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= = =
where
I
r
rated current of the relay
Vr rated voltage of the relay (100V internally)
So the adapted reactances are
1.5 0.933 1.399
' ' 1.5 0.255 0.382
d d
d d
x F x pU pU
x F x pU pU
= = =
= = =
The relay function setting is calculated as follows.
1.40
' 0.382 1.4
0.891
2 2 2 2
d
d d
Diameter x pU
x x pU pU
Center pU
= =
= + = + =
The relay will be set to the next possible set point:
Diameter: 1.4 pU
Center: 0.89 pU
The Time Delay Stage 1 is set to 5 sec.
The parameters Operate Value St. 2, Rotor Cur. Comp., Rotor Cur. Offset has no relevance.
Stage 2 is using the following logical function:
The Time Delay Stage 2 is set to 1 sec.
The Operate Value of the Function "27/50" is set to 50V.
&
Trip
Underexcitation Stage 1 Pickup
Undervoltage 27/40 Pickup
Time Delay Stage 2
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
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C) GENERATOR NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION 46G
The calculation of the setting values is done according to e.g. following generator data:
Rated power S
G
=55560 KVA
Rated voltage V
G
= 11 kV
Negative phase sequence current withstand 8%
Therefore the generator primary current is
55560
2916.14
3 11 3
g
gp
gp
S kVA
I A
V kV
= = =
and by using a current transformer with a CT ratio of 12000A/1A the corresponding secondary
current is
2916.14A
5 3.64
4000
gp
gs
I
I A A
CTratio A
= = =
So the CT ratio compensation is
3.64
0.73
5
gs
N
I
A
CT ratio comp
I A
= = =
A further data for the generator (manufacturer data) is the inverse time characteristic i
2
t, which is
for example
i
2
t=20s
Note: This characteristic is only valid for high current values i, as shown below (calculation
tripping time).
So the time constant is selected to be
2
20
3125 52
0.08
s
s min = ~ =
The tripping time can be calculated exactly
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
ln
e
trip
i i
i
t
In case of a failure with n.p.s=45%, i
2
results to 5xi
2e
, and the tripping time is
SETTING CALCULATION
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25
ln 0.0408 127.5
24
trip
t s = = =
Compared with the manufacturer data
2 2
2
3.5 20
98.7
0.45
trip
s s
t s
i
= = =
The values for the "neg.ph.sequ.alarm" and "neg.ph.sequ.trip" are selected as a percentage of
the load limit. The load limit is reached after approximately 4 time constants when running
constant admissible unbalance current. Typical values are (depends on the customer wishes):
neg.ph.sequ.alarm=80%
neg.ph.sequ.trip=100%
D) GENERATOR OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION 59
The overvoltage function protects the generator and the transformer against electrical field stresses.
The function is provided with 2 stages whereby stage 1 has a lower voltage setting and a larger time
delay to cater for voltage regulator response time in case of full load rejections and stage 2 is provided
with a higher voltage setting above loss of load conditions and minimum time delay.
The calculation of the setting value for Stage 1 is as follows
The setting is chosen to be 110% of the generator rated voltage, therefore
V
V
V V
VTratio
V
V
gp
s 0 . 121 10 . 1
11000
110 11000
% 110 =
= =
and the time delay is set to t = 2.0 s
Stage 2 is selected to be 125% of the generator rated voltage, therefore
V
V
V V
VTratio
V
V
gp
s 5 . 137 25 . 1
11000
110 11000
% 125 =
= =
and the time delay is set to t = 0.0 s
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value Stage 1 121.0 V
Operate Value Stage 2 137.5 V
Time Delay Stage 1 2 Sec
Time Delay Stage 2 0 Sec
Type 1 Over Voltage
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E) GENERATOR UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION 27G
The function is enabled during the generator set being connected to the power system and is disabled
(blocked) by the 220kV CB open position. It is a 1-stage function.
The function settings are selected as follows.
V V V V ns 77 110 70 . 0 % 70 27 = = =
Time delay s t 5 . 2 27 = trip
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 77 [V]
Time Delay 2,5 [Sec]
Type 2 Under Voltage -
F) GENERATOR OVER/UNDERFREQUENCY PROTECTION 81O/U
The protective function has 4 Stages providing separate adjustable over- and under-frequency alarm
and trip facilities. In addition to the mechanical overspeed and excitation system underspeed detection
it provides backup protection for such conditions. All stages will initiate an alarm and trip the unit.
