ll. ISSUES A.

Political Parties

Major Political Parties Founding year 1997 1988 1991 1991 1973 1997 1978/2007 1946 1907/2004 1991 1984 1987 2005 2004 1978/2007 1991

Party name Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats Nationalist People's Coalition Philippine Democratic Socialist Party Aksyon Demokratiko Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (Marcos Wing) Liberal Party Nacionalista Party Nationalist People's Coalition Partido ng Demokratikong PilipinoLakas ngBayan Puwersa ng Masang Pilipino United Opposition Ang Kapatiran Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (Lozano Wing) People's Reform Party

Acronym KAMPI LDP LakasCMD NPC PDSP

Chairperson Luis Villafuerte, Sr. (President) Edgardo Angara (President) Prospero Nograles (President) Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. (Chairman) Norberto B. Gonzalez (Chairman) Sonia Roco (Chairperson) Ferdinand Marcos Jr (President) Mar Roxas (President) Manuel Villar (President) Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. (Chairman) Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. (Chairman) Joseph Estrada (Chairman) Jejomar Binay {President} Nandy Pacheco (Chairman) Oliver Lozano Miriam Defensor-Santiago (Head)

Together Everyone Achieves More Unity (TEAM Unity)

Geniuine Opposition (GO) AD KBL LP NP NPC PDPLABAN PMP UNO Unaffiliated parties AKP KBL PRP

Minor political parties and party-list groups Next to the main political parties in the Philippines there are other parties represented in the House of Representatives of the Philippines. Most of these parties are elected through the party list system.

Party name

Acronym

Founding year

Chairperson

Regional Parties elected through the constituency system One Cebu Partido Magdalo Sarangani Reconciliation and Reformation Organization Akbayan Citizens' Action Party Alagad Alang sa Kalambu-an ug Kalinaw Alliance for Barangay Concerns Alliance of Volunteer Educators Anak Mindanao Anakpawis Ang Laban ng Indiginong Filipino An Waray Association of Philippine Electric Cooperatives Bagong Alyansang Tagapagtaguyod na Adhikaing Sambayanan Bayan Muna Buhay Hayaan Yumabong Citizen's Battle Against Corruption Cooperative NATCCO Network Party Gabriela Women's Party Luzon Farmers Party Partido ng Manggagawa Sandigan ng Lakas at Demokrasya ng Sambayanan Veterans Freedom Party ONE CEBU N/A SARRO Akbayan N/A Alayon ABC AVE AMIN AP ALIF N/A APEC BATAS N/A Buhay Cibac Coop NATCCO GABRIELA Butil PM SANLAKAS VFP Other parties Founding year 2003 2004 1990s 2004 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2004 1999 1998 2001 1998 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2001 N/A N/A 2007 Party-list organizations 1998 Ronaldo Llamas N/A John Henry Osmea James Marty Lim N/A N/A Crispin Beltran Acmad Tomawis Florencio "Bem" Noel N/A Daniel Soriano Razon Satur Ocampo Mike Velarde (founder) Emmanuel Joel Villanueva Cresente Paez Liza Maza N/A Renato Magtubo N/A N/A N/A N/A 2007 Gwendolyn Garcia Juanito Remulla Priscilla Chiongbian

Party name Ang Ladlad Bangon Pilipinas Movement Green Party of the Philippines Partido Isang Bansa Isang Diwa

Acronym N/A BPM GP PIBID

Chairperson Danton Remoto Eddie Villanueva Felizardo Colambo Eddie Gil

Philippine Green Republic Party Progressive Party (Defunct)

PGRP PP

N/A 1957

Felix Cantal Raul Manglapus

Source: http://www.philippinecountry.com/government_officials/political_parties.html

Why are Political Parties MAL-DEVELOPED? 1. The legal-institutional environment is not conducive to the development of democratic and fullfledged political parties. 2. The weak linkage of political parties to citizens. 3. The prevailing political culture of patronage and personality-based. 4. The failure to pass legislative measures to reform political parties. Comparison Mainstream 1) Members in highest elected positions in the government, 2) They became once a majority party, and 3) Normally, they field in almost a complete slate of national candidates in the elections Non-Mainstream 1) A few members holding elected posts in the government (in this case, only in party-list and local governments), 2) Cannot field a complete slate in the national elections, but are with national prominence through advocacies and coalition-building, and 3) There is also perceived distinct ideological tendencies among these parties, at least in paper. Partys Success Indicators 1) 2) 3) 4) Contributions to nations progress Role in developing the political system Performance of standard/generic functions Level of institutionalization

Source: Political Party. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/fnfmanila/pol-party-stability (Accessed 09 July 2013).

B. Perpetual Reservation for Basic Sectors The view that an open party-list system would subject marginalized and traditionally underrepresented sectors to a political massacre was shared by Commissioner Jaime S.L. Tadeo, who likewise pushed for a system of reserved seats in the lower house for marginalized sectors. When asked to explain how he defined marginalized he stated that: MR. TADEO: In deciding which sectors should be represented, the criteria should adhere to the principle of social justice and popular representation. On this basis, the criteria have to include: 1. The number of people belonging to the sector, 2. The extent of "marginalization," exploitation and deprivation of social and economic rights suffered by the sector; 3. The absence of representation in the government, particularly in the legislature, through the years; 4. The sector's decisive role in production and in bringing about the basic social services needed by the people. This debate on an openparty-list system as against a closed system eventually led to a compromise formulation of the constitutional provision in question. The formulation provided that: The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty percent of the total members of the House of Representatives provided that for two terms after the ratification of this Constitution twenty-five of the seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled by selection or election, as provided by law, from the labor, peasant, urban poor and youth sectors. Despite this compromise, proponents of the reserved system, made a last ditch effort to institutionalize perpetual sectoral representation through the party-list system. Commissioner Felicitas S. Aquino proposed that the two-term transition period be eliminated and instead, perpetual sectoral representation be institutionalized for 25, or half, the seats allocated for the party-list.21 A long debate followed, and ultimately, the proposal for perpetual sectoral representation was defeated only in a close vote of 22 to 19. In the arena of the 1986 Constitutional Commission, it was clear that the proponents of proportional representation had won a clear, if closely-contested, victory against the proponents of sectoral or marginalized representation. Source: THE JUDICIALLY LEGISLATED CONCEPT OF MARGINALIZATION AND THE DEATH OF PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION: THE PARTY LIST SYSTEM AFTER BANATAND ANG BAGONG BAYANI. Retrieved from

http://law.upd.edu.ph/ (Accessed 09 July 2013).