DGENTR LOT 6: AC & V systems

ARMINES, BRE, VHK

Jrme Adnot, Philippe Rivire, Joe Spadaro Center of Energy and Processes, ARMINES / Mines ParisTech, France philippe.riviere@mines-paristech.fr

Airconditioningsystems

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Contents
1) Air conditioning systems
9 9 9 9 9 Functions Cooling basics Systems and products Product performance parameters Scope proposal

2) Standards
9 EPBD 9 Product level

3) Legislation
9 9 9 9 EU legislation Agreements at EU level Member States International

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Functions
1) Air conditioning system (EN 15240: 2007)
9 combination of all components required to provide a form of air treatment in which temperature is controlled, possibly in combination with the control of ventilation, humidity and air cleanliness 9 Focus on air conditioning systems for human comfort in buildings

2) Primary functions
9 Ventilation 9 Cooling (includes dehumidification provided by cooling systems) 9 Sometimes also heating (reversibility and heat recovery)

3) Secondary functions
9 Humidification (associated to heating in general)
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Cooling basics
1) Cooling process
o In general, convective or convective + radiative heat transfer from a cold fluid via a heat echanger
9 9 9 9 Refrigeration cycle Vapor compression Absorption cycle Direct use of cold water Evaporative cooling (direct, indirect + direct) Desiccant cooling Association of desiccant and evaporative

Evaporative and desiccant cooling

9 9 9

2) Main type = refrigeration cycle but alternatives to be studied in Task 5

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Systems and products

All air systems, made of
9 a chilled water plant, an AHU, the water loop that feeds the cooling coil of the AHU, ducts for air distribution, terminal units that can supply complementary heating/cooling and possibly additional functions.
Coolingtower

AHU

Building with diffusers

Water cooled chiller

Exhaust

air

9 Constant air volume (CAV) Vs Variable air volume (VAV) 9 Zoning (terminal reheat, dual duct, ...)
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Systems and products: main system types

Water based systems, made of
9 a chilled water plant, an AHU for ventilation, the water loop that feeds the terminal units (and potentially the cooling coil of the AHU), ducts for air distribution, terminal water to air units that can supply heating/cooling and possibly additional functions (like dehumidification and air filtration). Differences depending on terminal unit type Fan coil Cold beams Cooled surfaces (radiative) Water to air package air conditioners

Airconditioningsystems

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Systems and products: main system types

DX systems
9 Direct expansion air conditioners, no secondary fluid as water for water based units between the refrigerant and the cooled air. Package (includes rooftops), split, multi-split, VRF systems Split / multisplit system Rooftop

VRF system with heat recovery

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Products in systems
Cooling generators Package, split and multi split air conditioner [air-to-air > 12 kW, water-to-air, evaporatively cooled], Roof tops [air-to-air], VRF systems, Chillers for air conditioning applications [air-to-water, water-to-water, evaporativelycooled], Renewable cooling: evaporative and desiccant cooling, solar cooling (*) Air circulation and air treatment: Air Handling Units including energy consuming subsystems as air to air heat recovery air conditioning units, all sections, filters ... Water circulation: Circulators, pipes Terminal units: to extract heat from the space to be conditioned, Fan coils, active ceiling beams, water-to-air air conditioners. Heat rejection: Cooling towers, Dry coolers Controls to minimize energy consumption of air conditioning systems including Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS)

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Categories and performance parameters

1) Cooling generators
o Categories

o Performance parameters:
9 9 9 9 9 cooling (heating) capacity and SHR EER, SEER, COP, SCOP TEWI Noise Specificity: rooftop cumulates also the ventilation function
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Categories and performance parameters

2) AHU
9 Treated in the ventilation study

3) Circulators
9 Treated in the circulator study (DG ENER Lot 11)

4) Heat rejection
o Performance parameters
9 Cooling capacity 9 Electricity consumption or EER 9 Noise

5) Terminal units (Active)

o Performance parameters
9 Cooling capacity 9 Electricity consumption or EER 9 Noise

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EPBD
1) DIRECTIVE 2002/91/EC
9 Requirements that apply to the overall energy performance of buildings and their building technical systems 9 Inspection of air conditioning systems

2) Directive 2010/31/EU of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings

