CONTENTS

1. Wind tunnel calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Pitot static tube calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Smoke Flow visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Surface ow visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 4 6 8

5. Flow over a symmetric airfoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Flow through a pipe bend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. Flow over a circular cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8. Lift measurement from wall pressure distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

9. Drag estimation by wave survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 10. Strain gauge balance: Drag measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 11. Studies on Jet Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Wind tunnel calibration Introduction

Wind tunnels are devices which can generate a controlled steam of air with the required velocity and are used to simulate the ow conditions encountered in real ight [1]. In the open-circuit low speed wind tunnel, air is sucked into the tunnel and made to ow through the test-section by an axial fan. The ow conditions in the test section are controlled by varying the fan rpm. The wind tunnel design should ensure a uniform ow in the test-section, and precise control of the ow conditions. The utility of a wind tunnel clearly depends on the accuracy with which the ow conditions in the test section can be controlled. Wind tunnel calibration involves characterisation of the ow conditions in the test section such as, the velocity prole in the test-section and the variation in the test conditions with the fan rpm.

Aim
To calibrate the Flight demonstration wind tunnel[2] by measuring the velocity prole in the test-section and also to nd an empirical correlation between the mean ow speed in the test section and the fan rpm.

Deliverable
1. The velocity prole at a particular cross section clearly showing the extent of inviscid core and the mean ow speed 2. Variation of the mean ow speed in the test section and the fan rpm, along with the empirical correlation obtained using a least square t on the data. 3. The operating Reynolds number range of the wind tunnel

Equipment provided
The experiments are to be performed in the Flight demonstration wind tunnel. Further details of the facility can be found in [2] . The ow velocity can be calculated from the dynamic pressure measured using the Pitot static tube and the manometer

Questions?
1. Compute the losses in various sections of the wind tunnel and obtain a rough estimate of power required to run the tunnel at various speeds.

References
1. Low speed wind tunnel testing, Pope, Barlow 2. The ight demonstration wind tunnel, Users Manual **

Pitot static tube calibration Introduction

A pitot static tube is used to determine the dynamic pressure and thereby the velocity of the ow. The pitot probe axis needs to be aligned to the ow direction, in order to provide meaningful measurements

Aim
To quantify the sensitivity of the pitot- static probe to the orientation with respect to ow.

Deliverable
1. The variation of pitot and static probe pressure with angle of yaw of the probe

Equipment provided
The experiments are to be performed in the Flight demonstration wind tunnel. Further details of the facility can be found in [2] .

References
1. Low speed wind tunnel testing, Pope, Barlow 2. The ight demonstration wind tunnel, Users Manual **

Smoke Flow visualization Introduction

Smoke ow visualization involves introducing streaks of smoke (soot particles) into the ow eld [4]. The particles are carried along with the ow and give an approximate picture of the streaklines. This simple technique can be applied to analyze the qualitative features of ow over aerodynamic objects of interest like the airfoil.

Aim
The streamline pattern over the airfoil and the circular cylinder with and without the splitter plate needs to be visualized, using the smoke generator setup. In addition, the eect of introducing a boundary layer trip also needs to be investigated.

Deliverables
1. Photographs of the streamline pattern

Equipment provided
1. Flight demonstration wind tunnel 2. Airfoil and cylinder models 3. Smoke generator

Questions?
1. Explain the reasons behind the observed behavior of the ow-eld over the airfoil and the cylinder 2. What is happening when the splitter plate is introduced?

References
1. The ight demonstration wind tunnel, Users Manual 2. Maltby.R.L, Flow visualization in wind tunnels using indicators, AGARDograph70, 1962 3. Edwin Abbott, Theory of wing sections, Dover 4. Anderson John.D, Fundamentals of Aerodynamics,Mc Graw Hill **

Surface ow visualization Introduction

Surface ow visualization techniques are used to visualize the ow led in the vicinity of the body under consideration. These techniques employ a tracer material coated on the surface of the model, the most commonly used ones being a oil suspension with opaque pigments (Eg: T i02 suspended in oil) or tufts pasted on the model surface [1]. The pattern formed on the surface gives a picture of the nature of the ow-eld. These techniques are especially useful in understanding the 3D ow structure such as the shape and size of the separation bubble.

Aim
Using surface ow visualization techniques, the following studies are to be carried out. 1. Study of the eect of angle of attack on the ow over a nite wing

2. Study of the initiation of stall in a wing with increase in angle of attack

Deliverables
1. Photographs of the ow eld, indicating the important features of the ow

2. Brief description of the mechanics behind the observed phenomena

Equipment provided
1. Flight demonstration wind tunnel 2. Finite wing

3. Paint solution and brushes

Questions?
1. Explain major ow features of a nite wing, as the angle of attack is increased

References
1. Maltby.R.L, Flow visualization in wind tunnels using indicators, AGARDograph70, 1962 2. Flight demonstration wind tunnel, Users Manual **

Flow over a symmetric airfoil Introduction

Airfoils are generic aerodynamic shapes with high lift to drag ratio and are used as lift generating surfaces on aircraft. The non-dimensional lift of an airfoil is a function of the angle of attack and the ow Reynolds number.

