The Energy Problem in Nigeria - Way Forward - UNILAG - EGRAD - Mechanical Engr

UNILAG EGRAD 2009 SEMINAR
The energy problem in Nigeria – the way forward
Akin-laguda 'Olakunle A. O.
6/30/2009
The energy problem in Nigeria is a major concern; this submission highlights practical solutions
from an engineer’s point of view. The shortage of electricity and petroleum products were
addressed, looking at immediate and lasting solutions to the predicament.
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“...side by side with scientific and technical triumphs is an obvious lack of efficiency in using
scientific achievements for economic needs...”
Mikhail Gorbachev (1931 - )
The energy problem in Nigeria – the way forward

Energy is one of the most fundamental parts of our universe. We use energy to do work.
Everything we do is connected to energy in one form or another. Energy from the sun gives
us light during the day. It dries our clothes, hanging outside on a line. It helps plants grow.
Energy stored in plants is eaten by animals, giving them energy. Energy lights our cities,
warms our homes, cooks our food, plays our music, gives us pictures on television, powers
our vehicles, machinery in factories and list is endless. In order for work to be done by
machines or humans, we need to process energy. But where does it come from?
There are many sources of energy. The various forms may be changed in a series of
processes such as the generation, transmission and use of electricity which is not a form of
energy in itself but a means of transferring energy. Although no energy disappears, as
stated in the principle of conservation of energy, its final form is low grade heat which is not
available at high temperature to convert to a mechanical form. For practical purposes this
energy is lost. More energy is therefore needed all the time to provide the power we need.
The primary sources of energy are; Oil, Natural gas, Coal, Hydro and Nuclear but consumers
may receive energy in other forms notably from electric supply. It is estimated that about
one-third of the primary energy goes into electricity generation. Transport accounts for
another quarter, coming almost entirely from oil with the exception of synthetic fuels like
ethanol and hydrogen.
A large portion of our energy needs is met by burning fuels to release heat by combustion.
The increased demand for energy in recent years has led to a growing concern about fuel
supplies. As a result energy is now more than a scientific and technical matter. It has
become a social, environmental, political and economic issue. The problems associated with
fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas have created interests in alternative sources of
energy. Solar energy, ocean thermal, tidal & wave energy, geothermal energy, wind energy,
biomass energy and Hydrogen fuel cells are major considerations for renewable sources.
Although these sources can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels they have limitations;
most of them are not yet economic for large scale power generation and require large
production costs. Furthermore, they are not all suitable for every climate and vary from
season to season or day to day, so their energy is not always available when it is needed.
One argument put forward is that alternative sources do not pollute or damage the
environment. However, there may be objections to the installations needed to harness the
energy. A tidal barrage, for instance, may cause a major ecological change in its locality; a
group of aerogenerators on a wind farm may be regarded as unsightly as well as noisy.
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The Nigerian energy industry
Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa, the eleventh largest producer of crude oil in the
world and a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). With the
help of new projects coming online, the Nigerian government hopes to increase oil
production capacity to four million barrels per day by 2010. According to the International
Crude Oil Market Handbook, Nigeria’s export blends are light, sweet crudes, with gravities
ranging from API 29 – 36 degrees and low sulphur contents of 0.05 – 0.2 percent. Forcados
Blend is considered one of the best gasoline-producing blends in the world.
Nigeria is the world’s eighth largest exporter of crude oil and the country is a major oil
exporter to the United States. In 2006, Nigeria’s total oil exports reached an estimated 2.15
million bbl/d. Nigeria shipped approximately 42 percent of its crude exports to the United
States in 2006. Additional importers of Nigerian crude oil include Europe (19 percent), South
America (7.6 percent), Asia and the Caribbean. Despite shut-in production, major importers
of Nigerian crude have experienced little to no decrease in Nigerian crude imports.
According to Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), Nigeria had 36.2 billion barrels of proven oil reserves
as of January 2007. The Nigerian government plans to expand its proven reserves to 40
billion barrels by 2010. The majority of reserves are found along the country's Niger River
Delta, in southern Nigeria and offshore in the Bight of Benin, Gulf of Guinea and Bight of
Bonny. Nigeria has total production capacity (total potential production capacity if all oil
currently shut-in came back online) of three million barrels per day (bbl/d) including two
million bbl/d onshore and one million bbl/d offshore.
OGJ estimates that Nigeria had an estimated 182 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural
gas reserves as of January 2007, which makes Nigeria the seventh largest natural gas reserve
holder in the world and the largest in Africa. Because many of Nigeria’s fields lack the