9 Minimum performance requirements shall be set for new, replacement and upgraded building technical systems installed in existing buildings. These are to cover energy performance, installation, sizing, adjustment and control. 9 Inspection of air conditioning systems made more explicit, no more needs for sizing check except in case of system modification, report is required 9 Inspection quality insurance from third party (certified reporting) 11 9 Entering into force at the end of 2012

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EPBD standards

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EPBD standards
Purpose of EN standard System level Criteria for Indoor Environment EN 15251: 2007 EN Standard

Design and dimensioning of air conditioning systems

Further standard planned under ISO/TC 205/WG9

Nothing on system system sizing yet HVAC system description in Annex of EN 15243 standard Humidity normally uncontrolled with high limit to 12 g/kg 13

Calculation of energy consumption & presentation of performances

EN ISO 13790:2008 - Energy performance of buildings - Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling EN 15255:2007 - Thermal performance of buildings Sensible room cooling load calculation General criteria and validation procedures EN 15265:2007 - Energy performance of buildings - Calculation of energy needs for space heating and cooling using dynamic methods - General criteria and validation procedures EN 15243:2007 - Ventilation for buildings - Calculation of room temperatures and of load and energy for buildings with room conditioning systems EN 13779 : 2007 - Ventilation for non-residential buildings - Performance requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems EN 15241 : 2007 - Ventilation for buildings - Calculation methods for energy losses due to ventilation and infiltration in commercial buildings EN 15242 : 2007 - Calculation methods for the determination of air flow rates in buildings including infiltration EN 15603 : Energy performance of buildings Overall energy use and definition of energy ratings

Inspection of installed systems

- Systems and generators EN 15240:2007 - Ventilation for buildings - Energy performance of buildings - Guidelines for inspection of air-conditioning systems - AHU and air terminal devices EN 12599:2000 /AC:2002 - Ventilation for buildings - Test procedures and measuring methods for handing over installed ventilation and air conditioning systems EN 15232:2007 - Energy performance of buildings - Impact of Building Automation, Controls and Building Management

Control functions

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Product standards

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Product standards
Air Handling unit - Air handling units EN 13053:2006 Ventilation for buildings - Air handling units - Rating and performance for units, components and sections - Cooling coils EN 1216: 1998 - Heat exchangers Forced circulation air-cooling and air-heating coils Test procedures for establishing the performance

Rating and performance

Circulators EN 1151-1:2006 Pumps - Rotodynamic pumps - Circulation pumps having a rated power input not exceeding 200 W for heating installations and domestic hot water installations - Part 1: Non-automatic circulation pumps, requirements, testing, marking EN 1151-2:2006 Pumps - Rotodynamic pumps - Circulation pumps having a rated power input not exceeding 200 W for heating installations and domestic hot water installations - Part 2: Noise test code (vibro-acoustics) for measuring structure- and fluid-borne noise

Rating and performance, noise, safety

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Product standards
Terminal units - Fan coils EN 1397:1998 Heat exchangers - Hydronic room fan coil units - Test procedures for establishing the performance - Chilled ceilings EN 14240:2004, Ventilation for buildings Chilled ceilings Testing and rating - Chilled beams EN 14518:2005 Ventilation for buildings - Chilled beams - Testing and rating of passive chilled beams EN 15116:2008 Ventilation in buildings - Chilled beams - Testing and rating of active chilled beams - Floor cooling Rating and performance EN 1264:2009 - Floor heating - Systems and components Part 1: Definitions and symbols Part 3: Dimensioning Part 4: Installation Part 5: Heating and cooling surfaces embedded in floors, ceilings and walls Determination of the thermal output EN 15377-1:2008 - Heating systems in buildings - Design of embedded water based

surface heating and cooling systems Part 1: Determination of the design heating and cooling capacity Part 2: Design, dimensioning and installation Part 3: Optimising for use of renewable energy sources

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Product standards
Heat rejection - Dry cooler EN 1048:1998 - Heat exchangers - Air-cooled liquid coolers "dry coolers" - Test procedure for establishing the performance - Cooling towers Rating and performance EN 14705:2005 - Heat exchangers - Method of measurement and evaluation of thermal performances of wet cooling towers EN 13741:2004 - Thermal performance acceptance testing of mechanical draught series wet cooling towers

