Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution Big Picture Ideas 1.

. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesnt get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger, but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Lockes Second Treatise of Government

It begins with a depiction of the state of nature, wherein individuals are under no obligation to obey one another but are each themselves judge of what the law of nature requires. It also covers conquest and slavery, property, representative government, and the right of revolution.
Federalist #10 A letter from the Federalist papers written by James Madison arguing why the country should create a constitution. Republican Government A government with no ruler based on descendants. Land Ordinance of 1785 The idea to sell the land in the old northwest to pay off the debts from the revoltuion. This divided 6 square mile plots of land into 36 sections, where one serves as a school district. Land Ordinance of 1787 This defined the two states of a land area. 1st is when they are subordinate to the federal government, but once boasting over 60,000 people, the region can become a state. Necessary and Proper Clause This believes that one can view the constitution in a liberal constructions, meaing that the

state can do anything necessary and proper for the country. Federalist Papers A series of papers written by Alexander Hamiltion, John Jay and James Madison that argured in favor of creating the Constitution. Shays Rebellion A rebellion in Massachusetts in 1786 when Revolutionary veterans revolted in protest of the mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. This was a major influence that led the creation of the Constitution. Annapolis Convention

The Annapolis Convention was a meeting in 1786 at Annapolis, Maryland, of 12 delegates from five states (New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia) that unanimously called for a constitutional convention.
Philadelphia Convention A meeting on May 25, 1787, where 55 delegates from 12 states (excluding Rhode Island) met in Philadelphia decided to recreate the government and form a Constitution. Delegated Powers These are the powers given to the central government.

English Traditions

Limited Govt
Magna Carta 1215 Bill of Rights 1689 Balance of power b/t King and Parliment

Colonial Governments Right to vote Natural rights philosophy Separation of powers

Checks and balances

Influe nc e s on The U. S Cons titution

NY State Constitution
Included Bill of Rights First popularly elected executive Right to petition Right to vote
The Iroquois Confederacy Peace, justice, power of good minds

Indians can do it, so can we

Reserved Powers These are the powers withheld to the central government to allow some rights for states. Concurrent Powers Powers shared by both the states and the central government. Supremacy Clause The section of the Constitution that states that all treaties and laws made by the constitution is the Law of the Land Anti-Federalists People against the formation of the Constitution. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution?

The social changes include that ordinary people receive equality and removed most laws that refer to old medieval institutions. Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions? The state constitutions allowed some sense of autonomy for the state but still required loyalty to the country. Economic Crosscurrents Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America? Pros: American Independence, we won the war, removal of a monarchy and replaced with a republic. Cons: Country is Broke, no government, no regulation of trade, disunion

A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government? The end of the war was difficult because it is difficult to create a new government from scratch and the countries were disunited and broke. Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war? Having a common foe is the primary force that unified the separate states during the war. The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it? The major weaknesses were that the Articles couldnt do anything. No regulations, armies or leadership to run the country. The only good thing is that they were able to create autonomy for the individual states. Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance. The law was able to successfully sell the unused land of the Northwest terrority and was able to properly distribute and regulate them. It also helped create funds for the national debt.

The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers 8. Using examples, explain the title of this section. America was not a single country, they contained influences from different cultures from all around the world into a giant melting pot which made them an Ugly Duckling, since they dont have common culture. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain. Yes it was because they did not have a strong central government, and was therefore unable to get anything done. The states did not cooperate and were unable to run the country successfully.

A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government? The men who gathered in Philadelphia were the old revolutionaries from the American Revolution. These men were young and relatively radical. Patriots in Philadelphia 11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers. George Washington believed that all of the founding fathers would work together to get a good set of laws where the states have plenty of power and can still work together.

Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention.

The compromises allowed the states to have a bicameral legislature, one based on population and the other with equal representation.

Safeguards for Conservatism Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written? The original constitution was written pretty non-democratically, where it did not state the rights of the people and gave most of the power to the central government. The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution? The federalists were prominent revolutionaries who did not want to give too much power to the central government, in fear of creating despotism. The Great Debate in the States 15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why? Most of the states were nearly equally separated but eventually favored the federalists because of propaganda by the press. The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist 16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution? The major opposition was the lack of a bill of rights and the distrust of a powerful central government. A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."?

The Constitution emphasized many of the important points of the revolution but sill kept some of the old ideals of monarchy stand within itself.

Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State Big Picture Ideas 1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature.