infrastructure to produce natural gas, it is flared. According to NNPC, Nigeria flares 40
percent of its annual natural gas production, while the World Bank estimates that Nigeria
accounts for 12.5 percent of total flared natural gas in the world. Nigeria is working to end
natural gas flaring by 2008. However, Shell indicated in its 2005 annual report that it would
not be able to eliminate routine natural gas flaring until 2009. A significant portion
of Nigeria’s natural gas is processed into LNG. Nigeria's most ambitious natural gas project is
the $3.8 billion Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) facility on Bonny Island.
In 2004, Nigeria’s energy consumption mix was dominated by oil (58 percent), followed by
natural gas (34 percent) and hydroelectricity (8 percent). Coal, nuclear and other
renewable are currently not part of the country’s energy consumption mix. From 1984-
2004, the share of oil in Nigeria’s energy mix has decreased from 77 percent to 58 percent.
Natural gas consumption increased from 18 percent to 34 percent. Hydroelectricity has seen
a slight increase as well from 5 percent to 8 percent.
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The energy problem in Nigeria
The Nigerian energy industry is probably one of the most inefficient in meeting the needs of
its customers globally. This is most evident in the persistent disequilibrium in the markets
for electricity and petroleum products, especially kerosene and diesel. Only 40 percent of
Nigerians have access to electricity, the majority of who are concentrated in urban areas.
Yet, energy poor Nigeria is energy resource rich and the sixth largest exporter of crude oil in
the world. Nigeria’s persistent energy crisis has weakened the industrialization process, and
significantly undermined the effort to achieve sustained economic growth, increased
competitiveness of domestic industries in domestic, regional and global markets and
employment generation.
Our starting point of analysis is some facts about Nigeria’s energy crises. First, the persistent
inadequate quantity, poor quality and low access to energy despite the enormous domestic
endowments of non-renewable and renewable primary energy resources. For example,
crude oil and natural gas reserves are currently estimated at 35 billion barrels and 185
trillion cubic feet, respectively. These fossil fuel reserves are more than adequate to fuel
much of Sub-Saharan Africa energy demand for several decades. Coal reserves are also
substantial at 2.75 billion metric tons. Also, a large amount of renewable energy resources
including hydro electricity, solar, wind and biomass energy are present. Hydro resources are
estimated at 14,750 Megawatts. Solar radiation is estimated at 3.5-7.0 Kilowatt-hour/meter
square per day, wind energy at 150,000 Terra Joule per year and biomass at 144 million tons
per year.
Second, despite being a world ranking exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG), Nigeria’s gas-
dominated electric grid experiences frequent system collapse linked often to inadequate gas
supply. The oil-linked militancy which has resulted in gas and oil pipeline vandalisation in the
oil and gas producing Niger Delta region has exacerbated the petroleum products and
electricity supply problems. Largely unrestrained gas flaring has consistently put Nigeria
among the world’s largest source of carbon emission; a major factor in global warming.
Third is the extensive substitution of poor public electricity supply with highly polluting self-
generated power. Also the scarcity of kerosene combined with shortage-induced high
kerosene prices has induced greater use of fuel wood for the low and middle income classes
with adverse environmental consequences. Diesel shortages have crippled industrial
production dependent on diesel-generated private electricity supply.
Finally, there is the protracted nature of the energy crises. Nigeria’s chronic energy
infrastructural gaps which have existed since the large scale inflow of oil income in the mid
1970s has worsened in recent times despite huge amounts of public expenditure in this
government dominated and controlled industry. The billion dollars of pubic investment into
capacity expansion in the energy industry contrast sharply with the extremely poor supply
outcomes measured by refinery output, rise in imported fuels and frequent power outages
and voltage variation.
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The nature of Nigeria’s dual energy crises is highlighted by two key developments. The first
concerns the recurrent severe petroleum products market shortages of which kerosene and
diesel are the most prominent. Nigeria has domestic refineries (Port Harcourt I and II, Warri,
and Kaduna) owned by the government with capacity to process 450,000 barrels of oil per
day, yet imports constitute more than 75% of petroleum products requirements due to
problems including sabotage, fire, poor management and a lack of regular maintenance
contribute to the current operating capacity of around 214,000 bbl/d. The state owned
refineries have hardly operated above 40% capacity utilization rate for any extended period
of time in the past two decades. The gasoline market is much better supplied than kerosene
and diesel because of its higher political profile. This factor explains why the government
has embarked on large import volumes to remedy domestic shortages of the product. The
weaker political pressures exerted by consumers of kerosene (the poor and low middle
class) and diesel (industrial sector) on the government and the constraints on public financ-
ing of large scale imports of these products, as in the case of gasoline, largely explains their
more severe and persistent market shortages.
The second dimension of Nigeria’s energy crises is exemplified by such indicators as

