Professional Documents
Culture Documents
paper Ix described the use of fimte element analysis to investigate the way in which the torque output o2 an Scam brooke varies when the oressurc distribution along the linings changes because of thermal expansion anc: wear. The authors investigated the problem in depth, and showed how important the friction in the carn-sl-Laft bearings can be. Despite the sopbhstication of the anatysis the paper is practical. Leyland Vehicles a!sc reported a detailed study o[ g-cam brakes 27, and concluded that asef.~ improvements in performance could still be obtained b y close attentio~ to dotal1 design. Two papers ~'-3 one fro~: each major brake manufacturer dealt with brakes for medium weight cv:-;. Disc brakes have many advantage~ but do not have the capacity to dissipate heat that drum brakes have. and the Lucas Girtmg paper gave a b asis t~-~ determining the area of braking surface and volume of friction material to ensure satisfactory brake iife. Both papers discussed the actual hardware in detail. Braking can be a problem no~ only rc;~ hgv's but also for veNctes at the other end of the load spectrum. %r children on bicycles can have great diffi.cuit2 h:. stoppmg quickly in wet conditions, as some disturbing figures from T R R L showed s Other papers were concerned with more specialized top~cs, such as the effect of brake design on fuel consump tion 3 , the operation of anti-iock systems by false signals when braking on rough roads ~v , power hydraulic
systems for city buses a~ . and the
matching of tractor and trailer systems on articulated vehicles34 o One o~" the most intractable prob!ems in braking is brake oqueaio ~ ~ and in a ~aper from Mintex disc vibrations were described. and a strategy suggested for their sola.tion which has led to the rational use of existing noise remedies and t2~e development of novel ones28 ~ There were three papers 3n retarders '~s'~6'32 . These are auMiiary brakes intended ~o take some o f the load off the ser~ice brakes on cv's and so permit the latter to run cooler, giving longer linin8 life and less tro'oMe generally. In the Ferodo retarder ~6 a stack of sintered metal and cast iron annuli are clamped together and wen._'
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October t 9 8 3 Vod 16 No 5
is minimized by running them in a lubricant which also removes the frictional heat developed. The lubricant has to be very stable as it is only replaced during major engine overhauls. Two papers described operational experience gained on public service vehicles23'24 , one from London Transport, and the other from Strathclyde Passenger Executive, Glasgow (where the buses are called bananas because they are yellow and come in bunches). They make very interesting reading. Legislation has had an enormous effect on brakes and braking systems, not only in setting performance targets, but also in ensuring that vehicles are braked in a stable and controlled manner and that, for example, the rear brakes do not lock prematurely sending the vehicle into a rear-end skid, or an articulated vehicle jack-knife. Since April 1983 all new vehicles in the UK have had to meet the requirements of the EEC braking directives, and one paper reviewed current national and European braking regulations26 . Another described the complications that have to be sorted out in order to harmonise EEC legislation with that elsewhere, and in particular with that in the USA 2s . It is a pity that the discussions following the papers are not reported in the Proceedings*, particularly those on the papers describing operators' experiences, and those on legislation. The friction brake is crude in concept, but as the Conference showed, so long as the friction material technologist and the metallurgist can come up with materials that will cope with the conditions in the brake assembly - and in particular with the temperature - and so long as the engineer continues to design efficient and reliable braking systems and brake assemblies, the friction brake will continue to flourish.
3.
Duboka C. and Todorovi6 J. Linear wear hypothesis for the prediction of brake lining life Paper C15/83 Young A.J. Inertia valves for braking systems Paper C28/83 Watts G.R. Brakes on pedal cycles
19. CilissenM. Introduction of a new test instrumentationsystem for performance tests on motor vehicles Paper
4. 5. 6.
