Energy Balances

S.Gunabalan
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Bharathiyar College of Engineering & Technology
Karaikal - 609 609.
e-Mail : gunabalans@yahoo.com

Part - 2
Steady Flow Energy equation

1
+
I
1
2
2
,
+gz
1
+
J
Jm
=
2
+
I
2
2
2
,
+gz
2
+
Jw
Jm


Energy Balances on Open Systems
F is Velocity
A
1
F
1
:
1
=
A
2
F
2
:
2

This is Equation of Continuity
F Velocity of flow
Mass Balance
Study Flow process in NOZZLE
Device which increases the velocity

1
+
I
1
2
2
, + gz
1
+
J
Jm
=
2
+
I
2
2
2
, + gz
2
+
Jw
Jm

1
+
I
1
2
2
, =
2
+
I
2
2
2
,

No heat transfer & work transfer
No potential energy change
The inlet velocity of the nozzle is very small compared
to the outlet velocity ie V2 >>>> V1
So V1 is negligible and thus V1 = 0

1
+
I
1
2
2
, =
2
+
I
2
2
2
,

1
=
2
+
I
2
2
2
,
Study Flow process in Diffusor
Device which increases the Pressure

1
+
I
1
2
2
, + gz
1
+
J
Jm
=
2
+
I
2
2
2
, + gz
2
+
Jw
Jm

1
+
I
1
2
2
, =
2
+
I
2
2
2
,

No heat transfer & work transfer
No potential energy change
The inlet velocity of the diffuser is very high compared
to the outlet velocity ie V1 >>>> V2
So V2 is negligible and thus V2 = 0

1
+
I
1
2
2
, =
2
+
I
2
2
2
,

1
+
I
1
2
2
, =
2

Study Flow process in Throttle valve
Device which increases the Pressure

1
+
I
1
2
2
, + gz
1
+
J
Jm
=
2
+
I
2
2
2
, + gz
2
+
Jw
Jm

1
+
I
1
2
2
, =
2
+
I
2
2
2
,

No heat transfer & work transfer
No potential energy change
The inlet velocity and outlet velocity are same
V1 - V2 = 0 (or negligible)

1
+
I
1
2
2
, =
2
+
I
2
2
2
,
h
1
= h
2

Write down the steady flow
Equation and reduce it for
throttling process (4 marks)
(Apr 2013)
Study Flow process in Turbine and
Compressor
Device which increases the Pressure

1
+
I
1
2
2
, + gz
1
+
J
Jm
=
2
+
I
2
2
2
, + gz
2
+
Jw
Jm

1
+
I
1
2
2
, =
2
+
I
2
2
2
, +
Jw
Jm

No heat transfer & there is a Definite Work transfer
No potential energy change
If The inlet velocity and outlet velocity are negligible

1
+
I
1
2
2
, =
2
+
I
2
2
2
, +
Jw
Jm

h
1
= h
2
+
Jw
Jm


h
1
= h
2
+
w
m


Prob-1
A steam power plant, steam flow steadily through a
0.2m diameter pipeline from a boiler to a turbine.
At the boiler end, the steam conditions are p =
4MPa, T = 400C, h= 3213.6 KJ/kg, v = 0.073 m3/kg
At the turbine end, the steam conditions are p =
3.5MPa, t = 392C, h= 3202.6 KJ/kg, v = 0.084 m3/kg
There is a heat loss 8.5 KJ/kg from the pipeline.
Calculate the steam flow rate(Apr 2013)
Prob-1
A steam power plant,
steam flow steadily through a 0.2m diameter pipeline
boiler --->> turbine.
At the boiler end
p = 4MPa, T = 400C, h= 3213.6 KJ/kg, v = 0.073 m3/kg
At the turbine end
p = 3.5MPa, t = 392C, h= 3202.6 KJ/kg, v = 0.084 m3/kg

heat loss 8.5 KJ/kg (dQ/dm) so take as -ve.