electricity black-outs and pervasive reliance on self-generated electricity. This development
has occurred despite Nigeria being energy-resource abundant. Nigeria’s electricity market,
dominated on the supply side by the state-owned Power Holding Company of Nigeria
(PHCN) formerly called the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) has been incapable of
providing minimum acceptable international standards of electricity service reliability,
accessibility and availability for the past three decades. The nature of the poor record in
electricity supply is apparent in the trend in transmission and distribution losses shown
below. The double digit transmission and distribution losses are extremely large and by
international standards are among the highest in the world. The system losses are five to six
times what obtain in well-run power systems.
Source: Data from PHCN and NEPA
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The low and unstable capacity utilization, evident in an average capacity utilization of less
that 40% for most of the period, shows the large gap between installed and actual op-
erational capacity. It is a reflection of the gross technical inefficiency in the power system.
The role of insufficient operational capacity due to ageing facilities that are poorly
maintained on poor service provision is indisputable. Remarkably, despite the size of
inoperable capacity, no new plant has been added to the grid since 1990. The installed
power generating capacity is about 6,000 MW. The operable capacity is less than 3,000 MW.
This is made up of hydroelectric and gas-fired power generating plants. The plant mix is
dominated by gas-fired plants. The infrastructure facilities are not only old, they are also
beset by water flow and gas supply problems. The water flow problems which have
seriously undermined the performance of the three hydro stations (Kainji, Jebba and
Shiroro) in recent years are linked to reduced water volumes in the River Niger and its
tributaries due to climate change. Increased frequency of gas supply disruptions to gas-
fuelled generating plants have also reduced electricity generation. Gas pipeline attacks have
exacerbated the power supply problem through disruption in gas supplies to the power
stations.
Though peak electricity demand has been less than half of installed capacity in the past
decade, load shedding occurs regularly. Power outages in the manufacturing sector provide
another dimension of the crisis. In 2004, major manufacturing firms experienced 316
outages. This increased by 26% in 2005 followed by an explosive 43% increase between
2006 and 2007. This poor service delivery has rendered public supply a standby source as
many consumers who cannot afford irregular and poor quality service substitute more
expensive captive supply alternatives to minimize the negative consequences of power
supply interruptions on their production activities and profitability. An estimated 20 percent
of the investment in industrial projects is allocated to alternative source of electricity
supply. The government is planning to strengthen PHCN and empower it to build more
power plants and NNPC to build more refineries notwithstanding the history of poor
investment and production outcomes from public energy enterprises.
The wide energy gap and poverty in comparative regional terms is apparent in per capita
electricity consumption in Nigeria being 140 Kwh in 2004 compared to 1337 Kwh in Egypt
and 4560 Kwh in South Africa. The government projects that generating capacity should
increase to eliminate current electricity poverty and raise electricity per capita to 1,110kwh
in 2015 and 5,000Kwh in 2030. Even then, Nigeria’s per capita consumption in 2030 will be
about 20% above the level that obtained in South Africa in 2003!
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The way forward
As engineers we do not have the luxury of simply propounding theories and policies that can
potentially solve the problems highlighted in the Nigerian energy industry, our creed
impresses on us to apply our knowledge of the physical and natural sciences to find
solutions to human problems. It is widely recognized that substantial expansion in quantity,
quality and access to energy infrastructure services, are essential to rapid and sustained
economic growth, employment generation, poverty reduction and overall well-being of the
country. Thus, the persistent suboptimal levels of energy infrastructure capacity and service
provision raises the fundamental question: What ought to be done to establish and sustain a
robust energy industry characterized by acceptable international standards of service
reliability, accessibility and availability and that will support sustainable human
development in Nigeria.
As an applied science the onus is on us to find practical solutions to this puzzle. Before we
suggest the course of action for others to take, we should look inwards and know what is
required of us as an integral part of the recovery process. Overcoming the energy crises is a
prerequisite for achieving the desire of the government that Nigeria be one of the top 20
economies in the world by 2020. Like other countries that have successfully charted a
course out of their predicament, local problem require indigenous solution. This cannot be
achieved without sufficient technical knowledge of energy and its production.
The academic community has a major role to play in providing adequate and comprehensive
technical instruction for developing local energy resources. More attention should be given
to training engineers, technologists and technicians that will take up the challenge to
actively participate in the research, design, building and maintenance of the devices and
infrastructure needed. Energy production and management should be ingrained into every
engineering discipline. Students should be encouraged to seek possible application of
acquired knowledge, to solving specific parts of the energy problem. Energy research
centres can be established in higher institutions for both students and members of the
faculty.
The bane of the energy production from Nigeria’s mainly hydroelectric and gas-fired turbine
plants has been low and unstable capacity utilization. Low water levels and inadequate gas
supply has been sighted as the root cause. Despite recording high volumes of natural gas
production and export, supply is short due to pipeline vandalisation, flaring and shut-in
production. Even though these can easily be remedied, an alternative source of gas is waste
matter.
Nigeria has abundant natural and human resources which is wasted and creates another
problem; waste management. This unique inexhaustible “resource” can also be harnessed
to power gas turbine plants. Useful gas can be extracted via; gasification (anaerobic
combustion), pyrolysis (thermal decomposition) and biochemical conversion (biogas)
processes. This will be beneficial as it will potentially solve two nagging problems at once.
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In the presence of abundant energy sources, it is hard to comprehend the fact that only 40%
of Nigerians have access to energy from the national grid. The larger fraction of the
population, residing mostly in rural settlements is not catered for. It is a widely accepted
opinion that, small scale renewable energy schemes will be most effective to reverse this
trend. This idea has been paid much lip service but little has been done to actualise the plan.
Only 20% percent of investments in recent years are allocated to renewable energy
resource development.
Using alternative energy to power rural communities will reduce the load on the presently
inadequate supply. This will cut down losses due to extensive transmission network that is
required to connect the numerous sparse villages and homesteads. The major advantages of
the renewable energy technologies include the simplicity of the technologies, ease of
maintenance as well as their enhanced environmental friendliness over fossil fuel systems.
Local power projects will be a welcomed development, a sense of ownership will bring
about a strong maintenance drive to preserve such installations. The peculiarity of each
location, in terms of topography and prevalent climatic conditions are key indicators of
possible options, to develop the most suitable source.
Nigeria imports the bulk of her petroleum products notably: premium motor spirit (PMS),
dual purpose kerosene (DPK) and associated gas oil (AGO). As mentioned earlier, refining
capacity is currently insufficient to meet domestic demand even at maximum production it
will not serve the entire country. To increase refining capacity, the Nigerian government is
granting permits to build several independently-owned refineries. Oando, a leading
petroleum-marketing company in Nigeria, is considering building a refinery in Lagos.
Building new refineries is merely doing the obvious; increasing refinery activity will cut down
importation of petroleum products. Nigeria is losing a large amount of revenue by buying
refined products for local consumption. As shown below, other by-products of fractional
distillation and catalytic cracking which are useful in various industrial processes are lost.
Although when more refineries are operational it will not have solved the problem.
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Petroleum production will continue to strive to level up with demand. Another approach is
to reduce energy needs so as to allow production to catch up with time. Teaching the
populace about energy conservation will go a long way but in a largely uneducated society
the gains will be minimal. A more effective means of cutting down energy demand is in the
industrial sector, where bulk energy is consumed. Recycling is an alternative that requires
less energy than manufacturing (newspapers, aluminium cans, plastic bottles etc.) from
brand new raw material.
The world’s supply of fossil fuel will eventually be depleted; it is only a matter of time. The
onshore Al-Burqan Field in the desert of south-eastern Kuwait is one of the world's largest
and richest oil fields. Discovered in February 1938, commercial oil production began in 1946.
Burgan is so rich that it is one of the world's easiest production sites; oil practically flows to
the surface on its own. Burgan has helped Kuwait become one of the largest oil exporters on
the planet and accounts for more than half of Kuwait's proven oil reserves. In November
2005, the state-owned Kuwait Oil reported that the Burgan oil field production levels are
running down. Burgan will now produce 1.7 mbpd rather than 2 mbpd for the rest of its 30
to 40 years.
Hydrogen fuel cells hold great promise as low-pollution automobile engines if certain
difficulties can be overcome. Water, the only waste product of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell,
is non-polluting and can be used to cool the engine. The oxygen needed is readily available
in air. Hydrogen, however, is not so readily available, and there is no existing delivery
system to convey hydrogen to all the places people would need it to power their cars.
In addition, pure hydrogen is not abundant enough to provide power for all the cars on the
road today. Instead, hydrogen would need to be extracted from other substances. Much
ground can be covered by investing in developing of this reliable alternative. Sugarcane is
also significant, as a source of commercially distilled fuel known as ethanol for motor
vehicles. This will provide a solid foundation, to build an energy stable Nigeria that will not
be behind, when the world takes a quantum leap to the next level.
Conclusion
Nigerians can no longer bet on government promises because of monumental failures to
keep promises made in the past. Any real moves must be bold, private sector-driven and
devoid of bureaucratic bottlenecks. The Nigerian Society of Engineers ought to be directly
involved at all levels.
As an engineer, the shortage of electricity and petroleum products should be solved by