Aim
The objective of this experiment is to study the pressure distribution over on an airfoil its variation with free stream velocity and angle of attack. The net lift and drag force on the airfoil is then calculated from the pressure distribution. Using this data characterize the stall behavior of the airfoil. The results are also to be presented in a non dimensional form (lift, drag and pressure co-ecients) The pressure distribution obtained can be compared with inviscid ow predictions made using open source programs such as Xfoil and Xr5.

Methodology
1. Measure the static pressure distribution over the airfoil surfaces for a xed angle of attack and a xed free stream velocity. 2. Repeat the above for dierent angle of attack and dierent free stream velocity.

Deleverables
1. The variation of lift and drag coecient with angle of attack () 2. The variation of stalling angle with Reynolds number 3. Comparison of the measured values with xfoil/xr5 predictions

Equipment
1. Flight demonstration wind tunnel 2. Airfoil model with pressure tappings 3. Inclined tube manometer

Questions
1. Why stalling happens in the airfoil? 2. What are the classications of drag? 3. Does the drag calculated from the experimental measurements represent the net drag on the airfoil? 4. What is the eect of introducing tripwire (on lift and drag) 5. Identify the parameters specied in the NACA nomenclature of the airfoil supplied

References
1. Abbott, I. H., and von Doenho, A. E., Theory of wing sections, including a summary of Airfoil data, McGraw-Hill, 1949. 2. Anderson, J. D., Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, 5th edition, Tata McGrawHill Education, 2010. 3. The ight demonstration wind tunnel, Users Manual 4. http://web.mit.edu/drela/Public/web/xfoil/ 5. http://www.xr5.com/xr5.htm **

Flow through a pipe bend Introduction

General equations of motion for inviscid in compressible ows can be written in streamline co-ordinates as

P V + V =0 s s P V 2 = n r

(6.1) (6.2)

r is the streamline radius of curvature and s, n are directions along and normal to the streamline respectively. From these equations, it could be seen that, if the streamlines are curved a pressure gradient is set up normal to ow direction also.

Aim
Flow through a 90 degree, constant area circular bend is studied, in order to understand the eect of streamline curvature on the pressure distribution. In the ow through the bend provided, the streamlines could be assumes as circular arcs, and the pressure distributions across the streamline can be solved form these equations and compared with the experimental data.

Methodology
1. Measure the static pressure distribution along the wall in the ow direction and perpendicular to it 2. Repeat the above for dierent free stream velocities.

Deleverables
1. The variation of static pressure for dierent velocities.

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2. Pressure variation predicted by inviscid theory and its comparison with observed results 3. A schematic representation of the pressure variation on the walls, superimposed on the scale drawing of the bend.

Equipment
1. Modular ow apparatus 2. Circular bend 3. Inclined tube manometer

Questions
1. Consider the part of the pipe where it transitions for a straight duct to the circular bend. What is the pressure distribution in this region? 2. Explain how the apparatus can be used as a ow meter. Calculate the discharge co-ecient for this set-up

References
1. Ain.N.Sonin, Equation of Motion in Streamline Coordinates 2. http://web.iyte.edu.tr/ unverozkol/Fluid lab/Flow around a bent duct-theory.pdf **

Flow over a circular cylinder Introduction

The drag force on a circular cylinder is mainly due to the asymmetry in pressure distribution about the vertical axis, resulting due to ow separation in the wake region of the cylinder. For in compressible ows the drag co-ecient is a function of Reynolds number. The variation depends on whether the ow is laminar or turbulent ahead of the separation point.

Aim
To determine the drag over a circular cylinder and to compute the variation of CD with Re. Drag force on the cylinder can be estimated from the pendulum set-up provided.

Methodology
1. Measure angular defection of the model 2. Repeat dierent free stream velocities.

Deleverables
1. Plot showing the variation of CD vs Re 2. Free body diagram of the model support. with an explanation of drag calculation

Equipment
1. Modular ow apparatus 2. Circular cylinder and support mechanism 3. Inclined tube manometer 12

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Questions
1. Explain the observed behavior of drag co-ecient **

Lift measurement from wall pressure distribution Introduction

The lift force acting on a model placed in a wind tunnel can be indirectly determined by the application of momentum equation to a control volume containing the model.

