Nitrogen Discovered by Scottish Physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772 Rutherford gave the name Noxious of Fixed air because

se it does not support combustion Other scientists that studied Nitrogen: 1. Carl Wilhelm Scheele 2. Henry Cavendish 3. Joseph Priestly USES: Nitrogen gas: 1. An alternative to argon in incandescent light bulbs. 2. Production of Transistors, diodes and integrated circuits. 3. Used in military aircraft fuel systems to reduce fire hazard. Liquid Nitrogen: 1. Refrigerant Liquid Nitrogen An example of a Cryogenic Liquid

Nitrogen Compounds: 1. Nitrogen and Natural Gas = Ammonia ( by means of the Haber process ) 2. Potassium Nitrate ( Gunpowder ) 3. Ammonium Nitrate ( Fertilizer ) 4. In great amount ( ANFO or Explosives ) Phosphorus: 1. White phosphorus - The most reactive - The least dense - The most toxic ( causes severe liver damage in digestion ) - Also known as Yellow Phosphorus - Glows in the dark ( Faint tinge of green and blue ) - Highly flammable and pyrophoric 2. Red Phosphorus - Formed by heating White phosphorus to 250 C ( 482 F ) 3. Black Phosphorus - Least reactive allotrope - Stable below 550 C - Has a structure resembling graphite - Produced by using high amount of pressure or metal salts as catalyst

Application: 1. As Fertilizer 2. Used in steel production 3. Matches ( in the 1830s) MATCHES (with White Phosphorus) - Sensitive, toxic and unsafe - Gradually banned between 1872 and 1925 International Berne Convention - Banned white phosphorus matches ( 1906 ) MATCHES (Phosphorus Sesquisulfide, P4S3) - Such matches are hard to ignite on an arbitrary surface and require a special strip. The Strip contains red phosphorus which heats up upon striking, reacts with the oxygen-releasing compound in the head and ignites the flammable material of the head. Antimony (Stibium) - A Lustrous gray metalloid. Uses: 1. Used as weapons 2. Flame retardants - Clothings - Toys - Aircraft and Automotive seat covers. 3. Fiberglass composites - Additive to polyester resins in engine covers. Alloys: 1. With Lead - Increases its hardness and mechanical strength 2. Antifriction alloys - Bullets Bismuth Most naturally diamagnetic Lowest value of Thermal conductivity From the German word Wismuth which means White Mass

Physical Characteristics: 1. Brittle 2. White, Silver-pink Hue 3. When burned, a blue flame and produces yellow fumes 4. It has lower toxicity than lead, antimony and polonium

Application: 1. A catalyst for making acrylic Fibers. 2. Ingredient in lubricating greases. Arsenic First documented by Albertus Magnus in 1250 An example of a metalloid Poisonous to multicellular organisms It only has a single, stable isotope, As75 ( monoisotopic )

Applications 1. The toxicity of arsenic to insects, bacteria and fungi led to its use as a wood preservative. 2. Arsenic-74 is used as an alternative to Iodine-124 in Positron Emittion Tomography (PET) it is much clearer and produces a lot of noise. 3. Lead Components in Car batteries are strengthened by the presence of a few Arsenic.