looking at the indicators critically and proffering logical measures that will bring immediate
and lasting solutions to crisis; the academic community should play their role by providing
adequate and comprehensive technical instruction for developing indigenous energy
resources. The largely gas powered national grid should be provided with supplementary
gas supply by; waste gasification, pyrolysis or biochemical conversion. Substantial
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development of renewable energy resource to provide power for the rural settlement, to
cut the load on the already inadequate supply will also be beneficial.
The refining of petroleum products as always been short and it will be a while before
production can match demand. In the mean time energy saving processes like recycling
should be implemented to cut down industrial power requirements. In the long run fossil
fuels will be exhausted and alternative fuels, like hydrogen fuel have to be developed in
anticipation of an oil famine in the near future.
Ultimately our responsibility is to make the best use of all God has blessed our nation with,
harnessing and maximizing these resources will give us the Nigeria of our dreams.
References
Iwayemi, Akin (2008) Nigeria’s Dual Energy profile of Nigeria, First published
Energy Problems: Policy Issues and in the Encyclopedia of Earth October 3,
Challenges. International Association for 2007; Last revised October 11, 2007;
Energy Economics, fourth quarter 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2009. Energy
Information Administration.
Quadry, wasiu (2008) Solution to Nigeria
www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_profile_
power outage; Power problem in Nigeria
of_Nigeria
is beyond explanation but there is no
problem without solution. Eddie Norman, Jay Cubit, Syd Urry, Mike
www.booksie.com Whittaker. Advanced Design and
Technology; Third Edition, Second
A. S. Sambo /ISESCO Science and
impression (2001). © Pearson Education
Technology Vision - Volume 1 (May 2005)
Limited
Microsoft® Encarta® 2008. © 1993-2007 www. Solartimeelectric.net
Microsoft Corporation.
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Basic Instructions Before Leaving Earth
“This Book [is] the most valuable thing that this world affords. Here is Wisdom;
this is the royal law; these are the lively Oracles of God.” With this words the moderator
of the church of Scotland hands a bible to the new monarch in Britain’s coronation
service, These words echo the King James Bible translators who in wrote in 1611:
“God’s sacred word …is that inestimable treasure that excelleth all the riches of the
earth.”
The Christian faith is based on what Jesus accomplished for us through His life,
His death on the cross and His resurrection. The Bible played witness to these historical
events. The Bible is not an account of what people have thought about God-but what God
thinks of us! It is Gods inspired message to humankind
Centuries ago, the apostle Paul wrote to his young protégé, Timothy: “All
scripture is inspired by God and is useful to teach us what is true and to make us
realize what is wrong with our lives” (II Timothy 3:16). Note that Paul said “all
scripture”—not a part or some, but all, “All” means all of the bible, every part and every
type of literature—law, history, poetry, prophesy, gospel, epistle, and apocalypse.
That short passage in Paul’s letter also emphasizes what Scripture does: “It
straightens us out and teaches us to do what is right. It is God’s way of preparing us in
every way, fully equipped for every good thing God wants us to do.”(II Timothy 3:16-
17). In other words, the Bible tells us how to live by showing us what God wants. As we
read scripture we need to think about what God is revealing about himself and what he is
telling us to do— what actions to take and what changes to make.
It is often burdensome to pick up our bible to read through God’s life-changing