Aim
To determine the variation of CL with angle of attack for the given airfoil model, by the application of momentum equation. The pressure distribution over the wind tunnel walls is used for this purpose.

Methodology
1. Measure the pressure distribution over the top and bottom walls of the wind tunnel, for various angles of attack of the airfoil 2. Repeat at dierent free stream velocities.

Deleverables
1. Theoretical basis for lift estimation by integral momentum balance 2. Plots showing the pressrue dustributionover the wind tunnel walls 3. Plot showing the variation of CL vs at various Re

Equipment
1. Modular ow apparatus 2. Airfoil model 3. Inclined tube manometer 4. Drawing indicating the pressure tapping locations on the wall (wall pressure tap.pdf) 14

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Questions
1. Does the presence of viscosity introduce any error in the lift calculations? **

Drag estimation by wave survey Introduction

The drag force acting on a model placed in a wind tunnel can be indirectly determined by measuring the momentum decit in the wake region of the model.

Aim
To determine the variation of CD with Reynolds number for the given circular cylinder, by the application of the integral momentum equation. The wake velocity prole is measured for this purpose.

Methodology
1. Measure the velocity prole in the wake region using the pitot rake provided 2. Repeat at dierent free stream velocities. 3. Determine the momentum ux in the wake region and calculate the drag force.

Deleverables
1. Theoretical basis for drag estimation by integral momentum balance 2. Wake velocity prole 3. Plot showing the variation of CD vs Re

Equipment
1. Flight demonstration wind tunnel 2. Circular cylinder model 3. Pitot rake with inclined tube manometer 4. Dimensioned drawing of the pitot wake rake (wake rake.pdf) 16

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Questions
1. Does the measured drag include the skin friction drag?

References
1. Pijush Kundu, Iram.M.Cohen, Fluid Mechanics,Third Edition, Elsevier, Sec.5.7, 2004 **

Strain gauge balance: Drag measurement Introduction

The drag force acting on a model placed in a wind tunnel can be directly measure by using force balances. In a strain gauge balance, the drag force acting on the model is deduced from the strain produced in the model support as a result of the aerodynamic forces on the model. The balance structure is congured so as to enable the measurement of the individual component forces and moments. In order to facilitate this, the balance need to be calibrated by the application of known loads and moments

Aim
To get familiarized with the use of strain gauge balances and the balance calibration procedure.

Methodology
1. Calibrate the given strain gauge balance and obtain the calibration constants relating the strain gauge voltages and the applied forces and moments 2. Measure the strain gauge voltage output at varying free stream velocities 3. Using the calibration data estimate the corresponding drag force on the wind tunnel model

Balance calibration A 2 component balance for measuring drag and pitcing moment is provided for this pupose. It consists of a set of 2 strain gauge circuits in wheatstones bridge conguation. The voltages V1 and V2 from these strain gauges corresponds to the strain at the locations on the balance structure. These voltages are aected

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by the load D and the pmment about the loading point M. Assuming a linear relationship, the dependance can be expressed as V1 = K11 D + K12 M V2 = K21 D + K22 M The constants K11 , K12 K21 K22 are to be estimated by performing the calibration through the application of known loads and moments to the balance structure.

Deleverables
(a) Calibration charts for the balance provided (b) Plot showing the variation of CD vs Re

Equipment
(a) Subsonic wind tunnel (b) Circular cylinder model (c) Stain gauge balance with multimeter and power supply (d) Balance calibration rig (calibration.png)

References
(a) Cameron Tropea, Alexander.L.Yarin, John F Foss, Springer handbook of experimental uid mechanics,Chapt.8, Springer, **

Studies on Jet Propagation Introduction

Jet is a free shear layer which is generated by the pressure dierence across the nozzle/orice/pipe. A shear layer is formed in the interface between the jet and the surrounding ow due to the velocity dierence between them. The surrounding ow may be at rest or have some velocity.

Aim
To understand the subsonic jet spread and velocity distribution along and normal to the jet direction.

Methodology
(a) Measure the total pressure along the centerline of the jet up to 20D, where D is the nozzle exit diameter. (b) Measure the velocity prole across the jet at dierent axial location, e.g. 0.1D, 3D and 6D

Deliverables
(a) Plot the non-dimensional velocity (velocity/velocity at nozzle exit) along the centerline of the jet (b) Plot the non-dimensional velocity prole (velocity/velocity at center) at dierent axial location

Equipment
(a) Nozzle connected with blower 20

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(b) Pitot tube (c) Traverse mechanism for the movement of pitot probe

Questions
(a) Give three practical examples of jet mixing (b) Discuss the similarity and dierence between the boundary layer and the free shear layer (c) Discuss the variations of static and total quantities of pressure and temperature across and along the jet (d) Discuss the variation of mass, momentum and energy along the jet ***