02 Part3 Work Heat Transfer First Law

Work Transfer
S.Gunabalan
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Bharathiyar College of Engineering & Technology
Karaikal - 609 609.
e-Mail : gunabalans@yahoo.com

Energy interaction in a closed system
A closed system and its surroundings can
interact in two ways:
(a) by work transfer,
(b) by heat transfer.
These may be called energy interactions and
these bring about changes in the properties of
the system.
work
work is the product of force and distance
The action of a force on a moving body is
identified as work
N.m or Joule [1 Nm = 1 Joule],
Power is the rate at which work is done
J/s or watt
Work
Work - basic modes of energy transfer

Work
When work is done by a system, it is
arbitrarily taken to be positive, and
when work is done on a system, taken to be
negative
Displacement Work
Quasi-static process : is an infinitesimal slow process, where each state of the system
is pass through the equilibrium state.
Work is a path function
pdV-Work
Point-path functions
Work is depends on the path
of the process.
work is a path function
Thermodynamic properties (P,V,T) are all point functions.
For a given state, there is a definite value for each property.

The change in a thermodynamic properties are depends only
on the initial and final states of the system.
Cyclic Process
the initial and final states of the system are
the same.
The change in any property is zero
cyclic integral o f a property is always zero
Thermodynamic Processes
Constant pressure process (isobaric)
Pressure constant (p
1
= p
2
)
n = 0
= u + W (first law of thermodynamics)
u = mc
:
(I
2
I
1
)
= mcp(I
2
I
1
)
W
12
=
pJI
2
1
= p (v
2
-v
1
)

Quasi-Static Processes
p
1
u
1
T
1
=
p
2
u
2
T
2

Constant Volume process
(isochoric process)
Volume constant (V
1
= V
2
)
n =
u = mc
:
(I
2
I
1
)
W
12
=
pJI
2
1
= p (v
1
-v
2
) = 0
= u
p
1
u
1
T
1
=
p
2
u
2
T
2

Constant Temperature process
(isothermal process)
Process in which pV = C
(T
1
= T
2
)
n = 1
u = mc
:
I2 I1 = 0
W
12
=
pJI
2
1
= P
1
V
1
ln
F
2
F
1

= W
12

p
1
u
1
T
1
=
p
2
u
2
T
2

pdV-Work - Quasi-Static Processes
w
12
=

pJI
v2
v1

PV = P
1
V
1
= C
P =
P
1
V
1
v

w
12
=

P
1
V
1
v
JI
v2
v1

w
12
= P
1
V
1
1

v
JI
v2
v1

W
12
= P
1
V
1
ln
F
2
F
1
OR W
12
= P
1
V
1
|n
P
1
P
2

Process in which pV
n
= C
Polytrophic process
w
12
= _ pJI
v2
v1

pI
n
= p
1
I
1
n

P =
p
1
v
1
n
v
n

w
12
= _
p
1
I
1
n
I
n
JI
v2
v1

w
12
= p
1
I
1
n
_
1

I
n
JI
v2
v1

W
12
= p
1
I
1
n
_ I
-n
JI
v2
v1

Process in which pV
n
= C
W
12
= p
1
I
1
n
_ I
-n
JI
v2
v1

W
12
= p
1
I
1
n
I
-n+1
n +1
I2
I1

W
12
= p
1
I
1
n
I
2
-n+1
I
1
-n+1
n +1

W
12
=
p
1
I
1
n
I
2
-n+1
p
1
I
1
n
I
1
-n+1
n +1

Polytrophic process
Process in which pV
n
= C
W
12
=
p
1
I
1
n
I
2
-n+1
p
1
I
1
n
I
1
-n+1
n +1

W
12
=
p
1
F
1
n
I
2
-n+1
p
1
I
1
n +1

p
1
I
1
n
= p
2
I
2
n
= c
W
12
=
p
2
I
2
n
I
2
-n+1
p
1
I
1
n +1

W
12
=
P
2
I
2
P
1
I
1
n +1

W
12
=
P
1
F
1
P
2
F
2
n 1

Polytrophic process
Process in which pV
n
= C
W
12
=
P
1
F
1
-P
2
F
2
n-1
=
RT
1
-RT
2
n-1

p
1
F
1
n
= p
2
F
2
n
u = mc
u
T
2
T
1

Q = u + W
12

Also
Q = cu

y-n
y -1
(T
2
-T
1
)
Q =
y-n
y -1
* W
12

T
1
T
2
=
F
2
F
1
n-1

T
2
T
1
=
p
2
p
1
n-1
n
,

Polytrophic process
Process in which pV
y
= C
Q =
No heat is transferred to or from the system
It require perfect thermal insulation

u = W
12
=
P
1
F
1
P
2
F
2
y 1

p
1
F
1
y
= p
2
F
2
y
y -1=
R
c
u

y=
c
p
c
u

Adiabatic process

W
12
= RT
1
F
2
/F
1

Q = cu T
2
T
1
+W
12

Hyperbolic process

But not necessarily
T = Constant
Free Expansion
Expansion of gas against vacuum is called free
expansion
w = 0
q = 0

