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Cannot solve algebraically (no closed form solution), must use numerical
techniques:
I Bisection Method
I Secant Method
I False Position Method
I Newton’s Method "
f (xn )
xn+1 = xn −
f 0 (xn )
3. If |xn − xn+1 | < ε (within the desired accuracy), let xn+1 serve as the final
approximation. Otherwise, return to step 2 and calculate a new approximation.
f 0 (x) = 2x
xn2 − 2
Iteration Formula: xn+1 = xn −
2xn
f (xn ) f (xn )
n xn f (xn ) f 0 (xn ) xn − |xn − xn+1 |
f 0 (xn ) f 0 (xn )
1 1.000000 -1.000000 2.000000 -0.500000 1.500000 0.5
2 1.500000 0.2500000 3.000000 0.083333 1.416667 0.083333
3 1.416667 0.006945 2.833334 0.002451 1.414216 0.002451
f 0 (x) = e x + 1
e xn + xn
Iteration Formula: xn+1 = xn −
e xn + 1
f (xn ) f (xn )
n xn f (xn ) f 0 (xn ) xn − |xn − xn+1 |
f 0 (xn ) f 0 (xn )
1 -0.60000 -0.05119 1.54881 -0.03305 -0.56695 0.03305
2 -0.56695 0.00030 1.56725 0.00019 -0.56714 0.00019
3 -0.56714 0.00000 1.56714 0.00000 -0.56714 0
f 0 (x) = 31 x −2/3
1/3
xn
Iteration Formula: xn+1 = xn − 1 −2/3
= −2xn
x
3 n
f (xn ) f (xn )
n xn f (xn ) f 0 (xn ) xn − |xn − xn+1 |
f 0 (xn ) f 0 (xn )
1 0.10000 0.46416 1.54720 0.30000 -0.20000 0.30000
2 -0.20000 -0.58480 0.97467 -0.60000 0.40000 0.60000
3 0.40000 0.73681 0.61401 1.20000 -0.80000 1.20000
4 -0.80000 -0.92832 0.38680 -2.40000 1.60000 2.40000
√ √
6 6
∴ Any initial guess chosen from (−∞, − 3
) ∪( 3
, +∞) guarantees
convergence.
1 −2/3 00 2
From Example 3: f (x) = x 1/3 , f 0 (x) = x , f (x) = − x −5/3
3 9