EIT IDC Radio Telemetry Systems

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au
Practica| Radio Practica| Radio Practica| Radio Practica| Radio
Practica| Radio Practica| Radio Practica| Radio Practica| Radio
Te|emetry Systems Te|emetry Systems Te|emetry Systems Te|emetry Systems
Te|emetry Systems Te|emetry Systems Te|emetry Systems Te|emetry Systems
for Industry for Industry for Industry for Industry
for Industry for Industry for Industry for Industry
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Welcome to this
Welcome to this
webinar
webinar
with Dr Steve
with Dr Steve
Mackay
Mackay
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This 45 minute session wi|| commence short|y This 45 minute session wi|| commence short|y This 45 minute session wi|| commence short|y This 45 minute session wi|| commence short|y
RH
IDC Technologies and The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) - Free Online Course
Practical Radio Telemetry Systems for Industry
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3
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We hope you enjoy the session, we will be starting in the next slide
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Steve Mackay
Dean of Engineering
Worked for 30 years in lndustrial
Automation
30 years experience in mining, oil and gas,
electrical and manufacturing industries
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ElT Micro-Course Series
Every two weeks we present a
35 to 45 minute interactive
course
Practical, useful with Q & A
throughout
PlD loop Tuning / Arc Flash
Protection, Functional Safety,
Troubleshooting conveyors
presented so far
Go to
http://www.eit.edu.au/free-
courses
You get the recording and
slides
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Attend this complimentary session to:
Understand the jargon,
terminology and latest
techniques for radio
telemetry systems
Perform simple path loss
calculations
Troubleshoot radio
telemetry communication
problems
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Topics
Fundamentals
Data Comms
Cellular Radio
(GPRS/GSM)
Protocols
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All in..
40 mins somewhat
ambitious
But all slides are
provided for review
Drop us a line
afterwards for any
questions
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Section 1
Section 1
Wireless Fundamentals
Wireless Fundamentals
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Electromagnetic Waves
Alternating current moving through an
unshielded conductor with internal
resistance will radiate energy.
The radiated energy is Electromagnetic
waves.
Frequency equals the number of
alternating current oscillations.
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Production of an
Electromagnetic Wave
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Fundamental Elements of a
Radio Link
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The Radio Spectrum for Public Use
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Gain and Loss
A measure of the output signal level
compared to the input signal level.
Gain = Output / lnput
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Level
Alexander Bell invented a unit of measure
for sound. This is called a Bel.
The human ear hears in a logarithmic
manner.
A Bel is a logarithmic measurement of the
ratio of two quantities.
One tenth of a Bel is called a Decibel (dB).
This measurement is also used for RF and
Audio Levels in electronic circuits.
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Decibel Measurements
Decibels are a relative measure of
power levels.
Gain = Log (P
287
) /(P
,1
) in Bels
Thus...
Gain = 10 Log(P
287
) /(P
,1
) in decibels
Decibels are written as dB.
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Absolute Levels?
Because dB power levels are relative ,
we can reference them to other power
levels.
1 watt
Level = 10 Log (P watts) /(1 watt)
referred to as dBw
1 milliwatt
Level = 10 Log (P watts)/ (1 x 10
watts)
referred to as dBm
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dBv and dBV
Replacing power with V
/R
Gain = 20 Log (V
%
/ V
$
)
Measurement with respect to 1 Volt or 1
microvolt would be dBv or dBV
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Propagation
Study of the factors involved in transferring
Electromagnetic waves from one point to
another.
Radio Waves can get to the other end in
many different ways.
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Factors influencing propagation
Frequency used
Terrain Type
Time of day
Weather conditions
Moisture and salt content of the terrain
Antenna Height
Antenna Types and Polarization
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Modes of Propagation
The manner in which radio waves
propagate through free space and around
the surrounding environment is referred to
as as the Mode of Propagation.
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Summary of VHF Bands
ow Bund MId Bund HIgI Bund
PropuguLIon
mode
OS OS OS
DuLu RuLes 6oo Buud 1zoo Buud zqoo Buud
DIIIrucLIon ExceIIenL Very Good Good
NuLuruI NoIse HIgI MedIum ow
PeneLruLIon ExceIIenL Very Good Good
udIng (DucL) ong Term MedIum Term SIorL Term
Uses n IorresLed
ureus.mobIIe
HIIIy und
IorresLed..
MobIIe
ong
DIsLunce..
OS IInks
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Summary of UHF Bands
UHF 1

