1 IEEE USA 5-4-2012

Smart Grid and Renewable

Energy Grid Integration
Jian Sun, Professor and Director
Department of ECSE & Center for Future
Energy Systems
2 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
How Smart Can We
Make This Grid?
3 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Smart Grid Drivers
Need to Use Renewable Energy
Peak Oil; Energy Security
GHG Emission; Climate Change
Electrification of Transportation Sector
Energy Storage
Demand Response; Efficient Utilization
Stronger Transmission Network
Intelligent, Bidirectional Distribution System
4 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Energy is a National Priority
1
2
3
Energy
Security
Climate
Change
Green
Economy
Nuclear
Energy
R
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w
a
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l
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E
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g
y
Energy
Efficiency
5 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Role of Power Electronics
Smart Grid
Renewable
Generation
Renewable
Generation
Energy
Storage
Energy
Storage
Load
Manag.
Load
Manag.
6 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
With Electric Machines With Power Electronics

t
Production of AC
B()
v(t)
7 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Traditional vs. Wind Generators
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Frequency (Hertz)
Prime Mover
Control
Prime Mover
Control
Excitation
Control
Excitation
Control
T
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a
l

G
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Semiconductor
Switching
Semiconductor
Switching
Current
Control
Current
Control
DC-Link
Control
DC-Link
Control
Turbine Speed
Control
Turbine Speed
Control
Grid Q & V
Control
Grid Q & V
Control
L
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e

W
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d

G
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Grid
Synchronization
Grid
Synchronization
Limited Controllability at Low
Frequencies
Complex Control & Dynamics
at High Frequencies
Limited Controllability at Low
Frequencies
Complex Control & Dynamics
at High Frequencies
8 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000.
Grid Operation & Control
10
2
10
3
10
9
10
2
0.1 1 10 10
2
10
3
10
4
Hz
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
4
Central Control
Manual Dispatch
Control Frequency (F)
N
u
m
b
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r

o
f

U
n
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t
s

(
N
)
10
2
10
3
10
9
10
5
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10
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10
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4
Fast, Autonomous Control
of Many Units
9 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Impedance is a Key Parameter

c
1
Phase
Margin
Gain
Margin
Im
Re
Partition System into a Source and a Load Subsystem
Determine Source Subsystem Output Impedance (Z
s
) and Load
Subsystem Input Impedance (Z
l
)
System is Stability if Z
s
/Z
l
Meets Nyquist Stability Criterion
+

Z
s
Z
l
V
s
V
l
+

Source
Load
) (
) (
1
1
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) (
s Z
s Z
s Z s Z
s Z
s V
s V
l
s
s l
l
s
l

10 IEEE USA 5-4-2012

Grid-Parallel Inverter Stability
Grid-Connected Inverters are Controlled as Current Sources
Different System Model and Stability Requirement
Ratio of Grid Impedance to Inverter Output Impedance Must
Meet Nyquist Stability Criterion
Voltage-Source System Current-Source System
11 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
An Example Solar Inverter
12 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Grid Impedance
Line + Transformer + Generator Impedance
Typically Inductive at Fundamental Frequency
Focus of Traditional Power System Theory
Weak Grid
Resonance at Harmonic Frequencies
Effects of Loads; Variability with Time
Effects of Neighboring Renewable Sources
Active Control; Different from Passive Impedance
13 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Inverter Output Impedance
Depends on Physical Design and Control
Filter Inductors and Capacitors (L, LC, LCL)
Current & Voltage Control, Grid Synchronization
Inverter Impedance Modeling
Native Circuit & Control Models are Nonlinear
Small-Signal Impedance has to be Used
Time-Varying Operation; No DC Operation Point
Traditional Linearization Methods cannot be Applied
14 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Small-Signal Modeling
Phasor-Based Methods
Not Compatible with Impedance-Based Analysis
Limited to Line Fundamental Frequency
DQ-Transformation Method
Impedance in DQ-Coordinate System is Difficult
to Measure and Interpret
Coupling between DQ Axes Requires Generalized
Nyquist Criterion
Direct Harmonic Linearization
15 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Three-Phase Converter Modeling
Decomposition Using Symmetric Components
Positive-Sequence Impedance
Negative-Sequence Impedance
Zero-Sequence Impedance Usually Open-Circuit
Single-Phase Model for Each Sequence Component
No Crossing Coupling between Positive and Negative
Sequence Subsystems
v
a
v
b
v
c
i
a
i
b
i
c
i
p
i
n
+
v
p