word. However, magazines, novels, movies, parties…somehow find automatic slots in
our “ever-busy” schedule. The enemy will rather have us fill ourselves with his lies and
deceit, because he knows the Bible will tell you the truth about God and about yourself.
The more we read the Bible the more we learn to love and obey God.
There is no hard and fast rule to studying the Bible. You could start chapter-by-
chapter, book-by-book, from Genesis to Revelations or you could start with any
particular book or use a study guide.
…You can completely rely on the Book of Books to give you the big picture.
You really can make it…if you read these passages from your Bible, you will read the entire Bible in one year (you can start any day
of the year!).
□ Gn 1:1-3:24 □ 1Sm 27:1-31:13 □ Ps 25:1-28:9 □ Prv 26:1-28 □ Hb 1:1-3:19 □ 1cor 5:1-6:20

□ Gn 4:1-5:32 □ 2Sm 1:1-4:12 □ Ps 29:1-32:11 □ Prv 27:1-27 □ Zep 1:1-3:20 □ 1Cor 7:1-40
□ Gn 6:1-8:22 □ 2Sm 5:1-7:29 □ Ps 33:1-36:12 □ Prv 28:1-28 □ Hag 1:1-2:23 □ 1Cor 8:1-11:1
□ Gn 9:1-11:32 □ 2Sm 8:1-10:19 □ Ps 37:1-41:13 □ Prv 29:1-27 □ Zec 1:1-8:23 □ 1Cor 11:2-14:40
□ Gn 15:1-17:27 □ 2Sm 13:1-14:33 □ Ps 46:1-49:20 □ Prv 31:1-31 □ Mal 1:1-4:6 □ 2Cor 1:1-2:13
□ Gn 18:1-20:18 □ 2Sm 15:1-20:26 □ Ps 50:1-53:6 □ Eccl 1:1-2:26 □ Mat 1:1-4:25 □ 2Cor 2:14-7:16
□ Gn 21:1-23:20 □ 2Sm 21:1-24:25 □ Ps 54:1-56:13 □ Eccl 3:1-5:20 □ Mat 5:1-48 □ 2Cor 8:1-9:15
□ Gn 24:1-28:9 □ 1Kgs 1:1-4:34 □ Ps 57:1-59:17 □ Eccl 6:1-8:17 □ Mat 6:1-34 □ 2Cor 10:1-13:13
□ Gn 28:10-30:43 □ 1Kgs 5:1-8:66 □ Ps 60:1-62:12 □ Eccl 9:1-12:14 □ Mat 7:1-29 □ Gal 1:1-2:21
□ Gn 31:1-36:43 □ 1Kgs 9:1-11:43 □ Ps 63:1-65:13 □ Song 1:1-8:14 □ Mat 8:1-10:42 □ Gal 3:1-4:31
□ Gn 37:1-41:57 □ 1Kgs 12:1-16:34 □ Ps 66:1-68:35 □ Isa 1:1-6:13 □ Mat 11:1-13:52 □ Gal 5:1-6:18
□ Gn 42:1-45:28 □ 1Kgs 17:1-19:21 □ Ps 69:1-72:20 □ Isa 7:1-12:6 □ Mat 13:53-15:39 □ Eph 1:1-3:21
□ Ex 1:1-4:31 □ 2Kgs 1:1-8:15 □ Ps 76:1-78:72 □ Isa 19:1-23:18 □ Mat 19:1-20:34 □ Phil 1:1-30
□ Ex 19:1-24:18 □ 2Kgs 18:1-21:26 □ Ps 90:1-92:15 □ Isa 36:1-39:8 □ Mk 1:1-3:35 □ Col 1:1-2:23
□ Ex 32:1-34:35 □ 1Chr 1:1-9:44 □ Ps 96:1-98:9 □ Isa 49:1-52:12 □ Mk 7:24-8:38 □ 1Thes 1:1-3:13
□ Lv 1:1-7:38 □ 1Chr 13:1-17:27 □ Ps 102:1-104:35 □ Isa 56:1-59:21 □ Mk 11:1-12:44 □ 2Thes 1:1-2:17
□ Lv 8:1-10:20 □ 1Chr 18:1-22:1 □ Ps 105:1-106:48 □ Isa 60:1-66:24 □ Mk 13:1-37 □ 2Thes 3:1-18
□ Lv 11:1-17:16 □ 1Chr 22:2-27:34 □ Ps 107:1-109:31 □ Jer 1:1-6:30 □ Mk 14:1-16:20 □ 1Tm 1:1-20
□ Lv 18:1-22:33 □ 1Chr 28:1-29:30 □ Ps 110:1-112:10 □ Jer 7:1-10:25 □ Lk 1:1-4:13 □ 1Tm 2:1-3:16
□ Lv 23:1-25:55 □ 2Chr 1:1-5:1 □ Ps 113:1-115:18 □ Jer 11:1-15:21 □ Lk 4:14-6:49 □ 1Tm 4:1-6:21
□ Lv 26:1-27:34 □ 2Chr 5:2-9:31 □ Ps 116:1-118:29 □ Jer 16:1-20:18 □ Lk 7:1-9:50 □ 2Tm 1:1-2:26
□ Nm 1:1-4:49 □ 2Chr 10:1-14:1 □ Ps 119:1-176 □ Jer 21:1-24:10 □ Lk 9:51-10:42 □ 2Tm 3:1-4:22
□ Nm 5:1-10:10 □ 2Chr 14:2-16:14 □ Ps 120:1-124:8 □ Jer 25:1-29:32 □ Lk 11:1-54 □ Titus 1:1-16
□ Nm 15:1-21:35 □ 2Chr 21:4-24:27 □ Ps 130:1-134:3 □ Jer 34:1-38:28 □ Lk 13:1-14:35 □ Titus 3:1-15
□ Nm 22:1-25:18 □ 2Chr 25:1-28:27 □ Ps 135:1-137:9 □ Jer 39:1-45:5 □ Lk 15:1-16:31 □ Phlm 1:1-25
□ Nm 26:1-31:54 □ 2Chr 29:1-32:33 □ Ps 138:1-140:13 □ Jer 46:1-52:34 □ Lk 17:1-19:27 □ Heb 1:1-2:18
□ Nm 32:1-34:29 □ 2Chr 33:1-36:1 □ Ps 141:1-144:15 □ Lam 1:1-5:22 □ Lk 19:28-21:38 □ Heb 3:1-4:13
□ Nm 35:1-36:13 □ 2Chr 36:2-23 □ Ps 145:1-150:6 □ Eze 1:1-3:27 □ Lk 22:1-71 □ Heb 4:14-7:28
□ Dt 1:1-5:33 □ Ezr 1:1-2:70 □ Prv 1:1-33 □ Eze 4:1-11:25 □ Lk 23:1-56 □ Heb 8:1-10:18
