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  • MM211 Lec10

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    Mustansar Cheema
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    The document discusses entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It provides three key points: 1) Entropy is a state function known as S, defined as the reversible heat flow divided by the absolute temperature of a system. Entropy accounts for both heat transfer and irreversibilities in a system. 2) For any process between initial and final states, the entropy change will be the same regardless of the path taken. This is demonstrated through two examples of gas expansion. 3) Unlike energy, entropy is not conserved in natural processes where heat transfers from a higher to lower temperature. This causes an increase in the total entropy of the isolated system.

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    MM211 lec10

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    The document discusses entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It provides three key points: 1) Entropy is a state function known as S, defined as the reversible heat flow divided by the absolute temperature of a system. Entropy accounts for both heat transfer and irreversibilities in a system. 2) For any process between initial and final states, the entropy change will be the same regardless of the path taken. This is demonstrated through two examples of gas expansion. 3) Unlike energy, entropy is not conserved in natural processes where heat transfers from a higher to lower temperature. This causes an increase in the total entropy of the isolated system.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    12 views4 pages

    MM211 Lec10

    Uploaded by

    Mustansar Cheema
    The document discusses entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It provides three key points: 1) Entropy is a state function known as S, defined as the reversible heat flow divided by the absolute temperature of a system. Entropy accounts for both heat transfer and irreversibilities in a system. 2) For any process between initial and final states, the entropy change will be the same regardless of the path taken. This is demonstrated through two examples of gas expansion. 3) Unlike energy, entropy is not conserved in natural processes where heat transfers from a higher to lower temperature. This causes an increase in the total entropy of the isolated system.

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    of 4

    18/09/2013

    Lec-10 Content

    Entropy and 2nd Law of thermo Lost work Entropy a state function Entropy is not conserved

    Entropy

    The first law relates the energy, its conversion into heat and work, but places no limits on the amounts that can be converted, second law is concerned with the limits on the conversion of heat into work by heat engines. For a closed system, the reversible heat flow divided by the absolute temperature of the system is a sate function known as Entropy S. Qrev/T=dS

    Changes in entropy to transfer of heat and to irreversibilities in a macroscopic sense, without implications to the atomic or molecular structure or randomness in a system.
    for a closed system that undergoes a change in U, as per 1st law dU=Q+W

    18/09/2013

    Entropy
    As U is independent of the path, we may choose a reversible path between the same starting and ending points U and U+dU, so that dU = Qrev + Wrev

    As U is independent of the path, the two values of U and U+dU are equal
    Path 2 reversible U U+dU

    dU = Qrev + Wrev =Q + W Qrev = Q - Wrev + W Where (-Wrev + W) is called the lost work

    Path 1 and is denoted as lw. It is the difference between The irreversible work done and the actual work. It is the measure of the irreversibilities involved in the transfer of energy between system and surroundings

    Qrev = Q lw

    Lost work through P-V diagram

    Example
    pressure

    P1

    The gas is initially at P1 and V1. If gas expands reversibly the work done is the negative of the integral of PV curve. If Resisting force during expansion is constant and equal to final pressure, the expansion is Irreversible. Work done is P2(V2-V1) So dS=Qactual/T - lw/T

    W PdV
    v1

    v2

    P2 Rev. work V1 P1 Volume V2

    pressure

    lost work, -lw P2 Actual work, W V1 Volume V2

    18/09/2013

    Entropy a state function


    Consider the isothermal expansion of one mole of Ideal gas from volume V to double the volume 2V. This expansion can be conducted in two-ways. First By reversible process, i.e. resisting pressure= pressure of gas, By first law U=Q+W The change in U is zero as the U of an ideal gas is only function of temperature. The work done is
    W PdV
    v v 2v 2v

    2V, P=0

    P1, V1

    RT dV (ideal gas) V

    W RTIn(

    2V ) RTIn2 V

    Considering Q+W=0, Q=RT In 2, which is Qrev. The entropy change is Second the gas will be expanded under no pressure adiabatically as shown in figure.

    S=Qrev/T = RT In 2/T=R In 2

    In this case there is no work done by the gas as the resisting pressure is 0. so U is zero. S=Qactual/T - lw/T = -lw/T, (as heat transfer is zero) but lost work is the work done if the process was reversible

    Entropy a state function


    So, S = -(-RT In 2/T) =R In 2 Hence the calculated entropy in both cases is the same. Because the initial and final states of the gas are the Same in the two cases. 2V, P=0 P1, V1

    18/09/2013

    Entropy not conserved


    Entropy unlike energy is not conserved in natural processes. Two bodies connected via a thermal conductor (Cu-Bar), if TII>TII, Heat will flow from I to II. If no heat losses then QI=-QII Taking the whole apparatus (bodies I, II and connector) as a system, The change in U is zero. Energy is conserved, work done is 0. UI+II= UI + UII =QI+QII=0 If heat transfer at the boundaries of reservoir I and II is reversible. i.e. the T of the Cu-bar adjacent to the reservoir is at the T of reservoir. SI+II=SI+ SII= QI/TI + QII/TII As QII=-QI SI+II = - QI/TI + QII/TII SI+II = - QII [TI TII/TITII] Which shows that the entropy is not conserved for this isolated system. The heat flow is irreversible, as seen by the TI and TII difference. That irreversibility gave rise to the entropy increase. Therefore entropy of this isolate system can never decrease, it can only increase or remain constant.

    Q I TI Copper TI>TII II TII

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