Heat Transfer
Heat is defined as the form of energy that is
transferred across a boundary by virtue of a
temperature difference.
Energy transfer by virtue of temperature difference is
called heat transfer (Q - Joules)
Conduction : The transfer of heat between two bodies
in direct contact.
Radiation : Heat transfer between two bodies
separated by empty space or gases through
electromagnetic waves.
Convection: The transfer of heat between a wall and a
fluid system in motion.
Heat Transfer
At constant pressure
= mcp JI

= m Kg c
p
K]
KgK
JI(K)
= KJ

At constant Volume
= mc: JI

mc
:
heat capacity

Heat Transfer is a boundary phenomenon,
for isolated system Heat Transfer and work transfer is zero
Heat Transfer
Heat flow into a system positive
heat flow out o f a system - negative

Short Answer
What is an indicator diagram ?
An indicator diagram is a trace made by a
recording pressure gauge.
Define Quasi-static process ?
It is an infinitesimal slow process, where each
state of the system is pass through the equilibrium
state.

Questions -1
A 280mm diameter cylinder fitted with a frictionless leak
proof piston contains 0.02 Kg of steam at a pressure of
0.6MPa and a temperature of 200
o
C As the piston moves
slowly outwards through a distance of 305 mm, the
steam undergoes a fully resisted expansion during which
the steam pressure p and the steam volume V are related
by pI
n
= C, wcrc n is constont.
The final pressure of the steam is 0.12MPa. Determine
A) the value of n
B) Work done by the steam
(Apr-May 2012 Pondicherry university)
Given data
Cylinder size : 280 diameter (D)
Mass of steam 0.02 Kg (m)
pressure of 0.6MPa (p
1
)
temperature of 200
o
C (T
1
)

As the piston moves a distance of 305 mm (h)
pI
n
= C, wcrc n is constont.
The final pressure of the steam is 0.12MPa. (p
2
)
Determine
A) the value of n
Short Note
pI
n
= C
n log
c
v
1
v2
= log
c
p2
p1

P1,P2,t1,m Given
Find V1
p
1
I
1
= mRI
1
R = R
/M
V
2
Final volume
The conditions are
I
2
= nr
2

Process in which pV
n
= C
W
12
=
P
1
F
1
P
2
F
2
n 1

P1 = pressure of 0.6MPa (p
1
)
temperature of 200
o
C (T
1
)
p2 = 0.12MPa
Ans
A) the value of n
n log
c
v
1
v2
= log
c
p2
p1

A)
pI
n
= C
p
1
I
1
n
= p
2
I
2
n

log
c
p
1
+n log
c
I
1
= log
c
p
2
+n log
c
I
2

n log
c
I
1
n log
c
I
2
= log
c
p
2
- log
c
p
1

n log
c
v
1
v2
= log
c
p2
p1

Concept poof
A) the value of n
n log
c
v
1
v2
= log
c
0.12 MPu
0.6 MPu

Here need v
1
and v
2
Find
V
1
initial volume
The initial conditions are

1
)
temperature of 200
o
C (T
1
)
p1I1 = mRI1
0.6 HPo x I1 = 0.02 Kg x Rstcom x 200 + 273 K
R
= MR
R = R
/M
R
Un|uerxa| 6ax cunxtant K] K. mu| K

R
= 8. 31441 K] K. mu| K
M Mu|ecu|ar we|ght
Kg
K. mu|
,

R haratertstt gas unstant
K]
kg K
,

1
)
temperature of 200
o
C (T
1
)
p
1
I
1
= mRI
1
0.6 HPo x I
1
= 0.02 Kg x R
stcom
x 200 +273 K

R = R
/M
R =
8.31441
18.2
= ?
R = 0.461 KJ/Kg K

1
)
temperature of 200
o
C (T
1
)
Gas Molar Weight (
M)Kg/Kmol
Air 28.97
Nitrogen 28.01
Oxygen 32
Hydrogen 2.016
Helium 4.004
Carbon
dioxide
44.01
Steam 18.02
p
1
I
1
= mRI
1
0.6 HPo x I
1
= 0.02 Kg x 0.461
K[
Kg K
x 200 + 273 K
What is the unit of V
1
?

0.6 x 1
x
N
m
2 ,

x I
1

m
3
= 0.02 Kg x 0.461
1
3

x
N
m
2

Kg K
x 200 + 273 K

V
1
= ?