UHF 2

Propagation

LOS LOS
Data Rates

4800 - 9600Baud 9600 Baud (19.2K)
Diffraction

Some Minimal
Noise

Low Negligible
Penetration

Low Negligible
Reflection

Good Excellent
Uses

Telemetry
Mobile
Telemetry
Mobile
Links
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Spread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum (SS) is a technique
whereby a modulated waveform is spread
over a wide range of frequencies which
reduces the signal interference to
neighboring signals.
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Spread Spectrum
Frequency
Spreading Correlation
Frequency
Amplitude Amplitude
Frequency
Amplitude
Original
Signal
Transmitted
Signal
Recorrelated
Signal
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Spread Spectrum Advantages
Secured communication
Low-cost implementation
Anti-jam features
lncrease in spectral efficiency
Development of Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA) based communication
Use of unlicenced frequencies eg 2.4 GHz
lSM band
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Direct-Sequence Spread
Spectrum
ln DSSS, the data signal is multiplied by a
Pseudo Random Noise Code (PN code) or
chip code.
A PN code is a sequence of chips valued -
1 and 1 (polar) or 0 and 1 (non-polar) and
has noise-like properties.
The chip code is 8 to 20 times the bit rate
Only the sender and receiver have the
same chip code
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DSSS Transmission
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DSSS Reception
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Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum
the PN code generator drives the
frequency synthesizer to hop to one of the
many available RF frequencies (f1fn),
chosen by the PN code generator.
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lntermodulation
Where two or more frequencies interact in
a transmitter or receiver which contain
non-linear devices such as diodes.
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lntermodulation Products
lntermodulation products from three
frequencies a, b and c.
a + b = f1 a + b = f1 a + b = f1 a + b = f1
a a a a - -- - b = f2 b = f2 b = f2 b = f2
b + c = f3 b + c = f3 b + c = f3 b + c = f3
b b b b - -- - c = f4 c = f4 c = f4 c = f4
a + c = f5 a + c = f5 a + c = f5 a + c = f5
a a a a - -- - c = f6 c = f6 c = f6 c = f6
a + b + c = f7 a + b + c = f7 a + b + c = f7 a + b + c = f7
a + b a + b a + b a + b - -- - c = f8 c = f8 c = f8 c = f8
a a a a - -- - b + c = f9 b + c = f9 b + c = f9 b + c = f9
a a a a - -- - b b b b - -- - c = f10 c = f10 c = f10 c = f10
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Practical
lmplementing a Radio Link
Path Profile
Obtain a contour map
Draw a line
Note heights and contours
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Map Preparation
ScaIe 1cn=1kn
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Height correction
The earth is not flat but curved. Use a
correction factor.
H = d1 x d2 /(12.75 x K)
K is the earth radius factor.
This accounts for the fact that the ray
bends towards the earth.
K varies with atmospheric conditions.
Normally 4/3.
Sometimes varies from 0.6 to 10
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K Factor
R
Earths RadIus
RadIn Path
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K Factor
K x R
5traIghtcncd RadIn Path
F!attcncd Earth
EffcctIvc Earth RadIus
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Practical (cont.)
Select Antenna Height.
Get Fresnel Zone Clearance ( 0.6 F1).
Calculate diffraction loss.
Save details for input to Radio Link
Design spreadsheet
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Earth Curvature
There is a curvature of the earth and
curvature of the radio wave in the
atmosphere.
The degree of radio wave curvature varies
with time of day (noted differences in
morning and evening) and with changing
atmospheric conditions).
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Earth Curvature
The two curvatures are combined to form the
effective earth curvature.
K = Effective Earth Radius/ True Earth
Radius.
K = 4/3 is considered to be the standard
condition (greater than 95% of the time).
K < 1 subrefraction
K > 1 superrefraction
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Curvature of the Earth
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Various Refraction Conditions
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Path Profile
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Radio Link Design
Calculate free space loss