Calculate the steam flow rate (w kg/s)( Apr 2013)
Heat loss from the pipe
So
dQ
dm
= - 8.5 KJ/kg

A
1
F
1

1
=
A
2
F
2

2

F
1
=

2
F
2
------ (1)

1
+
I
1
2
2
,
+gz
1
+
J
Jm
=
2
+
I
2
2
2
,
+gz
2
+
Jw
Jm

------ (2)


(pipe Constant cross section)
:
1
= 0.073 m
3
/kg
:
2
= 0.084 m
3
/kg
h1= 3213.6 KJ/kg
h2= 3202.6 KJ/kg
dQ
dm
= - 8.5 KJ/kg
Substitute eqn.(1) in (2)
Get, v1 and even V2
A = nr
2

:
1
= 0.073 m
3
/kg
Substitute in below equation
get w
Mass flow rate w =
A
1
F
1

1

Pipe diameter = 0.2m
In steady flow equation mass flow rate is constant
Mass flow rate w =
A
1
F
1

1
=
A
2
F
2

2

This is Equation of Continuity
F Velocity of flow m/s
A Arco o cross scction m
2
: Specific Volume m
3
/kg
Prob-2
Air at a temperature of 15 passes through a
heat exchanger at a velocity of 30 m/s, where
its temperature is raised to 800 . It is then
enters a turbine with the same velocity of
30m/s and expands until the temperature falls
to 650 . On leaving the turbine, the air is
taken at a velocity of 60m/s to a nozzle where
it expands until the temperature has fallen to
500 .If the air flow rate is 2 Kg/S
Prob-1
Find
a) The rate of heat transfer to the air at the
heat exchanger
b) The power output from the turbine
assuming no heat loss
c) The velocity at the exit of the nozzle,
assume no heat loss
Take the enthalpy of air as Cpt, Cp = 1.0005
KJ/KgK (Nov-2010)
Ans:

1
+
I
1
2
2
, + gz
1
+
J
Jm
=
2
+
I
2
2
2
, + gz
2
+
Jw
Jm


w
1

1
+
v
1
2
2
,
+ gz
1
+
12
= w
2

2
+
v
2
2
2
,
+ gz
2

+ w
12



Ans: a)
w
1

1
+
v
1
2
2
,
+gz
1
+
12
= w
2

2
+
v
2
2
2
,
+gz
2

+w
12

w
1

1
+
12
= w
2

2


air flow rate is w 1= w2 = 2 Kg/S

Specific enthalpy
= 2 1 = mcp t2 t1
Find

12
= w
2

2

w
1

1
W
2 =
w
1

12
= w(h2h1) = wcp t2 t1




Ans:b) The power output (W) from the
turbine assuming no heat loss (Q =0)
w
2

2
+
v
2
2
2
,
+gz
2
+
23
= w
3
3 +
v
3
2
2
,
+gz
3

+w
23


w
2

2
+
v
2
2
2
,
= w
3

3
+
v
3
2
2
,
+w
23

w
2

3
+w
v
2
2
2
,

v
3
2
2
,
= w
23
wc
p
I
2
I
3
+w
v
2
2
2
,

v
3
2
2
,
= w
23

Ans:c) The velocity at the exit of the
nozzle, assume no heat loss (Q =0)
w
2

2
+
v
2
2
2
,
+gz
2
+
23
= w
3
3 +
v
3
2
2
,
+gz
3

+w
23


w
2

3
+
v
3
2
2
,
= w
3

4
+
v
4
2
2
,



(
3

4
) +
I
3
2
2
,
=
I
4
2
2
,


c
p
(I
3
I
4
) +
I
3
2
2
,
=
F
4
2
2
,



F
4
= ?
Specific enthalpy
= 2 1 = mcp t2 t1
Prob-3
A blower handles 1 kg/s of air at 20
o
C and
consumes 15KW power. The inlet and outlet
velocities of air are 100m/s and 150 m/s. find
exit air temperature, assuming adiabatic
condition. Take Cp of air 1.005 Kj/Kgk.
Blower