Controls EN ISO 16484 - Building automation and control systems (BACS) Part 1: Overview and Vocabulary (PrEN 2009) Part 2: Hardware (2005) Part 3: Functions (2007) Part 4: Applications (No draft available) Part 5: Data communication - Protocol (2010) Part 6: Data communication - Conformance testing (2009) Part 7: Project specification and implementation (No draft available)

Technical caracteristics

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Product standards

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EU legislation
1) 89/106/EC relating to Construction Product 2) 98/37/EC relating to machinery 3) 2004/108/EC relating to electromagnetic compatibility 4) 94/9/EC relating to explosive atmospheres 5) 2006/95/EC relating to low voltage 6) EuP measures and EU energy labels 7) ROHS, WEEE 8) Directives regarding health 9) Fgas ( to be revised in 2011)
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Airconditioningsystems

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EU legislation: Labelling and EuP

1) Existing measures
9 Energy Labelling Directive 2010/30/EU 9 Directive 2002/31/EC, Energy labelling of air conditioners 9 Regulation on circulation pumps EC regulation No 641/2009

2) Coming measures
9 Fans 9 Air conditioners (below 12 kW) 9 Boilers (reversible chillers)

3) On going studies
9 ENTR Lot 1 : chillers (coordination) 9 ENTR Lot 21: Central heating products using hot air to distribute heat (coordination)

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Agreements at EU level
1) No agreement 2) Eurovent Certification Company
o Certification programs
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Comfort air conditioners (AC1, AC2, AC3) Rooftops Liquid chilling packages Fan coil units (and ducted fan coil units) Air handling units and air to air plate and rotary heat exchangers Cooling coils Chilled beams Air filters Cooling towers (under construction) VRF systems (under construction)

Products not yet covered

9 9
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Agreements at EU levels: ECC

o Main source of data on efficiency of products & system components o Already existing voluntary labels o Information to be used for base case assessment
9 Ex: chillers, EER, SEER values for water cooled package chillers

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Member States legislation

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Building regulation and cooling Cooling generators Air distribution systems Water distribution systems Terminal units & Heat rejection HVAC system control, monitoring, maintenance

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Airconditioningsystems

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Member States legislation

1) Building regulation and cooling
o o o o Mandatory requirements per module / Comparative index / Global performance requirement Cooling is not explicitely covered by all regulations or methods are missing Max summer temperature with proper enveloppe design (limiting solar gains, nocturnal ventilation ) Global target for building consumption is becoming the standard Vs previous regulations with mandatory requirements or prescriptions by module There still remains mandatory requirements at national levels
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Member States legislation

2) Cooling generation
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Minimum EER, SEER requirements (UK, France) for generators Number of capacity steps Vs cooling power (Spain, Portugal) Information required on part load (Spain, UK) Centralized system over 25 kW and 100 kW per building (Portugal) Max split capacity allowed 12 kW (Portugal) Optimal generator loading (Spain, UK) Mandatory free cooling (air or water) > 70 kW (Spain) Provisions on water free cooling if applied (to be done with a parallel supplementary coil Spain, controls integrated within the chiller UK)

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Member States legislation

3) Air distribution systems
9 9 Mandatory free cooling (Air side - Portugal if air flow > 10.000 m3/h, Air or water side - Spain, above 70 kW) Motor and drive efficiency, full load : Motor EFF2 fans (Portugal), part load : SFP at 25 % flow = SFP at 100 % (UK), VSD above 1.1 kW (UK) Airtight ductworks and components (UK national rules and AHU leakage class 2, Poland) Insulated ductworks (Spain) Specific fan power limits with supp allowance for (HE, filters ) (Germany, Ireland, Spain, UK) Pressure drop limitations (Spain - duct pressure loss, UK by subcomponent) Filtration (Spain - Prefilter mandatory, Max RH of 90 % for filters except fresh air) Controls (zone requirements, timer, variable supply air temperature) 26 Monitoring

9 9 9 9 9 9 9

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4) Water distribution systems
9 9 9 9 9 Constant leaving chilled water temperature (Spain) Reduced flow rate at part load (Spain) Pipe insulation (Spain, Portugal, UK) Motor EFF2 pumps (Portugal) Controls for pumps (can be stopped France)

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Member States legislation

5) Terminal units and heat rejection
o Terminal units
9 9 9 Valves for capacity control (UK) Max SFP (UK) and pressure drop Interlock to prevent simultaneous cooling / heating

