Internetworking Concepts Overview

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2-1

OSI Model Overview

Application Application (Upper) Layers Presentation Session

OSI Model Overview

Application Application (Upper) Layers Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical

Data Flow Layers

Role of Application Layers

Examples
Application User Interface

Telnet FTP

Role of Application Layers

Examples
Application User Interface

Telnet FTP ASCII EBCDIC JPEG

Presentation

How data is presented Special processing such as encryption

Role of Application Layers

Examples
Application User Interface

Telnet FTP ASCII EBCDIC JPEG Operating System/ Application Access Scheduling

Presentation

How data is presented Special processing such as encryption

Keeping different applications data separate

Session

Role of Application Layers

Examples
Application User interface

Telnet FTP ASCII EBCDIC JPEG Operating System/ Application Access Scheduling

Presentation

How data is presented Special processing such as encryption

Keeping different applications data separate

Session
Transport Network Data-Link Physical

Role of Data Flow Layers

Examples

Physical

Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed, and pin-out cables

EIA/TIA-232 V.35

Role of Data Flow Layers

Examples

Data Link

Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction

802.3 / 802.2 HDLC

EIA/TIA-232 V.35

Physical

Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed, and pin-out cables

Role of Data Flow Layers

Examples

Network

Provide logical addressing that routers use for path determination Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction

IP IPX

Data Link

802.3 / 802.2 HDLC

EIA/TIA-232 V.35

Physical

Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed, and pin-out cables

Role of Data Flow Layers

Examples
Transport Reliable or unreliable delivery Error correction before retransmit Provide logical addressing that routers use for path determination Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction

TCP UDP SPX IP IPX

Network

Data Link

802.3 / 802.2 HDLC

EIA/TIA-232 V.35

Physical

Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed, and pin-out cables

Role of Data Flow Layers

Application Presentation Session

Examples
Reliable or unreliable delivery Error correction before retransmit Provide logical addressing that routers use for path determination Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection, not correction

Transport

TCP UDP SPX IP IPX

Network

Data-Link

802.3/802.2 HDLC
EIA/TIA-232 V.35

Physical

Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed, and pinout cables

Encapsulating Data
Application

Presentation
Upper-Layer Data TCP Header Upper-Layer Data Session

PDU
Segment

Transport

IP Header

Data

Network

Packet

LLC Header

Data

FCS

Data-Link

Frame

MAC Header

Data

FCS

0101110101001000010

Physical

Bits

De-encapsulating Data
Application Presentation Session

Upper-Layer Data

Transport
Upper-Layer Data

Network
TCP+ Upper-Layer Data IP + TCP + Upper-Layer Data

Data-Link
LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper-Layer Data

Physical
0101110101001000010

Written Exercise 1: OSI Model

OSI Model Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical PDU Functional Responsibilities Examples

Physical Layer Functions

Defines
Media type Connector type Signaling type
Physical 802.3

Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3

10Base2Thin Ethernet 10Base5Thick Ethernet

Host Hub Hosts

10BaseTTwisted Pair

Hubs Operate at Physical Layer

Physical

All devices are in the same collision domain. All devices are in the same broadcast domain. Devices share the same bandwidth.

Hubs: One Collision Domain

More end stations means more collisions.

CSMA/CD is used.

Data-Link Layer Functions

Defines:
Data-Link

Physical source and destination addresses

Higher-layer protocol (service access point) associated with frame Network topology Frame sequencing

802.2

Physical

802.3

EIA/TIA-232
V.35

Flow control
Connection-oriented or connectionless

Data-Link Layer Functions (cont.)

MAC Layer802.3
Number of Bytes

2 Length

Variable Data

4 FCS

Preamble Destination Address Source Address

0000.0C
IEEE Assigned

xx.xxxx
Vendor Assigned

Ethernet II uses Type here and does not use 802.2.

MAC Address

Data-Link Layer Functions (cont.)

802.2 (SNAP)
Number of Bytes 1 1 1 or 2
Control

Variable

Destination SAP

Source SAP

AA

AA

03

OUI Type ID

Data

OR
Number of Bytes 1 1

802.2 (SAP)
1 or 2 Variable

Destination SAP

Source SAP

Control

Data

Preamble

Destination Address

Source Address

Length

Data

FCS

MAC Layer802.3

Switches and Bridges Operate at Data-Link Layer

Data-Link

OR

Each segment has its own collision domain. All segments are in the same broadcast domain.