Mass flow rate w = 1 kg/s
T1 = 20
o
C
Power or work done = 15KW
The inlet velocities V1 = 100m/s
and outlet velocities V2 = 150 m/s.
find exit air temperature
assuming adiabatic condition.
Take Cp of air 1.005 Kj/Kgk.
Blower
General Steady Flow Energy equation for Blower

w
1

1
+
v
1
2
2
,
+gz
1
+w
12
= w2
2
+
v
2
2
2
,
+gz
2

+
12
Steady Flow Energy equation for
Blower
No potential energy term involved in the process

w
1

1
+
v
1
2
2
,
+gz
1
+w
12
= w2
2
+
v
2
2
2
,
+gz
2

+
12

assuming adiabatic condition.
w
1

1
+
v
1
2
2
,
+gz
1
+w
12
= w2
2
+
v
2
2
2
,
+gz
2

+
12
w
1

1
+
v
1
2
2
,
+w
12
= w
2

2
+
v
2
2
2
,

For steady flow , w1 = w2 = w
w
1
+
v
1
2
2
,
+w
12
= w
2
+
v
2
2
2
,

Blower
For steady flow , w1 = w2 = w = 1 kg/s (given)

w
1
+
v
1
2
2
,
+w
12
= w
2
+
v
2
2
2
,


w
1

2
+w
12
= w
v
2
2
2
,

v
1
2
2
,


w Cp (I
1
I
2
) +w
12
= w
v
2
2
2
,

v
1
2
2
,

1 kg/s 1.005 x1uuu[/kgk (20 I2) + 15x1uuuw = 1 kg/s
150
2
2
,

1002
2


T2 = -----
o
C
Prob-4
A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receives steam at the
following state
Pressure = 1.2 Mpa
Temperature = 188
o
C
Enthalpy = 2785 KJ/kg
Velocity = 33.3 m/s
Elevation = 3 m
Steam leaves the turbine in the following state
Pressure = 20 Mpa
Enthalpy = 2512 KJ/kg
Velocity = 100 m/s
Elevation = 0 m
Heat is lost to the surrounding at the rate of 0.29 KJ/s
Rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s
What is the power output of the turbine in Kw
w
1

1
+
v
1
2
2
,
+gz
1

12
= w2
2
+
v
2
2
2
,
+gz
2

+w
12

Heat is lost to the surrounding at the rate of 0.29 KJ/s (Q)
Rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s (w1= w2)
w
1

1
+
v
1
2
2
,
+gz
1

12
= w2
2
+
v
2
2
2
,
+gz
2

+w
12

Heat is lost to the surrounding at the rate of 0.29 KJ/s (Q)
Rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s (w1= w2)
0.42 kg/s 2785
K]
kg
+
33.3
2
2
,
+9.81
m
s
2
xS m 0.29K[/s
= 0.42 kg/s 2512
K[
kg
+
100
2
2
, + 0

+ w
12

W = ----- KW
W = 112.6264729 KW
Prob-5- Exercise
a) Find the velocity at the exit of the nozzle

w
1

1
+
v1
2
2
,
= w
2
2 +
v2
2
2
,



(1 2) +
I1
2
2
, =
I2
2
2
,



F2

= ?
w1 = w2

(steady flow)
b) If the inlet area is A1 = 0.1 m2,and specific volume at inlet is u
1

= 0.187 m3/kg
Find the mass flow rate
W =
A
1
F
1

1

c) Find the specific volume at the exit is of the nozzle is 0.498 m3/kg,
Find the Exit area of the nozzle (A
2
)

W =
A
2
F
2

2

W =
A
1
F
1
u
1
=
A
2
F
2
u
2

Reference
Rajput, R. K. 2010. Engineering thermodynamics. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, Sudbury, Mass.
Nag, P. K. 2002. Basic and applied thermodynamics. Tata McGraw-Hill, New
Delhi.