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OLevelSc
(Chemistry)v1.6
Xtra

ShortSummarizedExamNotes

Youshouldreadthroughthisbookletbeforeenteringthe
examhall!

Thisbookletcontainsextranoteshavenotbeenincludedin
theFullScienceChemistrySummarizednotes1.5booklet.

Someofthenotesmightbethedirectanswertoyour
upcomingOLevelpaper!

http://www.rayrevision.webs.com

RAYNotes2009
February2009
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Copyright: Salman Bhatti
Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
(Hardcopy)

Notice:ThisexamnotesbookletisafollowupreleaseafterScienceChemistryFullv1.5isreleased
onJanuary2009.
Ifyoudonothavetheversion1.5,itisstronglyrecommendedthatyoudownloaditfreeat
http://www.rayrevision.webs.com
Usethisbookletasaquickrevisiontoolbeforeyouentertheexamhall.
AnyerrorsormistakesonthenotesshouldbeforwardedtoRayNotes2009directlyviaemail.

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
(Hardcopy)

RemembertodrawthisoutinChemistryexams!
(Solubilitytablesfromyourtextbooksarehardertomemorise)

Soluble

Insoluble

Nitrate

All

Sulfate

Rest

Ba, Ca, Pb

Chloride

Rest

Ag, Pb

Carbonate

Group1

Rest

Remembervia:
BakedChickenPasta
AtPastamania

SecretTablecontributedbyMsAida(BtVSS,MOESingapore)

Thistablehelpsyouknowwhetherasaltissolubleornot.
Below: Preview of the Modified Periodic Table.

FullversionavailableforfreedownloadatRayrevision.webs.com

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
(Hardcopy)

TestingforCATIONS:
Withthistable,youdontneedtomemorisethecoloursofdifferentsalts!
JustdrawoutthistableduringyourOLevels
CATION

NaOH

NH3

Colour

Soluble or
Insoluble

Colour

Soluble or
Insoluble

Cu2+

Fe2+

Fe3+

Ca2+

NH4+

Zn2+

Al3+

Pb2+

ColourofObservation

Solubleor
Insolubleinexcess
Alkali

TheCATIONStableshowsthecolourchangesobservedwhenthesaltisaddedto
SodiumHydroxide,NaOH,orAqueousAmmonia,NH3.

TestingforANIONS:
ANION
Chlorine

Tested
with
AgNO3

Observations
AgCl

White

Carbonate Acid

CO2

Sulphate

Ba(NO3)

BaSO4

CarbonDioxide
(TurnLimewaterchalky)
White

Nitrate

Al,NaOH

NH3

Iodide

Pb(NO3)2

PbI2

Ammonia
(Turnredlitmusblue)
Yellow

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
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TestforGASES:

AmmoniaUsedamplitmusPaperTurnsfromredtoblue

CarbonDioxideUseLimewaterWhitepptformed(TurnsChalky)

ChlorineUseDampbluelitmuspaperBleachesLitmuspaper(LitmusTurnscolourless)

HydrogenUseBurningSplint'Pop'SoundHeard

OxygenUseGlowingSplintGlowsBrighterorBurstintoflames

SulphurDioxidePlaceadropofPotassiumDichromate(VI)onFilterpaper
OrangeDichromateturnsgreen.
_________________________________________________________________________________

Mole Concept - Memorise this 4 IMPORTANT Formulas:

Massof

Sample
No.of

Mole

Molar
Mass

Mole

Volume

Concentration

No.of

Volumeof

Particles

Gas
No.of

No.of

23

Mole 6x10

Mole

24dm3

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
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RandomNotes
SomePropertiesofAllacidicsolutions
1. Allacidschangebluelitmusred
2. Acidsreactwithmetalswhichareabovehydrogeninthereactivityseries.
3. Acidreactswithbasestoformsaltandwater.
UsesofAmmonia
1) Manufactureofnitricacid
2) Usedtoproducefertilisers
Note:

Hydrogencanbeusedasafuel!
Ehtene(Alkene)isusedtomakeplastic

PotassiumDichromate(VI)

Actsasanoxidisingagent.
Ifsomethingisoxidised,itwillturnfromorangetogreen!
UsedtotestforSulphurDioxidePlaceadroponfilterpaper,colourchangesfromorangetogreen.

*Note:PotassiumDichromateturnsfromOrangetogreenwhenAlcoholispresent!
BecauseP.D,whichisanoxidisingagent,canoxidisealcoholintoorganicacid.
AndP.Dturnsgreenwheneversomethingisoxidised.

PotassiumIodide

Actsasanreducingagent.
Ifsomethingisreduced,itwillturnfromcolourlesstobrown!
(*orifanOxidisingagentispresent)

UsesofEthanol
1) Solventfororganiccompounds.
2) Tomakealcoholicdrinks.

Note:Somethingthatcontainsmorecarboncontentisstronger!

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
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SomeReactionrequirements:
1)

2)

3)

Fermentation
37oC
Enzymes
NoOxygenpresent

Alkeneadditionofsteam,tobecomealcohol
Phosphoricacid(Catalyst)
300oC
Hightemperature/pressure!

AlkeneadditionofHydrogen,tobecomeAlkane
NickelCatalyst

FractionalDistillationofPetroleum
(Pleaseupdatepg43ofversion1.5withthisidealanswerbelow)
ImportantProcess(BetterAnswer):

1) Thecrudeoilisseparatedintodifferentfractionsbyfractionaldistillation
2) Thecrudeoilisboiled.Eachfractionboilsatadifferenttemperature.
3) Thesmaller,lightermoleculesseparateatlowboilingpoints.
Theheavierpartshavehigherboilingpoints.
4) Thefractionsarerunofffromthefractionatingcolomnatdifferentboilingpoints.

GeneralLinks
ElecticalConductivityMovingIons
HeatConductivityFreeMovingelectrons
BoilingpointStrongelectrostaticattraction

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
(Hardcopy)

WhyIonicgothighB.P?
1) Ioniccompoundsconsistentirelyofions.
2) Theoppositechargedionsareheldclosetooneanotherbyverystrongelectrostatic
attraction,knownasionicbonds.
3) Hencelargeamountofenergyisneededtobreakionicbonds;
Thereforehighboilingpoint.

WhyCovalentLowBP?
1) Covalentcompoundsconsistentirelyofmoleculesastheyareformedbysharingof
electrons.
2) Forcesbetweenmoleculesareveryweak.
3) Henceonlysmallamountofenergyisneededtobreakbonds.

WhyIoniccompoundsconductinMolten/Aqueousstate?

Theionsbecomefreetomoveaboutandcanconveycharges.

#WhycannotconductinSolidstate?

Theionsarefixedrigidlybystrongelectrostaticattractionhencecannotconduct
electricity.

WhyattachingMagnesiumtoundergroundpipeincreaseworkinglife?
(AboutSacrificialProtectionPreventionofrusting)

Magnesiumisaboveironinthereactivityseries.
WaterwillreactwithMagnesiuminsteadofiron,andMagnesiumgetswornout.
Ironrustingismuchreduced.
ThisisknownasSacrificialProtection

#WhycannotusecopperinsteadofMagnesium??

Copperisbelowironinthereactivityseries.
HenceIronrustsfasterwhencopperisattachedtoiron.

WhyHydrogenMorereactive(thanHelium)?

Hydrogenhas1valenceelectron.Itcangainonemoretobecomestable.
Heliumhas2valenceelectrons,makingitverystable.

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
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PhysicalPropertiesofMetals
1. Goodconductorsofheatandelectricityusedtomakewires
2. HighBp/Mpusedtomakecoolingutensils
3. MalleableandDuctile.usedtomakejewellery

WhyisCopperrecycled?
1. Copperisexpensive
2. Copperisnotseenasextensiveassomeothermetals.

NaminganEster
Whenyounameordrawthestructureofester,followthisFormula:

NOLDAC

(DevelopedbyMsAida,BtVSSSingapore)

NOLmeansNameAlcoholFirst
DACmeansDrawAcidFirst

SoinEthylPropanoate(Ester),theoneontheleftisAlcohol,rightisAcid.
Ethanol
(Alcohol)

PropanoicAcid
(Acid)

Butwhenyoudrawthechemicalstructure,theAcidpartmustbeontheleftside,
Alcoholontherightside.

__________________________________________________________________

3AmphotericOxides:
1. AluminiumOxide
2. ZincOxide
3. LeadOxide

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
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OH

||

COH

Whenyouseethisina
chemicalstructure,itisan
alcohol.

Whenyouseethisinachemical
structure,itisanAcid

Alkane:CnH2n+2
Alkene:CnH2n

Thisnewformulaworks
thesameastheoriginal!

Alcohol:CnH2n+1OH
Acid:CnH2n+1CO2HOR

CnH2nO2

Itishighlyrecommended
youusethisformulato
avoidconfusions.

__________________________________________________________________

Oxidation
1.
2.
3.
4.

GainOxygen
LossHydrogen
Losselectrons
Increaseinoxidationstate

Reduction
1.
2.
3.
4.

Gainhydrogen
Gainelectron
LossOxygen
Decreaseinoxidationstate

Note:Whencheckingifasomethingisoxidisedorreduced,usetheoxidationstatetocheck!Thisproduces100%
Correctanswer.Ifyouchosetousethelose/gainofoxygenorelectrons,youranswermightnotbecorrect.

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
(Hardcopy)

Proteinundergoeshydrolysistoformaminoacids!
Remember4alkalis(Solubleoxides/Hydroxides)
1. PotassiumHydroxide
2. SodiumHydroxideNaOH
3. CalciumHydroxideCa(OH)2
4. AmmoniaNH3

__________________________________________________________________

ReactivitySeries:

1. Potassium

2. Sodium
3. Calcium

4. Magnesium

5. Aluminium

6. Zinc

7. Iron

8. Lead

9. Hydrogen
10.Copper
11.Silver

12.Gold

*Justrememberthephrase:
Playingsoccercanmakeallzappy,IloveHannacozshesgorgeous

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
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MrofC60:(Carbonmolecule)
12x60=720
__________________________________________________________________
Exothermic
AbsorbenergyBreakbonds
AbsorbheatTesttubeturncold
Eg.Icemeltingtowater(Absorbenergytobreakbonds)
Endothermic
GiveoutenergyBondForming
ReleaseHeatTesttubeturnshot.
_____________________________________________________________
Hydrogenusedasafuel
Etheneusedtomakeplastics

SolventsuitableforChromatography:Ethanol
__________________________________________________________________
ChemicalReactionsinBlastFurnace
1. Cokeburnsinairtoproducecarbondioxideandlotsofheat.
C+O2CO2
2. CarbonDioxidereactswithmorecoketoproduceCarbonMonoxide.
C+CO22CO
3. CarbonMonoxidereactwithiron(III)Oxidetoproducemolteniron&carbondioxide.
3CO+Fe2O33CO2+2Fe
4. Impuritiesinmoltenironareremovedbylimestone.
CaCO3CaO+CO2
5. CalciumOxideformedcombineswithSilicapresentintheoretoformslag,whichis
tappedout.
CaO+SiO2CaSiO3

#ImpurityinBlastFurnace:Silica

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
(Hardcopy)

ALKANESTRONGHEATALKENE
Process:Cracking

Cracking A reaction in which big hydrogen molecules are broken into

smaller molecules by heat.
______________________________________________________
Group 7 - Halogens

Fluorine: Pale yellow gas

Chlorine: Yellowish Green gas
Bromine: Reddish Brown liquid
Iodine: Black Solid
Astatine: Black Solid

*DownloadtheModifiedPeriodicTableformorenotesonPeriodicTable
http://www.rayrevision.webs.com

Note:whenBromineisaddedtoIodide,Gotreaction!Displacementreaction
(BrominemorereactivethanIodide)

Forgroup7elements,themorereactiveelementswilldisplacethelessreactive
elementsinreactions.

Whyplasticcausepollution?

Itisnonbiodegradable

_____________________________________________________________________________

DescribeatestforChlorine

Itturnsthebluelitmuspaperredfirstthenwhite.
(Chlorinebleacheslitmuspaper)

HowtodistinguishwhichisAcid,whichisalcohol
Test:PutsomeSodiumCarbonate

ResultforAlcohol:Noreaction
ResultforAcid:Agasisreleased

BecauseAlcoholdoesnot
reactwithcarbonate!

BecauseAcidcanreactwithcarbonate
ACID+CARBONATESALT+WATER+CARBONDIOXIDEGAS

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
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UsesofNobleGases:
1. Helium:FillBaloons(LowDensity)
2. Neon:LightTubes
3. Argon:LightBulbs(unreactive)
__________________________________________________________________
*Commonquestions:

DoesmetalliberatehydrogenfromDiluteHydrochloricAcid?
YesMorereactive
NoLessreactive

Isthemetalreducedbyheatingwithcarbon?
YesLessReactive
NoMoreReactive

HowdoescalciumionshowthatCalciumisametal?
Metalsformpositiveions.Calciumhas3valenceelectronsthusitisametal.
________________________________________________________________

#Methodsofpreparingsalts
1) Titrationmethod(Formakingallgroup1salts)use:
Soluble+Soluble

2)

Formakingsolublesaltsnotfromgroup1,use:

Soluble+Soluble
Soluble+Insoluble

3) PrecipitationMethodFormakingInsolublesalts,use:
Soluble+Soluble

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
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stepsofpreparingsalts:

Important:Memorisethe

TitrationMethod(SolubleBase+Acid)

ToprepareanysaltthatisfromGroup1.(Eg.PreparingSodiumSulfate)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Add25cmofacidtoaconicalflask
Addafewdropsofindicator.(eg.PhenolPhthalein)
AddSodiumHydroxideusingaburetteuntilindicatorchangescolour.
Repeatexperimentwith25cm3ofSulfuricAcidbutNOindicator!
AddsamevolumeofSodiumHydroxide.
SodiumSulfateisobtainedbyevaporating&crystalisingthesalt.

_____________________________________________________________________________

PrecipitationMethod(Soluble+Soluble)

ToprepareanyInsolublesalt.
1)
2)
3)
4)

Addsolublesaltwithsolublesalt.
Filterouttheprecipitate.
Washtheresiduewithdistilledwater.
Leavetheresiduetodry.

***MUSTKNOWformulas:
Amonium
Ammonia
Hydroxide
Nitrate
Carbonate
Sulfate
HydrochloricAcid
SulfuricAcid
NitricAcid
Oxygen
SodiumChloride
CarbonDioxide

NH4+
NH3
OH
NO3
CO32
SO42
HCl
H2SO4
HNO3
O2
NaCl
CO2

Memorisethistemplate,
andreplacetheunderlined
wordsduringexams!

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
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Whyimportanttorecyclemetals?
1) Itcanhelpconservethemetaloresintheground,makingitlastlonger.
2) Itsavesthemoneyneededforextractionofmetals.
_______________________________________________________________________

#Whypeopleconcentrateonrecyclingcopper?

Copperismorescarce,hencemoreexpensivethaniron.

AdvantagesofRecycling:
1. Metaloresinthegroundcanlastlonger.

2. Moneysavedinenergyneededtoextractnewmetalsfromore.

3. Scrapmetalisremovedfromtheenvironment,
preventsland&waterpollutionduetocorrosion.

DisadvantagesofRecycling:
1. Expensivetocollectstrapmetalsfrommanysources

2. Metalfumesproducedinmeltingofscrapmetalscancausepollution.
_______________________________________________________________________

MembersofHomologousserieshave:

DifferentEmpiricalformula
DifferentPhysicalProperties

Remember:Abaseisametaloxideorhydroxide!
_____________________________________________________________________________

#Whichcompoundformsanacidicsolutionwithwater??
Ans:CarboxylicAcid
(Acid+WaterAcidicSolution)

*NotethatexcessAcidorAlkalicanpollutetheenvironment!!
Ifaquestionasksforthechemicalpropertiesofacid,avoidwriting
Itturnsbluelitmuspaperredwriteacidreactswithbasetoform...

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
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Effectsofacidrain
1) Corrodescementandstonesusedinbuildings
2) Killsfishesinfreshwaterlakes.
3) Makesagriculturallandacidicresultingincropsgrowingpoorly.
ImportantTip:
AnyquestionthatwantsyoutowritetheIonicEquationofanyneutralisationreaction,
justwritethisout:

H +OH H2O
___________________________________________________
Notethatsaltdonotreactwithacid!
Eg.Copper(II)NitratedonotreactwithSulphuricAcid

Salt

However,Copper(II)OxidewillreactwithSulphuricAcid!

Base

Acid

Gotreaction

ChemicalPropertiesofGroup7elements
1)
2)
3)
4)

Allarediatomicmolecules.
Allarecoloured.
Allareoxidisingagents.
Allarenonmetals.

PhysicalPropertiesofGroup7elements
1) TheyhavelowMp/Bp
2) Theyarepoorconductorofelectricity
3) Theyarecolouredsubstances,colourbecomedarkerdownthegroup

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
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HowtoremoveSulphurDioxidefrom......??
Ans:Use:

SlakedLime
CalciumHydroxide

Acidic

ImportantNote:Isotopeshave:

Samechemicalproperties(Becozsameno.ofvalenceelectrons)
Differentphysicalproperties

Info:Inchemistry,LimeisAlkaline!NOTsameasLEMON!!!

Ironsreactsrapidlyinsteam,slowlyincoldwater
__________________________________________________________________

Air

1%OtherGas(mainlyargon)
20%Oxygen
79%Nitrogen
Others:CO2,WaterVapour

PetroleumFractions
(FractionalDistillationofPetroleumprocessatPg7)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

PetroleumCylindergasforcooking
PetrolFuelforcars
NapthaMakingChemicals
Kerosene(Paraffin)Jetfuel
DieselFuelforbus
LubricatingOilWax,Polishes,Lubricants
BitumenSurfacingroads

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Science(Chemistry)Summarizedversion1.6(ExtraExamNotesEdition)RAYNotes2009
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ParticlesTheory
Mustmemorisethefollowing:

#Factorsaffectingspeedofreaction
1) Concentrationofsolution

Thehighertheconcentrationofsolution,thefastertherateofreaction.
Becausetheparticlesareclosertogethersotheycollidemorefrequently
andsothereweremorefrequentreactions.

Note:Onlyappliestoreactionsofsolutions.
_____________________________________________________________
2) Pressure

Thehigherthepressure,thhigheristherateofreaction.
Becausetheparticlesaresqueezedclosertogether,sotheycollidemore
frequentlyandsothereweremorefrequentreactions.

Note:Onlyappliestoreactionsofgases.
_____________________________________________________________
3) Particlesizeofsolid

Thesmallertheparticlesize,thehighertherateofreaction.
Becausethetotalsurfaceareaofthesolidincreasessoreactingparticles
ofliquidandgasescollidemorefrequentlywiththesurfaceandsothere
aremorefrequentreactions.

Note:Onlyappliestoreactionsofsolids.
_____________________________________________________________
4) Temperature

Thehigherthetemperature,thefastertherateofreaction.
Becauseathighertemperature,theparticleshavegreaterkineticenergy,
sotheyreactmoreoftenwhentheycollide.

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*Methodsofextraction
Themethoduseddependsonhowreactiveisthemetals!

VeryReactiveMetals
Electrolysis

For:

(Decomposingmetalcompoundwithelectricity)

Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
_________________________________________________

ModeratelyReactiveMetals
Heatingmetaloxidewithcoke

For:

Zinc
Iron
Lead
_________________________________________________

LowReactivityMetals
Heatingmetalcompoundsinair

For:

Copper
Silver

(Endofexamnotesv1.6booklet)

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