C29/83
20. McLoughlin W;T. and Pratt B.H. The measurement and analysis of brake performance under service conditions
Paper C33/83
yon Glasner E.C. Computer and test-
Paper C19/83
21. Stomrud S. Brake spectrum - a fundamental parameter for design of brakes Paper C26/83 22. Larsson S-O. Air treatment for heavy road vehicles Paper C27/83
23. Lockhead M., Douglas J.A. and Young
assisted simulation of handling and braking characteristics of commercial vehicles PaperC25/83 7. Lenasi J. and Todorovi6 J. The stochastic approach to the lateral stability of vehicles under braking conditions
Paper C16/83
8. CroUaD.A. and Dwyer M.J. The braking of off-road vehicles on road surfaces Paper C12/83 Thoms E.K. The human aspect in the design of a footbrake valvePaper
D.C. Operational experience with braking systems used on public service vehicles Paper C23/83 24. Curtis C.H. Maintenance and operational experience with braking systems on public service vehicles Paper C34/83 25. Oppenheimer P. Harmonisafion of braking regulations Paper C32/83 26. Murphy P.B. 1983 review of national and European braking legislation
9.
C20/83
10. CoganH.F. A simple method for the estimation of air brake systems actuation times Paper C17/83 11. Day AJ. and Harding P.R.J. Performance variation of cam operated drum brakes PaperC10/83 12. Fitzpatrick-Ellis J.F. and Hales E.C. Brakes for commercial vehicles current and future PaperC24/83 13. Ingram B. APplication of disc brakes to commercial vehicles Paper C30/83 14. Johnston P.M. and Latvala B.E. Design/ development of disc brakes for air braked vehiclesPaper C31/83 15. FaneherP.S. andWinkler C.B. Downhill speed control and the use of retarders on heavy trucks Paper C13/83 16. Moore D.J. The development of the Ferodo retarder Paper C21/83 17. Satoh M. and Shiraishi S. Excess operation of antilock brake system on a rough road Paper C18/83 18. SlackI.R. The development and proving of an individual wheel brake torque measurement system (IWBTM)for commercial vehiclesPaper C22/83
Paper C14/83
27. MeCallnm J. and Tolan B. Advances in S cam brake design Paper C36/83 28. Lang A.M. and Smales H. An approach to the solution of disc brake vibration problems Paper C37/83
29. Nueman R.F., Urban J.A. and MeNineh
J.H. Performance characterization of dry friction materials PaperC38/83 30. Joynes B. The effect of fuel conservation on brake design Paper C39/83 31. Hawker MJ. A power hydraulic braking system for the modem city bus
Paper C40/83
32. Thoms E. A retarder as an integrated part of the brake system PaperC41/83 33. Cripps R.P. and Sherwood R.P. The Ferodo colour dot matrix printer/ recorder system Paper C42/83 34. Shilton B.R. Advances in non-rigid commercial vehicle braking systems
Paper C43/83
R. T. Spurr
Papers presented*
1. Garrett D and Munson W. Cooling of brakes - a conflict of interests Paper
Wear of Materials
This meeting was the fourth in a biennial series devoted to recent developments in all aspects of wear research. Following comments arising after the last conference, a particular effort was made on this occasion to ensure, by multiple refereeing, that only high-quality papers were accepted. Overall, this procedure seems to have worked very well; the few mistakes which have been made are presumably due to the fact that not even referees can always maintain a uniformly high standard. In all, 87 research papers were presented over a four-day period, and a complete list is given at the end of this review. They are available in a b o u n d volume, published by ASME and the editors are to be complimented on the quality of this production. In addition, four review papers were presented, outlining current and future
C35/83
2. Harding P.R.J. An investigation into the operational wear life of disc brake pads Paper Cll/83
~l"heProceedingsof the conference 'Baking of road vehicles' are published by Mechanical:EngineeringPublicationsLimited, PO Box 24, NorthgateAvenue, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, IP32 6BW, UK, pricedat 30.00 (UK) or 39.O0 (elsewhere). ISBN 0 85298 509 6
TR I BO LOGY international
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