V
1
= 0.007268 m
3

1
)
temperature of 200
o
C (T
1
)
MPa = 1 x
N
m
2 ,
HPo = 106 x
N
10
6
x mm
2
,
HPo =
N
mm
2 ,

KJ = 1
3

x
N
m
2

Exercise -1
Find
V
2
initial volume
The conditions are
I
2
= nr
2

I
2
= n x 140
2
x 305 mm
I
2
= 18770920 mm
3
I
2
=
18770920
(10
3
)
3
m
3

I
2
= 0.018770920 m
3

A) the value of n
p
1
I
1
n
= p
2
I
2
n

n log
c
I
1
I2
= log
c
0.12 HPo
0.6 HPo

Here need v
1
and v
2
Find
I
1
= 0.007268 m
3
I
2
= 0.018770920 m
3

Substituting V
1
and V
2
n log
c
0.007268 m
3
0.01877092 m
3
= log
c
0.12 MPu
0.6 MPu

n = 1.6963
Process in which pV
n
= C
W
12
=
P
1
F
1
P
2
F
2
n 1

Process in which pV = Constant
W
12
= P
1
V
1
ln
F
2
F
1
OR W
12
= P
1
V
1
|n
P
1
P
2

Constant Volume process (isochoric process)
dV = 0
W
12
= 0
Constant pressure process (isobaric)
W
12
= p(v
2
-v
1
)

Determine
W
12
=
P
1
F
1
-P
2
F
2
n-1

Values from given data
P
1
= 0. 6HPo
p
2
= 0.12 HPo
Calculated values
n = 1.6963
I
1
= 0.007268 m
3
I
2
= 0.018770920 m
3

W
12
=
0. 6 x1u6 Po x 0.007268 m
3
0.12 x 10
6
Po x 0.018770920 m
3
1.6963 1

W
12
= - 3735.67 Nm or J
Determine
The magnitude and sign of heat transfer
Q = cu

y-n
y -1
(T
2
-T
1
)
Q =
y-n
y -1
* W
12

y=
c
p
c
u

R = cp cu

Ex - 1
A Cylinder containing 0.4 m
3
of gas at 1 bar and 75
. the gas is compressed to 0.15 m
3
, the final
pressure is 4 bar. Take y = 1.4, R = 0.2942 KJ/kg
Find
1. Mass of the gas
2. n (index of compression)
3. Work Done
4. increase in internal energy of gas
5. Heat transfer.

Ex 1 - Note
1. Mass of the gas
p
1
I
1
= mRI
1
2. n (index of compression)
pI
n
= C
n log
c
v
1
v2
= log
c
p2
p1

3. Work Done
W
12
=
P
1
F
1
-P
2
F
2
n-1

4. increase in internal energy of gas
u = mC: I2 I1
C: =
R
y-1
R = 0.2942 KJ/kg - so use Temperature in
5. Heat transfer.
Q = u +W

Q = cu

y-n
y -1
(T
2
-T
1
)
Q =
y-n
y -1
* W
12

T
1
T
2
=
F
2
F
1
n-1

T
2
T
1
=
p
2
p
1
n-1
n
,

Prob-2
Air At 0.1 MPa at 25, initially occupies a volume
of 0.016 m
3
. it is compressed reversibly and
adiabatically to a pressure of 0.6MPa. Find the a)
final temperature, b) Final Volume and c)Work
Done. Take y = 1.4 for air
Final Temperature
12
11
=
p2
p1
y-1
y

Final Volume
p
1
F
1
y
= p
2
F
2
y

u = W
12
=
P
1
F
1
P
2
F
2
y 1

Adiabatic process Q = 0
Prob-3
1.3 Kg of liquid having constant specific heat
of 2.3 KJ/kgK, is stirred in a well insulated
chamber, causing a temperature rise to 15 C.
Calculate the work done and internal energy.

well insulated
No heat transfer or loss Q = 0
Q = u + W
Q = 0
W = -u
U = m Cv (T2-T1)
Ex - 2
1.3 Kg of liquid having constant specific heat of
2.3 KJ/kgK, is stirred in a well insulated chamber,
causing a temperature rise to 15 C. During the
process 1.5 KJ of heat is transferred to the system
Calculate the work done and internal energy.

well insulated
heat transfer Q = 1.5KJ
Q = u + W
U = m Cv (T2-T1)
W = Q-u
Reference
Nag, P. K. 2002. Basic and applied thermodynamics. Tata McGraw-Hill, New
Delhi.

02 Part3 Work Heat Transfer First Law

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Work Transfer

Un|uerxa| 6ax cunxtant K] K. mu| K

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