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5 Classification
Wednesday, 25 January 2012 10:19 AM

Purpose of classification: to sort out, compare, organise and generalise about living things

Process of classification: 1. Give every organism an agreed name 2. Arrange them into groups of related organisms
5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature. International system of naming organisms, each organism given a scientific Latin name

[Genus name] [species name] (noun) (adjective)

e.g. modern humans: Homo sapiens or H. sapiens or

5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. Taxonomy: science of classification
Aim of classification: use as many characteristics as possible in placing similar organisms together Hierarchical scheme of classification, each successive group containing more organism Similar species grouped together into same genus; similar genera grouped together into same family etc.

Example: Humans: Anamalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, sapiens Common oak: Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Dicotyledonae, Fagales, Fagaceae, Quercus, robur

5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: bryophyta, filicinophyta , coniferophyta and angiospermophyta Green plants are terrestrial, eukaryotic, have a wall containing cellulose around each cell, autotrophic, photosynthesises Their life cycle is a distinctive feature: Gametophyte generation: produces gametes Sporophyte: forms spores Bryophyta (mosses) Land plants in damp terrestrial environments Tiny stem and radially arranged leaves No roots, stem anchored by rhizoids Leaves not protected from water loss Stem contains no water-conducting cells/supporting fibres Spore capsule grows on haploid on long stalk with foot in moss stem Spore capsule may have elaborate spore-dispersing valve Liverworts exist as flat leaf-like structures on soil surface

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 Liverworts exist as flat leaf-like structures on soil surface

Filicinophyta (ferns) Have stems, leaves and roots (and rhizomes, stems growing below ground) Adapted to terrestrial condition Vascular tissue within stem, leaves and roots for transportation Leaves are coiled up and uncoil in early growth Leaves protected against water loss by waxy cuticle Sporangia occur in clusters on under-surface of leaves Spores released explosively and germinate to produce Haploid: where zygote is formed Ancestors: Carboniferous, today's fossil fuels

Coniferophyta (conifers) Cone-bearing trees usually large with trunk, grow well Main trunk grows straight, side branches in whorls Waxy needle-shaped leaves, evergreen (resist low temperatures) Seeds formed in female cones Mutually advantageous relationship with soil fungi

Angiospermophyta (flowering plants) Dominant land plants: herbaceous (non-woody), trees or shrubs Vascular - xylem and phloem Seeds in ovaries which become fruit Waxy waterproof leaves with stomata in surface Monocotyledons (grasses, parallel veins, single seed-leaf in embryo) and dicotyledons (broad leaved, net veins, two seed leaves in embryo)

5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, pla tyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda.

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Animals: multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms Have specialised cells to form organs, most have a nervous system Diploid life cycle: Adult produce haploid gametes by meiosis After fertilisation zygote divides to produce embryo --> blastula Bilateral - only one plant that cuts the body into two equal halves Cephalisation: head distinct from rest of body Non-vertebrate phyla:
Porifera (sponges) Simplest multicellular animals Aquatic, mostly marine Simple sac-like structures of cells in two layers arranged around gastric cavity Cells of walls specialise for feeding, support or reproduction Only multicellular animals that lack nervous system Feed on plankton drawn in through pores in walls Reproduce asexually by budding; and sexually by forming free-swimming larva (dispersal stage)

Cnidaria (jellyfishes, corals and sea anemones) Aquatic, mostly marine Radially symmetrical body plans Body cavity - gut with single opening for ingestion and egestion Body wall has ectoderm (outer) and endoderm (inner) layers separated by mesoglea (jelly) Ectoderm includes stinging cells (poison-->paralyse-->hold-->digest) Stinging cells on tentacles Behaviour of body coordinated by nerve net in mesoglea in contact with bases of all wall cells Alternate body forms: sessile hydroid form/floating medusa form

Platyhelminthes (flatworms, parasitic flukes or tapeworms) Flat, unsegmented with triploblastic organisation (three cell layered body) No cavity in middle layer Have mouth and gut and no anus; feed on small animals No circulatory system, oxygen diffused through thin flat bodies Flame cells for excretion and regulation of water/ions Have male and female reproductive organs in one individual

Annelida (segmented worms)

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Annelida (segmented worms) Worm-like with soft body (no skeleton) Have fixed number of segments, each containing same pattern of nerves, blood vessels and excretory organs (hydrostatic skelet on) Segments separated by septa that divide the coelom (fluid-filled and move by muscles working against pressure) Gaseous exchange occurs through whole body surface (moist); blood has oxygen transporting pigment Cephalisation: sense organs and feeding structures at anterior end, modifies segmentation pattern Solid ventral nerve cord runs through body

Mollusca (slugs, snails, limpets, mussels, octopuses) Huge and diverse group (2nd largest phylum) Mostly aquatic, freshwater/marine, few terrestrial Soft flexible body: head, flattened muscular foot, hump/visceral mass covered by shell secreted by mantle Compact body shape, gills/lungs for gaseous exchange, blood circulation system Rasping, tongue-like radula for feeding

Arthropoda (crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes and insects) Most numerically successful of animals Segmented body covered by hard external skeleton of chitin, with jointed limbs Exoskeleton can't grow, shed periodically (moulting) Open blood circulation, in haemocoel cavity surrounding all organs, tubular heart pumps blood into haemocoel Functioning coordinated by ventral nerve cord, concentrated of nerves at front of body Body: head, thorax, abdomen 3 pairs of legs, 2 pair of wings attached to thorax Pair of compound eyes and antennae Head with mouthparts that are modified paired limbs Air piped to tissues by tracheae

5.5.5 Apply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms. Purpose of dichotomous keys: assist in identification of unknown organisms Requires careful observation e.g.

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e.g.

EXTENSION: THE FIVE KINGDOMS KINGDOMS

Kingdom/ division Characteristic

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

Monera

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Nuclear membrane Mitochondria

Chloroplasts Mode of nutrition

Absent Absent
Absent Heterotrophic or autotrophic (chemosynthesis or photosynthesis) Absent

Present Present
Present in some forms Photosynthesis or heterotrophic or combination of both Absent in many groups

Present Present
Absent Heterotrophic by absorption

Present Present
Present Photosynthetic

Present Present
Absent Heterotrophic by ingestion

Multi-cellularity

Present except in yeasts

Present

Present

Locomotion
Nervous system

Absent in most forms

Absent

Absent
Absent

Absent
Absent

Absent
Absent

Present
Present except in sponges

MONERA

All bacteria and cyanobacteria Some forms exist in groups or strands of cells, but no specialisation for different functions Cells are prokaryotic and have no true nucleus or membrane bound organelles
PROTOCTISTA Contains all eukaryotic cells that are not fungi, plants or animals Are eukaryotic and most are unicellular but will form loose aggregates of cells or colonies Some are multicellular with simple body parts Have both or either plant and animal; photosynthesis and/or heterotrophic Algae, kelp, protozoa, moulds Marine or moist environments FUNGI Have a cell wall, are heterotrophic Grow on organic matter Are either decomposers, parasites or associated with plants Produce fruiting bodies that produce and release reproductive spores Classification of fungi is based on spore-producing structures PLANTAE

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 Multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophic organisms Different parts of plants specialised for different functions Eukaryotic with cell wall Moss, liverwort, clubmoss, horsetail, fern, pine etc. ANAMALIA
Multicellular, heterotrophic organism Will exhibit locomotion at some stage of their life No cell wall Groups of tissues generally forming specialised organ structures Bodies are tubes (alimentary canal) within tubes (body wall) Sponges, sea anemone, flatworm, roundworm, shellfish, starfish, segmented worms etc. (lots)

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