A = 32.5 + 20 Log F + 20 Log D
Determine transmit power in dBm
Determine receiver sensitivities in
dBm or microvolts (V)
Calculate fade margins for both
transmit and receive frequencies
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Receiver Sensitivity
Receiver Sensitivity Limit (RSL)
The level of RF signal at the receiver input
that will open the receiver.
Also referred to as squelch sensitivity.
From the manufacturers specification.
12dB SlNAD sensitivity level
Minimum acceptable sensitivity for a
commercial system.
From the manufacturers specification
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Signal to Noise Ratio
A measure of the signal power level
compared to the noise power level at a
chosen point.
SNR (dB) = 10 Log (Psignal + Pnoise) / Pnoise
SlNAD means Signal to Noise and
Distortion.
Measured at the audio output of a receiver
with a SlNAD meter.
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12dB SlNAD sensitivity is the RF input level
required at the input to a receiver for a 1 kHz
modulated wave (+/- 3kHz deviation) that will
give a 12dB SNR at audio output.
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Fade Margin
Besides free space attenuation, losses can
be caused by:
Multipathing
Degrading of equipment due to age.
Faulty equipment
Damaged antennas from rust and strong
winds.
Damaged feeders.
Nesting birds.
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Calculate Fade Margin
Fade Margin is the amount of signal strength
safety margin left after all losses are taken
into account over a link.
Receive signal level can vary considerably
with changing environmental conditions
therefore it is best to design for maximum
possible fade margin.
For radio links, recommend approximately
30dB above 12dB SlNAD sensitivity.
Fade margins for both transmit and receive
frequencies should be balanced
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Fade Margin
Fade Margin (dB) = - (Free Space Loss) +
-(Diffraction Losses)
+ (Tx Power)
+( Rx sensitivity)
+ (Antenna Gain at Master Site)
+ (Antenna Gain at RTU)
- (Cable and connector losses)
- (Multicoupler/Duplexor losses)
+ (Receiver Pre-amp gain)
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Section 2
Data Communications
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RS-232 Connections
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EIA EIA EIA EIA- -- -485 review 485 review 485 review 485 review
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Most Versatile ElA standard
Distances of up to 1200m
Data rates of up to 10Mbps
(Note: but not both at the same time!)
32 line drivers (standard devices)
32 line receivers (standard devices)
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R
R
G
G
RX RX
TX TX
A A
B B
A A
B B
GWG GWG
Master Slave
Rt
Rt
Rt
Rt
R
G
RX
TX
A
B
A
B
GWG
Slave
R
G
RX
TX
A
B
A
B
GWG
Slave
- Generator
- Receiver
- Circuit ground or
circuit common
- Protective ground or
frame ground
- Green wire ground or
power system ground
G
R
GWG
1200M (4000 FT)
Note: The RS-485 standard documentation
leaves out the invertes for the receiver
Four wire network
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Bias resistors
Used to bias receiver inputs into idle state
when all inputs disconnected
Some vendors only place bias resistor on
one node, others place them on all nodes.
For single node with 5V supply, bias
resistors of 570 Ohms will result in 250mV
bias (terminating resistors appear in
parallel!)
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Ethernet Addressing
Each interface has a unique 48 bit MAC
address
First 24 bits assigned to vendor by lEEE
(OUl)
MAC address used for packet delivery
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lndustrial Ethernet
Deterministic operation needed
Switched Ethernet, VLAN
Harsh Environment
Connectors
DB9, M12, RJLinx
Noise and interference
Use of fiber optics, STP
Reliability
Redundancy
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Troub|eshooting Ethernet Troub|eshooting Ethernet Troub|eshooting Ethernet Troub|eshooting Ethernet
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Tools of the Trade
Multimeters
Handheld cable testers
Fiber optic cable testers
Traffic generators
Protocol analyzers
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Problems and Solutions
UTP Problems
lncorrect wire type (solid/stranded)
lncorrect wire system components
lncorrect cable type
Straight vs crossover cable
Excessive untwists
Stubs
Damaged RJ 45 connectors
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NlC Problems
Too many nodes
