Class 17: Outline

Hour 1:
Dipoles & Magnetic Fields

Hour 2:
Expt. 7: Dipoles in B Fields

P17- 1
Last Time:
Biot-Savart

P17- 2
 The Biot-Savart Law
Current element of length ds carrying current I
produces a magnetic field:

G
G µ 0 I d s × rˆ
dB =
4π r 2

G
Moving charges are currents too…
G µo q v x rˆ
B=
4π r
(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f
04/visualizations/magnetostatics/03- 2
CurrentElement3d/03-
cElement320.html)
P17- 3
 PRS Question:
Force between wires

P17- 4
Magnetic Dipoles:
Torque & Force

P17- 5
First: Review From Friday

P17- 6
 Rectangular Current Loop
Place rectangular current loop in uniform B field
G G G G
F1 = F3 = 0 IL B ( )
G
F2 = I (− aˆj) × ( B ˆi ) = IaB kˆ
G
F4 = I (aˆj) × ( B ˆi ) = − IaB kˆ

G G G G G
ĵ Fnet = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 0
k̂ î No net force on the loop!!
P17- 7
 Torque on Rectangular Loop
G G G k̂
Recall: τ = r×F ĵ x
î

G ⎛ b ˆ⎞ G ⎛ b ˆ⎞ G
τ = ⎜ − i ⎟ × F2 + ⎜ i ⎟ × F4
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

⎛ b ˆ⎞
⎝ 2 ⎠
( ˆ ) ⎛ b ˆ⎞
(
= ⎜ − i ⎟ × IaBk + ⎜ i ⎟ × − IaBkˆ
⎝2 ⎠
)
IabB ˆ IabB ˆ Torque Direction:
= j+ j = IabBˆj Thumb in torque direction,
2 2
fingers rotate with object
P17- 8
 Torque on Rectangular Loop
G
τ = IABj
ˆ
G
A = A nˆ = ab nˆ : area vector
G
k̂ nˆ = +kˆ , B =B ˆi
ĵ x
î

G G G
τ = IA × B
Familiar? No net force but there is a torque P17- 9
Magnetic Dipole Moment
Define Magnetic Dipole Moment:
G G
µ ≡ IAnˆ ≡ IA
Then:
G G G
τ = µ×B
G G G
Analogous to τ = p×E

τ tends to align µ with B

P17- 10
 Animation:
Another Way To Look At Torque

External field connects to field of compass needle and “pulls” the dipole into
alignment
(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/magnetostatics/18-
dipNeedle/18-Dip_320.html)
P17- 11
 Interactive Java Applet:
Another Way To Look At Torque

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizatio
ns/magnetostatics/35-wireandmagnetapp/35-
wirecompass320.html

Field of wire connects to field of compass

needle and “pulls” the dipole into alignment
P17- 12
Demonstration:
Galvanometer

P17- 13
 G
Magnetic Dipole Moment
G
µ ≡ IAnˆ ≡ IA

P17- 14
 PRS Question:
Torque on Dipole in Uniform Field

P17- 15
Dipoles don’t move???
This dipole rotates but
doesn’t feel a net force

But dipoles
CAN feel force
due to B.
What’s up?
P17- 16
 PRS Question:
Force on Magnetic Dipole

P17- 17
 Something New
Dipoles in Non-Uniform Fields:
Force

P17- 18
 Force on Magnetic Dipole
To determine force, we need to know energy:
G G
U Dipole = -µ ⋅ B
Force tells how the energy changes with position:
G G G G G
FDipole = -∇U Dipole = ∇ ( µ⋅B )
G G G
(after math) = µ ⋅∇( ) B

Dipoles only feel force in non-uniform field

P17- 19
Force on Magnetic Dipole
G
∂B
negative
∂z
Force down!
G
G G G G ∂B
FDipole ( )
= µ ⋅∇ B = µ
∂z
P17- 20
Force on Magnetic Dipole

Alternate Thought
What makes the field pictured? P17- 21
 Force on Magnetic Dipole
µ
N

Bar magnet below dipole, with N pole on top

It is aligned with the dipole pictured, they attract!
P17- 22
 Experiment 7:
Magnetic Forces on Dipoles

P17- 23
 Force on Dipole from Dipole:
Anti-Parallel Alignment

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/magnetostatics/16-
MagneticForceRepel/16-MagForceRepel_f65_320.html
P17- 24
 Force on Dipole from Dipole:
Parallel Alignment

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/magnetostatics/15-
MagneticForceAttract/15-MagForceAtt_f65_320.html P17- 25
 PRS Questions:
Force on Magnetic Dipole

P17- 26