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Hour 1:
Interference
Hour 2:
Experiment 13: Interference
P33- 1
Last time: Microwaves (mw)
c
f mw = 2 × 10 Hz λmw
9
= = 15 cm
f
This time: Visible (red) light:
c
f red = 4.6 × 10 Hz λred
14 −5
= = 6.54 × 10 cm
f
How in the world do we
measure 1/10,000 of a cm?
P33- 2
We Use Interference
P33- 3
Interference: The difference
between waves and bullets
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizati
ons/light/08-waves2d/08-waves320.html
P33- 5
Interference
Interference: Combination of two or more waves to
form composite wave – use superposition principle.
Waves can add constructively or destructively
P33- 7
Interference – Phase Shift
Consider two traveling waves, moving through space:
Look here as function of time
Constructive
Interference
P33- 8
Microwave Interference
P33- 9
Interference – Phase Shift
What can introduce a phase shift?
P33- 11
Extra Path Length
∆L
In Phase Here
∆L
In Phase Here
∆L = ( m + ) λ 1
2
⇓ (m=0, ±1, ±2…)
Image courtesy of John M. Sullivan, University of Illinois and Technical University of Berlin.
P33- 14
Thin Film Interference -
Iridescence
•Bubbles
•Butterfly Wings
•Oil on Puddles
P33- 15
Thin Film: Extra Path
Extra path length ~ 2d
2d = mλ ⇒ Constructive
2d = ( m + 12 ) λ ⇒ Destructive
d
P33- 16
Phase Shift = Extra Path?
What is exact relationship between ∆L & φ?
∆L φ ⎧ m constructive
= =⎨
λ 2π ⎩ m + 1
2 destructive
P33- 17
Two Transmitters
P33- 18
Microwave Interference
P33- 19
Two In-Phase Sources: Geometry
Assuming L d :
Extra path length
δ = d sin (θ )
Assume L d λ
y = L tan θ ≈ L sin θ
δ = d sin (θ ) = mλ ⇒ Constructive
δ = d sin (θ ) = ( m + 12 ) λ ⇒ Destructive
P33- 20
Interference for Two
Sources in Phase
(1) Constructive: δ = mλ
δmλ yconstructive
sin θ = = =
d d L
λL
yconstructive = m m = 0,1...
d
(2) Destructive: δ = (m + 1/ 2)λ
⎛ 1 ⎞ λL
ydestructive = ⎜m+ ⎟ m = 0,1,...
⎝ 2⎠ d P33- 21
In-Class: Lecture Demo
Just Found:
⎛ 1 ⎞ λL
ydestructive = ⎜ m + ⎟ m = 0,1,...
⎝ 2⎠ d
For m = 0 (the first minimum):
ydestructive = λ L
2d
From our lecture demo, we measure:
L ~ 1.16 m; d ~ 0.24 m; ydestructive ~ ? m
First ydestructive = λ L
2d
λ is smaller by 10,000 times.
But d can be smaller (0.1 mm instead of 0.24 m)
So y will only be 10 times smaller – still measurable
P33- 23
The Light Equivalent:
Two Slits
P33- 24
Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
P33- 26
Lecture Demonstration:
Double Slit
P33- 27
Diffraction
P33- 28
Diffraction
Diffraction: The bending of waves as they pass by
certain obstacles
No Diffraction Diffraction
No spreading after Spreading after
passing though slits passing though slits P33- 29
Single-Slit Diffraction
“Derivation” (Motivation) by Division:
Destructive interference:
a
δ = sin θ = ( m + 12 ) λ
2
P33- 31
Putting it Together
P33- 32
PRS Question:
Two Slits with Width
P33- 33
Two Slits With Finite Width a
With more than one slit having finite width a, we must consider
1. Diffraction due to the individual slit
2. Interference of waves from different slits
P33- 34
Two Slits With Finite width a
Zero Order Maximum
P33- 35
Lecture Demonstration:
Double Slits with Width
P33- 36
Babinet’s Principle
Case I: Put in a slit, get diffraction
Case II: Fill up slit, get nothing
Case III: Remove slit, get diffraction
Efilling = − Eslit
order to cancel: