9.

2 Transport in angiospermophytes
Monday, 9 July 2012 2:09 PM

9.2.1 Outline how the root system provides a large surface area for mineral ion and water uptake by means of branching and root hairs. Root systems have large surface area for anchorage, water/mineral ion uptake Root hairs increase surface area for further absorption

9.2.2 List ways in which mineral ions in the soil move to the root.
Water and minerals must be taken up by the roots before they are used by the plant

1. Diffusion of mineral ions Concentration gradient Mineral ions diffuse towards root

2. Mass flow Ions are carried dissolved in water Hydrostatic pressure means that water is sucked up

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3. Fungal hyphae Mutualistic relationship between some plants and fungi Fungi produce mycelium (network in and around plant roots to increase concentration of mineral ions) Fungi receive sugars from the plant

9.2.3 Explain the process of mineral ion absorption from the soil into roots by active transport.

CATIONS:

Clay particles are negatively charged Cations attach to clay particles Proton pump forces H+ out of root hair into the soil The K+ in the clay is displaced by the H+

ANIONS:

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 H+ pumped out of root hair by proton pump --> electrochemical gradient Anions can't diffuse passively --> combine with H+ Active transport through symport 9.2.4 State that terrestrial plants support themselves by means of thickened cellulose, cell turgor and lignified xylem. THICKENED CELLULOSE: Cellulose in cell wall is thicker

CELL TURGOR: Flaccid Turgid

Wilting Supported plant Low hydrostatic pressure High hydrostatic pressure LIGNIFIED XYLEM: Xylem vessels carry water up the stem to rest of the plant
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 Xylem vessels carry water up the stem to rest of the plant Lignin rings are present periodically through the length of the stem for added support Many xylem vessels, each lignified --> large summative support

9.2.5 Define transpiration. Transpiration = the loss of water vapour from the leaves and stems of plants. Transpiration: Loss of water vapour from the leaves and stems of plants Water heated in mesophyll --> become vapour --> transpire out of stomata Movement of water from the roots to leaves Occurs in the xylem and only in one direction (roots to leaves)

9.2.6 Explain how water is carried by the transpiration stream, including the structure of xylem vessels, transpiration pull, cohesion, adhesion and evaporation.

Transpiration = water loss from plant by evaporation Transpiration stream = flow of water through xylem from roots to leaves Evaporation from spongy mesophyll cells Replaced by osmosis from xylem Diffusion of water vapour through stomata Water lost replaced from xylem, movement of water from xylem through cell walls to air Water pulled out of xylem creates suction Cohesion
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 Cohesion Due to H-bonding, polarity of water molecules Higher rates of transpiration --> faster transpiration stream --> higher rates of water uptake Adhesion Between water and xylem due to polarity of water Creates continuous transpiration stream Water heated in leaf (mesophyll) and will transpire out of stomata as water vapour Loss of water generates transpiration pull where water molecules are pulling each other along in xylem The resulting movement of water is known as TRANSPIRATIONSTREAM

9.2.7 State that guard cells can regulate transpiration by opening and closing stomata. Transpiration is controlled by opening and closing of stomata: Open: guard cells are turgid (full of water) High CO2 uptake, high transpiration rate (water loss) Closed: guard cells are flaccid, controlled by abscisic acid Reduce/limit CO2 uptake, reduce/limit transpiration

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Plant cell

9.2.8 State that the plant hormone abscisic acid causes the closing of stomata.
Not enough water --> plant loses more water from leaves than it can absorb When roots find lack of water in soil --> produce abscisic acid --> transported to leaves Abscisic acid changes concentration of dissolved particles in guard cells Cells lose water through osmosis and become flaccid --> close pore --> reduce water loss

9.2.9 Explain how the abiotic factors light, temperature, wind and humidity, affect the rate of transpiration in a typical terrestrial plant. Photosynthesis --> require CO2 --> stomata open to allow gas exchange Water escapes if stomata open --> must maintain balance CO2 and water loss

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 Heat and light cause water to become vapour in mesophyll space --> escape through stomata High temp. --> high rate of diffusion of water --> high rate of transpiration --> high rate of evaporation

9.2.10 Outline four adaptations of xerophytes that help to reduce transpiration.

LIFE CYCLE ADAPTATIONS: Perennial plants bloom in wet seasons Dormant seeds can survive for years until ideal conditions
PHYSICAL ADAPTATIONS: Fewer leaves/stomata Rolled leaves/spines Stomata in pits with hairs Deeper roots to reach water Waxy cuticle reduces evaporation METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS: CAM plants (Crassulacean acid metabolism) CO2 is absorbed at night --> stored as C4 During the day, photosynthesis can occur with the stomata closed by using these carbon stores

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9.2.11 Outline the role of phloem in active translocation of sugars (sucrose) and amino acids from source (photosynthetic tissue and storage organs) to sink (fruits, seeds, roots).

Carbohydrates produced in leaves through photosynthesis Food transported (translocated) to tissues to grow/reproduce Movement of phloem sap requires energy (active process) --> active translocation

Sugars Source: site of production/storage Sink: destination/site of use Green leaves and stems Storage tissues in seeds Growing roots and stem Roots absorbing minerals Fruit production/other energy storage Flowering and reproduction

Amino acids Roots/tubers/rhizomes Storage in germinating seeds Developing leaves, fruits Flowering and reproduction Growing roots and stems

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