal resistance of air


(12)
D h
R
D
D
Ln R
d
d
Ln R
d
D
Ln R
a
i j
j
i c
c
i
i
i

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
t
t
t
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
[mK/W]

where Di [m]: internal diameter carrier pipe
D [m]: external diameter casing pipe
di [m]: internal diameter carrier pipe
d [m]: external diameter carrier pipe
i [W/mK]: thermal conductivity of insulation
c [W/mK]: thermal conductivity of carrier pipe
j [W/mK]: thermal conductivity of casing pipe
h [W/m
2
K]: heat transfer coefficient of air

(13)
r c
h h h + = [W/mK]

where hc [W/m
2
K]: convective heat transfer coefficient
hr [W/m
2
K]: radiation heat transfer coefficient
Calculation formulas 3/4

































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(14)
4 0 2 0
4 0 6 0 8 0
023 0
. .
.
p
. .
c
D
) c ( k V
. h
v

= [W/m
2
K]

where V [m/s]: air velocity
k [W/mK]: thermal conductivity of air
[kg/m
3
]: air density
cp [J/kgK]: specific heat of air
D [m]: casing pipe diameter
v [m
2
/s]: kinematic viscosity of air

(15)
3
4 T h
r
= o c [W/m
2
K]

where c [-]: emittance
o [W/m
2
K
4
]: Stefan-Bolzmann constant
T [K]: air temperature in Kelvin


Pipe dimensioning
(16)
v
Q
d
i
= 8 . 18 [mm]
Where di: inner pipe diameter [mm]
Q: flow rate [m
3
/h]
v: flow velocity [m/s]

(17)
2
2
8 . 18
8 . 18
v d
Q
v
Q
d
i
i

= =

Pipe supports
(18)
3
q
J E
f L
R c
LA A

=

where fLA [-]: factor (0.80.92. For supported beam 0.8 is used and 0.92 is used for a subjected beam)
Ec [N/mm
2
]: modulus of elasticity
JR [mm
4
]: moment of inertia
q [N/mm]: load

Expansion/Contraction
(19) T L L A o A = [mm]

where o [1/C]: thermal coefficient of expansion
L [m]: pipe length
AT [C]: temperature difference

(20) T E A o o = [N/mm
2
]

where o [mm/mK]: thermal coefficient of expansion
E [N/mm
2
]: modulus of elasticity
AT [C]: temperature difference

(21) L d c L
B
A = [mm]

where c [-]: material constant
d [mm]: pipe or jacket diameter
L [-]: change in pipe length
Calculation formulas 4/4

































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Temperature
(22)
s
p
x
T
c m
L U
Exp T T +
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

A [C]

where AT [C]: temperature difference between inlet and surroundings
U [W/mK]: heat transmission coefficient
L [m]: pipe length
m

[kg/s]: mass flow of media

cp [J/kgK]: specific heat at constant pressure
Ts [C]: surrounding temperature

(23)
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
3600
1000
m
Q
m

[kg/s]

where Q [l/h]: media flow
m [kg/m
3
]: density of media

(24)
U
m c
T
T
Ln
t
media p
x

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3600
A
A
[h]

where mmedia [kg/m]: load of content
ATx [C]: temperature difference between cool down temperature and surroundings
AT [C]: temperature difference between inlet and surroundings
U [W/mK]: heat transmission coefficient
L [m]: pipe length
cp [J/kgK]: specific heat at constant pressure

(25)
total
j a f
pur s
total
i a f
i pur
total
c a f
f i
R
R T T
T T
R
R T T
T T
R
R T T
T T

=

=

=
) (
) (
) (


where Ti [C]: temperature of outer media pipe
Tf [C]: flow temperature
Ta [C]: air temperature
Tpur [C]: temperature of outer PUR
Ts [C]: temperature of outer casing pipe (surface temperature)
Ri [mK/W]: thermal resistance of insulation
Rc [mK/W]: thermal resistance of carrier pipe
Rj [mK/W]: thermal resistance of casing pipe
Rtotal [mK/W]: thermal resistance