2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson became the Democratic-Republicans and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the Federalists. 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S. IDENTIFICATIONS: Washingtons Cabinet This consisted of three offices, Secetary of State: Thomas Jefferson, Secetary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton, and Secetary of War: Henry Knox. Judiciary Act of 1789 This stated the formation of the American Judicial system with federal courts, circuit courts and the federal justices. Federalists The political party set up by Alexander Hamliton who advocated a strong central government supported by the wealthy and favored a loose construcion of the constitution. Democratic-Republicans A political party set up by Thomas Jefferson who supported a weak central government supported by the common people and favored a strict construction of the constitution. Hamiltons vision vs. Jeffersons vision Hamilton created the Financial Plan, which included funding for par, assumption of state debts, tariffs, excise tax, and national bank. All in which Jefferson disagreed with because he believed that the Federal Government would have an economic monopoly and should have a stricter interpretation of the Constitution.

Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit It was a plan in which would favor the wealthier groups because Hamilton believed that in return, wealthier people would support and lend the government money Jays Treaty This stated how the British will pay back damages done to American shipping and will evacuate all of their frontier settlements. This brought major distrust in the republicans.

Pinckneys Treaty In 1795 with Spain and granted the Americans virtually everything they demand, including free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida. Washingtons Farewell Address He strongly advised the avoidance of permanent alliances like the still-vexatious FrancoAmerican Treaty of 1778. He did not oppose all alliances, but favored only temporary alliances for emergencies. He also warned against foreign affairs and political parties. Midnight appointments An effort to solve an issue in the U.S. Supreme Court which was about a system that required the justices of the Supreme Court to the ride circuit. Revolution of 1800 The election between John Adams and Jefferson. Adams won the presidency by a small margin. This maintained many of the federalist policies but would later bring distrust to the federalists.

Judiciary Act of 1801 One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. Created sixteen new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. Adams remained at his desk until evening of his last day in office. XYZ Affair Secret approaches whom Adams envoys reaching Paris in 1797 had met. Known as gobetweens in the published dispatches. Chisholm v Georgia One of the first major impacts the United States Supreme Court case of significance. There is little available legal precedent when given its fate and then it was immediately outmoded by the 11th amendment. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Washington for President Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox 1. Was Washington an important president? Explain. Yes, he was an important president because he was the first one. He created the presidential Cabinet and set the precursor of a 2 term presidency.

The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay 2. What important steps were taken by the first congress? Congress created a bill of rights outlining the basic rights that a citizen of the United States of America should have. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts 3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia? He wanted to create a national bank, but the largest state of Virginia was not cooperating so he bribed them by placing the capital near Virginia. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes 4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America. Hamiltons overall economic plan for American included 5 steps. The first two parts included the Funding at Par and Assumption of State Debts. Then it included excise taxes, tariffs and the creation of the national bank.

Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause 5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton? This showed that Jefferson had a strict interpretation while Hamilton had a loose interpretation. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Know: Whiskey Rebellion 6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain. It was a victory for both because it showed the desires of the lower classes and showed the people in charge what they needed to fix. The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties 7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad? Political parties formed because of the disagreements between the founders of the constitution. This is a bad thing because is caused a divide in the American people.

The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of DemocraticRepublicans and Federalists? The showed the pro-French side of the Democrats and the pro-British side of the Federalists. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet 9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation because he did not believe that America was ready for war. He should of joined to honor Americas treaty with France. Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville 10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans? It angered Americans because it took away their rights as citizens especially because they are not formally at war. Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address 11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty. No he did what he could of done, because he was sabotaged, he was unable to get proper results.

John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists 12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president? John Adams was the successor of George Washington, which already made him look bad. The had many enemies, was short and unpopular. Unofficial Fighting with France Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute 13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century? The French began to act hostile towards the Americans, and began attacking American shipping.

Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800 14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career? It made him seem weak and unable to follow the directions of the American People. He followed what was right for the country and not what the people wanted.

The Federalist Witch Hunt Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act 15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Federalists wanted to lower the voting power of the Democratic Republicans by lengthening the time required to become an American citizen.

The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification 16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain. The Alien and Sedition Acts was more dangerous to the US Constitution because it violated the rights of US citizens directly.

Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans? Some key difference between Federalists and Democratic Republicans was that the leaders were Hamilton and Jefferson. Hamilton believed in more of a loose construction of the Constitution while Jefferson believed in a strict construction of the Constitution. Hamilton distrusted democracy and the common folks and also advocated a strong central government as with Jefferson, they advocated a weak central regime.