Excessive broadcasting
Bad packets
Faulty auto-negotiation
10/100 mb/s mismatch
Full/half duplex mismatch
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Host related problems
lncorrect host setup
Failure to log in
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Section 3
Cellular
Radio Data
Services
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Radio/Cellular Concepts and Definitions
Cellular Voice Systems
Personal Communications Services
Wireless Data Networks
Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA)
Third Generation (3G) Mobile
Communications
Cellular Radio Data Services
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Basic Mobile Communications
Cellular Architecture
Clusters
Frequency Reuse
Cell Splitting
Handoff
CELLULAR BASlCS
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NETWORK
INTERFACE
MOBILE
CONTROL
EQUIPMENT
OPERATOR
To other
base stations
PSTN
MOBILE
BASE
STATION
Basic Mobile Telephone
Network
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Groupe System Mobile, Global System
for Mobile Communication
TDMA
900 MHz band
8 calls per frequency
Channel separation 200 KHz,
uplink/downlink 80 MHz apart
GSM
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*HQHUDO3DFNHW5DGLR6HUYLFH *HQHUDO3DFNHW5DGLR6HUYLFH *HQHUDO3DFNHW5DGLR6HUYLFH *HQHUDO3DFNHW5DGLR6HUYLFH
Runs on GSM infrastructure
Always On
Max rate theoretical (using all 8 slots) =
171.2 Kbps
Max rate in practice = 150 Kbps
GPRS
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Section 4
Protocols
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TCP/lP Protocol Suite
Process
and
Application
Host to
Host
(Transport)
Internet
(Network)
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MODBUS Protocol
Originally intended to link Modicon PLCs
with intelligent terminals
Half-duplex, master/slave operation
Connects 1 master with up to 247 slaves
Typically used with a multidrop bus
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A De-facto Standard
Relatively slow compared to other buses.
Widespread acceptance.
PLC jargon used in describing the
standard.but used in instruments/gas
chromatographs.etc
Two versions:
Modbus RTU (Modbus-B sometimes)
Modbus ASCll
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Modbus protocol structure
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DNP 3.0
Distributed Network Protocol
Specialised SCADA protocol
Supports:
Report by Exception
Time Stamping
Select before Operate controls
Reporting by classes
Large number of data types
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DNP over TCP/lP
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THANK YOU FOR ATTENDlNG
lf you are interested in further training please visit;
lDC Technologies
Two-day practical workshops available to the public:
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On-site customised workshops:
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Technical Manuals:
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Conferences:
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The Engineering lnstitute of Technologies
Practical online Certificate, Advanced Diploma and Graduate Certificate programs:
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If you are interested in further training in the area If you are interested in further training in the area If you are interested in further training in the area If you are interested in further training in the area
Australia
Perth 10 & 11 October
Sydney 13 & 14 October
WWW.IDC-ONLINE.COM/NEWSLETTERS/BROCHURES/RM-AU-2011-Y.PDF
New Zealand
Auckland 31 Oct & 1 Nov
WWW.IDC-ONLINE.COM/NEWSLETTERS/BROCHURES/RM-NZ-2011-Y.PDF
Hands-On Data Communications, Networking and TCP/IP Troubleshooting
United Kingdom
Manchester 3 & 4 October
WWW.IDC-ONLINE.COM/NEWSLETTERS/BROCHURES/DT-UK-2011-Y.PDF
www.eit.edu.au
If you are interested in further training in the area If you are interested in further training in the area If you are interested in further training in the area If you are interested in further training in the area
Practical Troubleshooting & Problem Solving of Modbus Protocols
Malaysia
Shah Alam 20 & 21 October
Canada
Toronto 7 & 8 November
Edmonton 10 & 11 November
WWW.IDC-ONLINE.COM/NEWSLETTERS/BROCHURES/RM-AU-2011-Y.PDF
Singapore
Singapore 17 & 18 November
Practical Routers and Switches (including TCP/IP & Ethernet)
Australia
Adelaide 20 & 21 October
Townsville 24 & 25 October
Melbourne 27 & 28 October
WWW.IDC-ONLINE.COM/NEWSLETTERS/BROCHURES/RS-AU-2011-Y.PDF

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