□ Dt 6:1-11:32 □ Ezr 3:1-6:22 □ Prv 2:1-22 □ Eze 12:1-17:24 □ Lk 24:1 53 □ Heb 10:19-13:25
□ Dt 12:1-15:23 □ Ezr 7:1-8:36 □ Prv 3:1-35 □ Eze 18:1-24:27 □ Jn 1:1-2:11 □ Jas 1:1-21
□ Dt 16:1-20:20 □ Ezr 9:1-10:44 □ Prv 4:1-27 □ Eze 25:1-32:32 □ Jn 2:12-3:36 □ Jas 2:1-3:12
□ Dt 21:1-26:19 □ Neh 1:1-2:10 □ Prv 5:1-23 □ Eze 33:1-39:29 □ Jn 4:1-45 □ Jas 3:13-5:20
□ Dt 27:1-30:20 □ Neh 2:11-3:32 □ Prv 6:1-35 □ Eze 40:1-48:35 □ Jn 4:46-6:71 □ 1Pt 1:1-2:10
□ Dt 31:1-34:12 □ Neh 4:1-7:73 □ Prv 7:1-27 □ Dan 1:1-3:30 □ Jn 7:1-10:42 □ 1Pt 2:11-4:19
□ Jos 1:1-5:12 □ Neh 8:1-10:39 □ Prv 8:1-36 □ Dan 4:1-6:28 □ Jn 11:1-12:50 □ 1Pt 5:1-14
□ Jos 9:1-12:24 □ Est 1:1-2:23 □ Prv 10:1-32 □ Hos 1:1-3:5 □ Jn 15:1-17:26 □ 2Pt 2:1-22
□ Jos 20:1-24:33 □ Est 5:3-10:3 □ Prv 12:1-28 □ Hos 6:1-10:15 □ Jn 20:1-21:25 □ 1Jn 1:1-2:29
□ Jgs 1:1-3:6 □ Job 1:1-2:13 □ Prv 13:1-25 □ Hos 11:1-14:9 □ Acts 1:1-4:37 □ 1Jn 3:1-4:21
□ Jgs 3:7-8:35 □ Job 3:1-14:22 □ Prv 14:1-35 □ Joel 1:1-2:27 □ Acts 5:1-7:60 □ 1Jn 5:1-21
□ Jgs 9:1-12:15 □ Job 15:1-21:34 □ Prv 15:1-33 □ Joel 2:28-3:21 □ Acts 8:1-12:25 □ 2Jn I—3Jn 1:15
□ Jgs 13:1-16:31 □ Job 22:1-31:40 □ Prv 16:1-33 □ Am 1:1-2:16 □ Acts 13:1-15:35 □ Jude 1:1-25
□ Jgs 17:1-21:25 □ Job 32:1-37:24 □ Prv 17:1-28 □ Am 3:1-6:14 □ Acts 15:36-18:22 □ Rv 1:1-3:22
□ Ru 1:1-4:22 □ Job 38:1-41:34 □ Prv 18:1-24 □ Am 7:1-9:15 □ Acts 18:23-21:14 □ Rv 4:1-5:14
□ 1Sm 1:1-3:21 □ Job 42:1-17 □ Prv 19:1-29 □ Ob 1:1-21 □ Acts 21:15-28:31 □ Rv 6:1-8:5
□ 1Sm 4:1-7:17 □ Ps 1:1-4:8 □ Prv 20:1-30 □ Jon 1:1-2:10 □ Rom 1:1-3:20 □ Rv 8:6-11:19
□ 1Sm 13:1-15:35 □ Ps 9:1-12:8 □ Prv 22:1-29 □ Mic 1:1-2:13 □ Rom 6:1-8:39 □ Rv 15:1-16:21
□ 1Sm 21:1-26:25 □ Ps 21:1-24:10 □ Prv 25:1-28 □ Nah 1:1-3:19 □ 1Cor 1:1-4:21 □ You did it!
Basic Instructions Before Leaving Earth
“This Book [is] the most valuable thing that this world affords. Here is Wisdom;
this is the royal law; these are the lively Oracles of God.” With this words the moderator
of the church of Scotland hands a bible to the new monarch in Britain’s coronation
service, These words echo the King James Bible translators who in wrote in 1611:
“God’s sacred word …is that inestimable treasure that excelleth all the riches of the
earth.”
The Christian faith is based on what Jesus accomplished for us through His life,
His death on the cross and His resurrection. The Bible played witness to these historical
events. The Bible is not an account of what people have thought about God-but what God
thinks of us! It is Gods inspired message to humankind
Centuries ago, the apostle Paul wrote to his young protégé, Timothy: “All
scripture is inspired by God and is useful to teach us what is true and to make us
realize what is wrong with our lives” (II Timothy 3:16). Note that Paul said “all
scripture”—not a part or some, but all, “All” means all of the bible, every part and every
type of literature—law, history, poetry, prophesy, gospel, epistle, and apocalypse.
That short passage in Paul’s letter also emphasizes what Scripture does: “It
straightens us out and teaches us to do what is right. It is God’s way of preparing us in
every way, fully equipped for every good thing God wants us to do.”(II Timothy 3:16-
17). In other words, the Bible tells us how to live by showing us what God wants. As we
read scripture we need to think about what God is revealing about himself and what he is
telling us to do— what actions to take and what changes to make.
It is often burdensome to pick up our bible to read through God’s life-changing