Heat rejection
9 9 9 Well defined design conditions (Spain) and advise on heat rejection system depending on these conditions Control to minimize water inlet temperature of the chilling plant (Spain) 28 Strict authorization / control for open cooling towers (several MS)

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6) HVAC system control, monitoring, maintenance
o Control
9 9 9 9 Max and min zone temperature setpoint deadband (Portugal) Maximum cooling operative temperature = 26 C (comfort AC) (France) Mandatory BEMS (Portugal for each subsystem above 25 kW, above 100 kW centralized) Possibility to limit power by zone (Portugal)

Monitoring (Spain, Portugal, France), audit (Portugal), maintenance (Portugal, Spain), performance assesment (Spain)
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International legislation
1) 2) 3) 4) USA Japan Australia / New Zealand China

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International legislation
1) USA (mandatory requirements)
o Minimum efficiency for cooling generators
9 EER, IPLV (chillers), SEER (package air conditioners [12 , 19 kW], EER, IPLV and IEER (larger package air conditioners)

o o

Load calculation Controls

9 (i) Zone heating or cooling is controlled thermostatically. (ii) dead band of at least 5 F (2.8 C) (iii) intermittent of low capacity HVAC systems shall be equipped with off-hour controls, (iv) motorized dampers (v) Fans with motors greater than 0.75 hp (0.5 kW) shall be shut off when not required. (i) Ducts and plenums thermally insulated and sealed. (ii) Piping shall be thermally insulated. (iii) Duct with working static pressures in excess of 3 inches water column shall be leak tested. 31

Ducts and pipes

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International legislation
2) Japan
o o o Non residential AC 4 kW < CC < 28 kW (50.4 Multisplit) VRF HR excluded Targets differentiated for residential non residential use, depending on capacity, type of indoor unit, single or multisplit, ducted non ducted Seasonal performance indicator APF (residential) and E (equivalent to APF but may include variation with capacity)
9 9 Japanese Industrial Standards C 9612: 2005 (Room Air Conditioner) Japan Industrial Standards B 8616: 2006 (Package Air Conditioner).

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International legislation
3) Australia / New Zealand
o Air cooled air conditioners
9 9 9 9 MEPS varying depending on capacity, product category (unitary, split, ducted), phase (single or three) (up to 65 kW) Exemption for water cooled, multisplit 2011 integrated values (with low power modes an annual use profile is available) Grid : Load control integrated design mandatory Acknowledgement of ARI and Eurovent certifications Based on USA COP (SI EER) and IPLV MEPS without distinction of the compressor technology and more capacity classes More ambitious values published / with specific higher IPLV targets for chillers mainly designed for part load operation
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Chillers
9 9

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International legislation
4) China
o Minimum EER requirements for air cooled air conditioners small size
9 9 Split < 14 kW, EER 3 Multisplit air conditioners IPLV(C), MEPS 2008 ? And 2012 ?

Labelling for chillers with distinction for condensation type and capacity (slightly higher grades (5) than Eurovent classes A to E) Local (Taipei) minimum requirements for water cooled chillers
9 9 Min COP (SI EER) Requirements close to ASHRAE 2001 standard

Source for chillers (Yu and Chan, 2007) 34

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International legislation conclusion

Input from stakeholders is required 1) Missing legislation 2) International comparison
o Chillers: comparison of IPLV, ESEER, prEN14825(2009)
9 Either by giving (ESEER, IPLV, prEN14825) values for a large number of chillers 9 Either by supplying set of performance curves covering main chiller types (including different part load controls)

o Air conditioners : comparison of USA ESEER, IPLV, IEER, prEN14825(2009)

9 The same two methods as above can be used

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Scope proposal

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Main comments received on scope

1) Chillers ENTR Lot 1 and Lot 6
9 Link with ENTR lot 1

2) Cooling function includes dehumidification 3) Dehumidification/humidification to be included at least for desiccant cooling 4) How to deal with reversible products without including the heating function ?
9 Link with ENER Lot 21

5) Heat recovery capability (of VRF systems)

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Performance assessment
1) Cooling function
9 9 Stand alone generators System embedded generators (eg chillers) System comparison is required

2) Conditions of comparison
9 9 To be developped in task 3 (calculation tool) Task 3 core partly developped already in task 1(EPBD standards regarding cooling systems)

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