Content

Introduction
Phonology

Phoneme Phones And Allophones

Minimal Pairs And Sets Phonotactics

Syllables and Clusters

Co-articulation Effects Assimilation

Elision Normal Speech

Introduction
Every individual has a physically different in terms of size and shape.

So they will pronounce sound differently

Each individual will not pronounce one word in a physically identical manner on every occasion

How would we recognize all those sound?

Phonology
Phonology is essentially the description of the systems and the patterns of speech sounds in a language.

Phonology is about the underlying design

All articulation in different phonetic alphabet is less importance for us than the distinction between one it to another. Phonology allows us to distinguish meaning in the actual physical sounds we say and here.

Phonemes
Each one of these meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language is described as a phoneme. Ex: pan and ban ; ban and bin Slash marks are used to indicate a phoneme Ex: /t/, /b/, /p/ The technical terms used in creating charts that distinguish each phoneme can be called features
If the feature is present we mark it with (+) and if it is not present, we use (-)

Cont.
When two sounds share some features, they are described as members of a natural class of sound Ex: /p/ as [voice,+bilabial,+stop] and /k/ as [voice, +velar,+stop) When one sound has different features from another sound, it cannot be a natural class Ex: /v/ as [+voice, +labiodental, +fricative]

Phones and Allophones

In one phoneme, there are many different versions of its type which regularly produced in actual speech

Those different version are phones

Phones are phonetic units and appear in square brackets. Ex: [t], [b], [v]

When we have a group of several phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme, we refer to them as allophones of that phoneme

Cont.
Ex: [t] in the word tar is normally pronounced with a stronger puff of the air (aspiration) than is present [t] in the word star. tar version is presented more precisely as [th]

[t] in the word writer is represented as [D] [t] in the word eighth is presented more precisely as The influence of the final dental [] sound causes the dental articulation of the [t] sound

 The distinction between phonemes and allophone Substituting one phoneme for another will result with different meaning (as well as pronunciation)

Ex: bin=>ban; fine=>vine

Substituting allophones only results in a different (and perhaps

unusual) pronunciation of the same word

Ex: tar and star In the second word, the effect of nasal [n] make the [i] sound nasalized This nasalization (), called tilde, over a symbol

another example in the word seed and seen

Minimal Pair and Sets

Minimal Pair: when two words are identical in form except a contrast in one phoneme. Ex: fan-van, bet-bat, site-side Minimal Set: when a group of words can be differentiated by changing one phoneme Ex: base on the vowel: feat, fit, fat, fate, fought, foot Base on consonant: big, pig, rig, fig, dig, wig

Phonotactics
In English, the minimal set we just listed does not include forms such as lig or vig.

Words that have been formed without obeying some constrains on the sequence or position of English phoneme are called phonotactics. Ex:

Syllables and Clusters

A syllable must contain vowel (or vowel-like) sound.

The most common type of syllable is consonant before the vowel CV. The basic elements of the syllables are: Onset: one or more consonants at the beginning Rhyme: consists of a vowel called nucleus, plus any following consonant(s) describe as the coda.

The accompanying diagram

Cont.
Syllable that have an onset and a nucleus are known as open syllables. Ex: me, to, no When a coda present, as in syllable up, cup, at, hat they are called closed syllables. Ex: up, cup, at, hat

Cont.
Both the onset and the coda can consist of more than one consonant, also known as a consonant cluster. Ex: /st/ is a consonant cluster (CC) use as onset in stop, and use as coda in post. There are many CC onset combinations which are formed by using liquids (/l/, /r/) and a glide (/w/) in second position.

Ex: black, bread, trick, twin, flat and throw

Cont.
English can actually have larger onset clusters, as in the words stress and splat, consisting of three initial consonants (CCC).

How the larger onset are formed? The first consonant must always be /s/ Followed by one of the voiceless stops (/p/, /t/, /k/) And then one of these liquids or glides (/l/, /r/, /w/).

Ex: splash, spring, strong, scream and square

Co-articulation Effects
The process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next sound is called co-articulation.

Assimilation
When two sound segments occur in sequence and some aspect of one segment is taken or copied by the other, the process is known as assimilation. Ex: we would pronounce [i] and [] without any nasal quality However, pin and pan will go into nasalized articulation

Cont.
This type of assimilation process occurs in a variety of different contexts. Ex: I can go=> [ajkgo]

[n] + [g]= [] can [kn] also change to [kn] and [nd] change to [n]

Ex2: you and me=> [yunmi]

Elision
This process of not pronouncing a sound segment that might be present in the deliberately careful pronunciation of a word in isolation is described as elision.
Ex: you and me, Friendship [frnip] => [d] sound does not

include

Cont.
In consonant cluster, especially in coda position /t/ is a common casualty Ex: [spks] for aspects, [himsbi] for the phrase he must be [wistm] for we asked him Vowels also disappear, as in: [vri] for every, [intrist] for interest, [kbnt] for cabinet, and [spowz] for suppose.

Normal Speech
These two processes of assimilation and elision occur in everyones normal speech and should not be regarded as some type of sloppiness or laziness in speaking. In fact, consistently avoiding the regular patterns of assimilation and elision used in a language would result in extremely artificial-sounding talk.

References
Norbertn, S. (2002). An Introduction to Applied Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. Yule, G. (2006). The Study of Language (Linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.