word. However, magazines, novels, movies, parties…somehow find automatic slots in
our “ever-busy” schedule. The enemy will rather have us fill ourselves with his lies and
deceit, because he knows the Bible will tell you the truth about God and about yourself.
The more we read the Bible the more we learn to love and obey God.
There is no hard and fast rule to studying the Bible. You could start chapter-by-
chapter, book-by-book, from Genesis to Revelations or you could start with any
particular book or use a study guide.
…You can completely rely on the Book of Books to give you the big picture.
You really can make it…if you read these passages from your Bible, you will read the entire Bible in one year (you can start any day
of the year!).
□ Gn 1:1-3:24 □ 1Sm 27:1-31:13 □ Ps 25:1-28:9 □ Prv 26:1-28 □ Hb 1:1-3:19 □ 1cor 5:1-6:20

□ Gn 4:1-5:32 □ 2Sm 1:1-4:12 □ Ps 29:1-32:11 □ Prv 27:1-27 □ Zep 1:1-3:20 □ 1Cor 7:1-40
□ Gn 6:1-8:22 □ 2Sm 5:1-7:29 □ Ps 33:1-36:12 □ Prv 28:1-28 □ Hag 1:1-2:23 □ 1Cor 8:1-11:1
□ Gn 15:1-17:27 □ 2Sm 13:1-14:33 □ Ps 46:1-49:20 □ Prv 31:1-31 □ Mal 1:1-4:6 □ 2Cor 1:1-2:13
□ Gn 18:1-20:18 □ 2Sm 15:1-20:26 □ Ps 50:1-53:6 □ Eccl 1:1-2:26 □ Mat 1:1-4:25 □ 2Cor 2:14-7:16
□ Gn 21:1-23:20 □ 2Sm 21:1-24:25 □ Ps 54:1-56:13 □ Eccl 3:1-5:20 □ Mat 5:1-48 □ 2Cor 8:1-9:15
□ Gn 24:1-28:9 □ 1Kgs 1:1-4:34 □ Ps 57:1-59:17 □ Eccl 6:1-8:17 □ Mat 6:1-34 □ 2Cor 10:1-13:13
□ Gn 28:10-30:43 □ 1Kgs 5:1-8:66 □ Ps 60:1-62:12 □ Eccl 9:1-12:14 □ Mat 7:1-29 □ Gal 1:1-2:21
□ Gn 31:1-36:43 □ 1Kgs 9:1-11:43 □ Ps 63:1-65:13 □ Song 1:1-8:14 □ Mat 8:1-10:42 □ Gal 3:1-4:31
□ Gn 37:1-41:57 □ 1Kgs 12:1-16:34 □ Ps 66:1-68:35 □ Isa 1:1-6:13 □ Mat 11:1-13:52 □ Gal 5:1-6:18
□ Lv 1:1-7:38 □ 1Chr 13:1-17:27 □ Ps 102:1-104:35 □ Isa 56:1-59:21 □ Mk 11:1-12:44 □ 2Thes 1:1-2:17
□ Lv 8:1-10:20 □ 1Chr 18:1-22:1 □ Ps 105:1-106:48 □ Isa 60:1-66:24 □ Mk 13:1-37 □ 2Thes 3:1-18
□ Lv 11:1-17:16 □ 1Chr 22:2-27:34 □ Ps 107:1-109:31 □ Jer 1:1-6:30 □ Mk 14:1-16:20 □ 1Tm 1:1-20
□ Lv 18:1-22:33 □ 1Chr 28:1-29:30 □ Ps 110:1-112:10 □ Jer 7:1-10:25 □ Lk 1:1-4:13 □ 1Tm 2:1-3:16
□ Lv 23:1-25:55 □ 2Chr 1:1-5:1 □ Ps 113:1-115:18 □ Jer 11:1-15:21 □ Lk 4:14-6:49 □ 1Tm 4:1-6:21
□ Lv 26:1-27:34 □ 2Chr 5:2-9:31 □ Ps 116:1-118:29 □ Jer 16:1-20:18 □ Lk 7:1-9:50 □ 2Tm 1:1-2:26
□ Nm 1:1-4:49 □ 2Chr 10:1-14:1 □ Ps 119:1-176 □ Jer 21:1-24:10 □ Lk 9:51-10:42 □ 2Tm 3:1-4:22
□ Nm 15:1-21:35 □ 2Chr 21:4-24:27 □ Ps 130:1-134:3 □ Jer 34:1-38:28 □ Lk 13:1-14:35 □ Titus 3:1-15
□ Nm 22:1-25:18 □ 2Chr 25:1-28:27 □ Ps 135:1-137:9 □ Jer 39:1-45:5 □ Lk 15:1-16:31 □ Phlm 1:1-25
