9.

3 Reproduction in angiospermophytes
Monday, 9 July 2012 2:12 PM

9.3.1 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a dicotyledonous animal-pollinated flower.

Sepals: protect the developing flower while in the bud Petals: often are colourful to attract pollinators Stamen: Anther: produces the male sex cells, pollen Filament: stalk of stamen that holds up the anther Carpel: Stigma: sticky top of carpel on which pollen lands Style: structure that supports the stigma Ovary: base of carpel in which the female sex cells develop Staminate flowers have only stamens Carpellate flowers only have carpels Meiosis occurs in the stamen and carpel to produce sex cells 9.3.2 Distinguish between pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal. POLLINATION: Pollen carried from anther of one flower to stigma of another The process by which pollen (containing male sex cells) is placed on female stigma First step in the progression toward fertilisation and production of seeds Vectors of pollination: Birds Water Animals Flowers' means of attraction: Red flowers are conspicuous to birds Yellow and orange flowers are noticed by bees Scented flowers are found by nocturnal animals Plants that rely on wind have inconspicuous, odourless flowers

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Types of pollination: 1. Self-pollination: Pollen from the anther of the same plant falls onto its own stigma In-breeding, results in less genetic variation within a species 2. Cross-pollination: Pollen is carried from the anther of one plant to the stigma of a different one Increases variation and may result in offspring with better fitness Stigma may not receive pollen because of the longer distance

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FERTILISATION: Pollen tube grows down from the stigma into the style and delivers pollen to the ovary to fertilise the ovule

Male and female sex cells unite to form a diploid zygote Female sex cells fertilised by pollen are within the ovules in the ovary When pollen grain adheres to stigma, it grows a pollen tube:
Pollen tube growth and fertilisation: 1. Pollen germinates to produce pollen tube 2. Pollen tube grows down the style 3. The nucleus that will produce the sperm is within the growing tube 4. Pollen tube completes growth by entering an opening at the bottom of the ovary 5. Sperm moves from tube to combine with egg of ovule to form zygote 6. Zygote develops with surrounding tissue into the seed 7. Ovary around ovule matures into fruit, which encloses and protects seed

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SEED DISPERSAL: Once the seed has developed in the ovary, it's ready for dispersal e.g. wind, water, animal dispersal 9.3.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the external and internal structure of a named dicotyledonous seed.
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dicotyledonous seed. GREEN BEAN SEED External Internal

Testa: tough, protective outer coat Cotyledons: seed leaves that function as nutrient storage structures Micropyle: scar of opening where the pollen tube entered the ovule Embryo root and embryo shoot: become the new plant when germination occurs

9.3.4 Explain the conditions needed for the germination of a typical seed. Water: taken in through micropyle, used to activate seed, needed to rehydrate dried seed tissues Oxygen: allow aerobic respiration to produce ATP Ideal temperatures for enzyme action Ideal pH Light requirements 9.3.5 Outline the metabolic processes during germination of a starchy seed.

1. Gibberellin is released after uptake of water 2. Gibberellin is a plant growth hormone and it triggers the production of amylase
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2. Gibberellin is a plant growth hormone and it triggers the production of amylase 3. Amylase causes hydrolysis of starch into maltose. Starch is present in seed's endosperm/food reserve 4. Maltose is further hydrolysed into glucose that can be used for respiration or converted into cellulose 5. Cellulose used to produce cell walls of new cells 9.3.6 Explain how flowering is controlled in long-day and short-day plants, including the role of phytochrome. Photoperiodism: process of the controlling of flowering through night-length Flowering is affected by light Phytochrome exists in 2 interconvertible forms: Pfr (far-red/730 nm absorbing) Pr (red absorbing/660nm) Pr converted to Pfr in day light Sunlight contains more red than far-red --> Pfr predominates during day Gradual reversion of Pfr to Pr occurs in darkness Pfr is the active form, Pr is the inactive form Long-day plants: Flowering induced by dark periods shorter/days longer than a critical length Enough Pfr remains at end of short nights --> stimulates flowering Pfr acts as promoter of flowering in long-day plants Short-day plants: Flowering induced by dark periods longer/days shorter than a critical length Enough Pfr converted to Pr at end of long nights --> flowering Pfr acts as inhibitor of flowering in short-day plants

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