+
v
p

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence

+
16 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Smart Grid System Test-Bed
Need a Controllable Grid to
Emulate Different Grid Conditions
Test Analysis Method and System Theory
Demonstrate System Control Techniques
A System Test-Bed has been Developed
Grid Simulator
Programmable Voltage, Frequency, Harmonic Contents,
and Impedance
Single or Three-Phase Operation, 75 kW Power
Standalone, Grid Parallel Mode, Micro Grid
17 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
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V
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/
F
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q
/
I
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PV Simulators PV Simulators
Central Central
Inverters (3) Inverters (3)

I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s

(
2
0
)
I
n
v
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r
t
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r
s

(
2
0
)
=
~
4 4
th th
Gen Wind Turbine Simulator Gen Wind Turbine Simulator
Electronic Electronic
Loads Loads
~
= M
M
M
G
G
G
=
~
=
~
=
~
Utility Utility
Grid Grid
=
~
Grid Simulator Grid Simulator
18 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Single-Phase Solar Inverter
Grid Voltage (500V/div)
Grid Current (10A/div)
L
p
= 0 mH
Grid Voltage (500V/div)
Grid Current (10A/div)
L
p
= 12.8 mH
19 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Harmonic Resonance
0
1
2
3
4
5
2 7 12 17 22 27 32 37
L
p
= 0 mH
L
p
= 12.8 mH
I
h
/I
1
(%)
h
20 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Three-Phase Wind Inverter
r
d
i
b
(5 A/div.) i
a
(5 A/div.) i
c
(5 A/div.)
Sequence Gain Margin Phase Margin
Positive 1.04 dB 5
Negative 15 dB 42
Sequence Gain Margin Phase Margin
Positive >15 dB 25
Negative >15 dB 55
PLL Bandwidth 100 Hz PLL Bandwidth 10 Hz
21 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Nature of Harmonic Resonance
22 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Inverter Impedance Shaping
Grid Synchronization Methods
Current Control Loop
Active Damping
Online Grid Impedance Identification
Adaptive Control
Inverter Interactions in Wind Farms
23 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
HVDC for Offshore Wind Farms
Speed
Source
1600 rpm

mech
690 V
7 km

PM

Speed
Source
1600 rpm

mech
690 V
7 km

PM

Speed
Source
1600 rpm
mech
690 V
7 km

PM

Speed
Source
1600 rpm

mech
690 V
7 km

PM

Speed
Source
1600 rpm
mech
690 V
7 km

PM

400*2.5MW Turbines
33kV AC
Bus
7km Cable
Direct-Drive Technology
HVDC Rectifier
(VSC or LCC)
HVDC
300 MVA
STATCOM
300 MVA
STATCOM
A
C

B
u
s

F
i
l
t
e
r
s
A
C

B
u
s

F
i
l
t
e
r
s
Stability & Control of AC Collection Bus
24 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Multi-Terminal HVDC
DC Output from Individual Turbines
Series and Parallel Connections
Modular Voltage-Source Converter Design
25 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
=
~
=
~
=
~
=
~
=
~
=
~
~
=
Utility Grid Utility Grid
Real Real- -Time Time
Simulator Simulator
AC DG AC DG
Test Test- -Bed Bed
M
T

H
V
D
C
M
T

H
V
D
C
Hybrid AC-DC System Test-Bed
26 IEEE USA 5-4-2012
Summary
Renewable Energy and Electric Transportation Will
Drive Smart Grid Development
Energy Storage and Demand Management Required
Ubiquitous Use of Power Electronics
New Stability Problems at High Frequencies
New Modeling and Analysis Tools Needed
Fast, Autonomous Control are Essential
New Impedance-Based System Analysis Methods
Hardware-in-the-Loop System Test-Bed for
Validation and Demonstration