□ Nm 26:1-31:54 □ 2Chr 29:1-32:33 □ Ps 138:1-140:13 □ Jer 46:1-52:34 □ Lk 17:1-19:27 □ Heb 1:1-2:18
□ Nm 32:1-34:29 □ 2Chr 33:1-36:1 □ Ps 141:1-144:15 □ Lam 1:1-5:22 □ Lk 19:28-21:38 □ Heb 3:1-4:13
□ Nm 35:1-36:13 □ 2Chr 36:2-23 □ Ps 145:1-150:6 □ Eze 1:1-3:27 □ Lk 22:1-71 □ Heb 4:14-7:28
□ Dt 1:1-5:33 □ Ezr 1:1-2:70 □ Prv 1:1-33 □ Eze 4:1-11:25 □ Lk 23:1-56 □ Heb 8:1-10:18
□ Dt 6:1-11:32 □ Ezr 3:1-6:22 □ Prv 2:1-22 □ Eze 12:1-17:24 □ Lk 24:1 53 □ Heb 10:19-13:25
□ Dt 12:1-15:23 □ Ezr 7:1-8:36 □ Prv 3:1-35 □ Eze 18:1-24:27 □ Jn 1:1-2:11 □ Jas 1:1-21
□ Dt 16:1-20:20 □ Ezr 9:1-10:44 □ Prv 4:1-27 □ Eze 25:1-32:32 □ Jn 2:12-3:36 □ Jas 2:1-3:12
□ Dt 21:1-26:19 □ Neh 1:1-2:10 □ Prv 5:1-23 □ Eze 33:1-39:29 □ Jn 4:1-45 □ Jas 3:13-5:20
□ Dt 27:1-30:20 □ Neh 2:11-3:32 □ Prv 6:1-35 □ Eze 40:1-48:35 □ Jn 4:46-6:71 □ 1Pt 1:1-2:10
□ Dt 31:1-34:12 □ Neh 4:1-7:73 □ Prv 7:1-27 □ Dan 1:1-3:30 □ Jn 7:1-10:42 □ 1Pt 2:11-4:19
□ Jos 20:1-24:33 □ Est 5:3-10:3 □ Prv 12:1-28 □ Hos 6:1-10:15 □ Jn 20:1-21:25 □ 1Jn 1:1-2:29
□ Jgs 1:1-3:6 □ Job 1:1-2:13 □ Prv 13:1-25 □ Hos 11:1-14:9 □ Acts 1:1-4:37 □ 1Jn 3:1-4:21
□ Jgs 3:7-8:35 □ Job 3:1-14:22 □ Prv 14:1-35 □ Joel 1:1-2:27 □ Acts 5:1-7:60 □ 1Jn 5:1-21
□ Jgs 9:1-12:15 □ Job 15:1-21:34 □ Prv 15:1-33 □ Joel 2:28-3:21 □ Acts 8:1-12:25 □ 2Jn I—3Jn 1:15
□ Jgs 13:1-16:31 □ Job 22:1-31:40 □ Prv 16:1-33 □ Am 1:1-2:16 □ Acts 13:1-15:35 □ Jude 1:1-25
□ Jgs 17:1-21:25 □ Job 32:1-37:24 □ Prv 17:1-28 □ Am 3:1-6:14 □ Acts 15:36-18:22 □ Rv 1:1-3:22
□ Ru 1:1-4:22 □ Job 38:1-41:34 □ Prv 18:1-24 □ Am 7:1-9:15 □ Acts 18:23-21:14 □ Rv 4:1-5:14
□ 1Sm 1:1-3:21 □ Job 42:1-17 □ Prv 19:1-29 □ Ob 1:1-21 □ Acts 21:15-28:31 □ Rv 6:1-8:5
□ 1Sm 21:1-26:25 □ Ps 21:1-24:10 □ Prv 25:1-28 □ Nah 1:1-3:19 □ 1Cor 1:1-4:21 □ You did it!

The Energy Problem in Nigeria - Way Forward - UNILAG - EGRAD - Mechanical Engr

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UNILAG EGRAD 2009 SEMINAR

The energy problem in Nigeria – the way forward

The energy problem in Nigeria – the way forward

The second dimension of Nigeria’s energy crises is exemplified by such indicators as

Source: Data from PHCN and NEPA

As an engineer, the shortage of electricity and petroleum products should be solved by

It is often burdensome to pick up our bible to read through God’s life-changing

□ Gn 1:1-3:24 □ 1Sm 27:1-31:13 □ Ps 25:1-28:9 □ Prv 26:1-28 □ Hb 1:1-3:19 □ 1cor 5:1-6:20

It is often burdensome to pick up our bible to read through God’s life-changing

□ Gn 1:1-3:24 □ 1Sm 27:1-31:13 □ Ps 25:1-28:9 □ Prv 26:1-28 □ Hb 1:1-3:19 □ 1cor 5:1-6:20

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