Switches

Switch
Memory

Each segment is its own collision domain.

Broadcasts are forwarded to all segments.

Network Layer Functions

Defines logical source and destination addresses associated with a specific protocol
Defines paths through network Interconnects multiple data links
Network

IP, IPX

Data-Link

802.2

Physical

802.3

EIA/TIA-232

V.35

Network Layer Functions (cont.)

Network Layer End-Station Packet
IP Header
Source Address Destination Address Data

Logical Address

172.15.1.1
Network Node

Network Layer Functions (cont.)

Address Mask

172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0
172 16 122 204

Binary Address 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100

255 255 0 0

Binary Mask

11111111 11111111
Network

00000000 00000000
Host

Network Layer Functions (cont.)

1.1
1.0 4.0

4.1

1.2

1.3 E0

2.1

2.2 S0

4.3

S0

4.2

E0

Routing Table NET INT Metric 1 E0 0 2 S0 0 4 S0 1

Routing Table NET INT Metric 1 S0 1 2 S0 0 4 E0 0

Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network. Configuration is required. Configured information identifies paths to networks.

Routers: Operate at the Network Layer

Broadcast control

Multicast control
Optimal path determination

Traffic management
Logical addressing Connects to WAN services

Using Routers to Provide Remote Access

Modem or ISDN Terminal Adapter
Telecommuter

Mobile User

Branch Office Main Office Internet

Transport Layer Functions

Distinguishes between upper-layer applications Establishes end-to-end connectivity between applications
Transport TCP UDP SPX

Network

Defines flow control

Provides reliable or unreliable services for data transfer

IP

IPX

Reliable Transport Layer Functions

Sender

Receiver

Synchronize Acknowledge, Synchronize Acknowledge

Connection Established
Data Transfer (Send Segments)

Network Device Domains

Hub Bridge Switch Router

Collision Domains: 1 4 Broadcast Domains: 1 1 4 1 4 4

Choosing a Cisco Product

Core Layer

Distribution Layer

Access Layer

Product Selection Considerations

Functionality and features you need today Capacity and performance Easy installation and centralized management Network resiliency

Investment protection in existing infrastructure Migration path for change and growth

Seamless access for mobile users and branch offices

Product Selection Considerations (cont.)

First, select WAN technology solutions based on the following:
Availability of service. Bandwidth requirement.

Cost per Month

Modem/ISDN
Leased Line, T1

Cost.

Frame Relay
0 Usage

Second, choose products that support selected WAN solutions.

Product Selection Considerations (cont.)

kbps
1544 Leased Line, Frame Relay, 128 xDSL 64 ISDN, Frame Relay 56

Video, Multimedia

Voice Web Browsing E-Mail, File Transfer

19.2 New Modem

9.6 Old Modem 4.8

Telnet

Determine applications that you want to run.

Cisco Hub Products

Selection Issues:
Need for 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps on media Port density Need for management console
Cisco FastHub400 Cisco FastHub300

Cisco FastHub200

Easy operations

Cisco FastHub100 Cisco 1528 Micro Hub 10/100

Cisco 1500 Micro Hub

Cisco Switch Products

Selection Issues:
Need for 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, or 1000 Mbps on media
Catalyst 8500 Series

Need for trunking and Inter-Switch Links

Workgroup segmentation (VLANs) Port density needs

Catalyst 5000 Series Catalyst 2900 Series

Different user interfaces

Catalyst 3000 Series Catalyst 2900 Series XL

Wiring Closet/Backbone Solutions

Catalyst 1900/2820 Series Cisco 1548 Micro Switch 10/100

Desktop/Workgroup Solutions

Cisco Router Products

Selection Issues:
Scale of the routing features needed Port density/variety requirements Capacity and performance Common user interface
Cisco 2500 Series Cisco 2600 Series Cisco 3600 Series AS 5000 Series Cisco 4000 Series Cisco 7000 Series Cisco 12000 GSR Series

Central Site Solutions

Cisco 1600/1700 Cisco Series 700/800 Series

Branch Office Solutions Small Office Solutions

Home Office Solutions

Review Questions
1. What are some of the advantages of using the OSI model in a networking environment? 2. Describe the encapsulation process.

3. How many broadcast and collision domains are on a hub?