The function settings are selected as follows.
Stage 1 overfrequency Hz f 0 . 52 1 . 81 = time delay s t 5 . 0 1 . 81 = Trip
Stage 2 overfrequency Hz f 5 . 52 2 . 81 = time delay s t 0 . 0 2 . 81 = Trip
Stage 3 underfrequency Hz f 5 . 48 3 . 81 = time delay s t 0 . 20 3 . 81 = Trip
Stage 4 underfrequency Hz f 0 . 47 4 . 81 = time delay s t 0 . 0 4 . 81 = Trip
The frequency settings need to be reviewed by the grid regulator.
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Min. Volt. Setting 60 100 [V]
Max. Volt. Setting 100 140 [V]
Operate Value St. 1 52 [Hz]
Time Delay St. 1 0.5 [s]
Type St. 1 Overdetection
Operate Value St. 2 52.5 [Hz]
Time Delay St. 2 0.00 [s]
Type St. 2 Overdetection
Operate Value St. 3 48.5 [Hz]
Time Delay St. 3 20 [s]
Type St. 3 Underdetection
Operate Value St. 4 47 [Hz]
Time Delay St. 4 0.00 [s]
Type St. 4 Underdetection
SETTING CALCULATION
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G) GENERATOR STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64G1
The function should serve as an earth fault function for the complete 11kV-system and for the
generator up to 90% of its winding. With an earth fault in the 11kV-system (respectively on the
terminals of the generator) we receive the following voltage in the generator neutral:
V
V kV
kV
ratio transf
V
V
Gen
N
5 . 63
110 / 11
1
3
11 1
3
sec
= = =
For a protection range of 90% we are able to calculate the setting value:
V V V
range prot
V N
set
18 . 3 5 . 63
% 100
% 95 % 100
% 100
. % 100
sec =
(
=
(
=
Selected value (according to setting range of the protection relay): 3.2V.
Time delay 1.0s
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 3.2 V
Time Delay 1.0 Sec
Type Over detection -
H) GENERATOR STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64G2
For simplification an evenly distribution of the 3rd harmonic over neutral and terminals for the generator in
healthy condition is assumed (see figure below).
This distribution of the 3rd harmonic over neutral and terminal side is taken for the evaluation of earth
faults close to the generator neutral. The 3rd harmonic is measured in the generator neutral with a
single-phase voltage transformer and on the generator leads with a voltage transformer in open delta
SETTING CALCULATION
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connection. In case of an earth fault, the 3rd harmonic in the neutral is shorted whereby the value on
the generator terminals is increased by the same value (see figure below).
The following requirement is assumed: the relay with the measurement of the 3rd harmonic shall
protect the 15% of the stator coil close to the neutral point. The other 85% are protected by a normal
overvoltage relay with the measurement of the fundamental frequency. The correct settings will be
determined on site during earth fault tests. For this purpose different measurements of the 3rd
harmonic in the generator neutral and on the generator leads have to be done in dependence of
different generator loads for the healthy condition and for an earth fault.
The 3rd harmonics are processed via the following formula:
( ) values measured volt neutral gen Harm rd ratio volt al min ter gen Harm rd = . . . . 3 . . . . 3
There should be a difference between the measured values for the healthy condition and for the case
of an earth fault.
Setting:
Settings will be determined on site during earth fault tests.
I) ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64R
This protection function comprises an auxiliary supply, which is connected between the earth and one
side of the field circuit. A direct voltage appears at the output, which is indirectly proportional to the
rotor insulation value and corresponds to the resistance. If this measured resistance is smaller than the
setting value, the required trip sequences for a unit shutdown are carried out.
The setting of the rotor earth fault protection is selected to
Stage 1: O = k R 50 with a time delay s t
delay
10 =
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Stage 1 will initiate an Alarm only.
Stage 2: O = 1500 R with a time delay s t
delay
1 =
Stage 2 will initiate a trip.
Setting:
Name of parameter Setting Unit
Operate Value, Stage1 50 [k]
Time Delay, Stage1 10 [s]
Operate Value, Stage2 1.5 [k]
Time Delay, Stage2 1 [s]
J) GENERATOR REVERSE POWER PROTECTION 32G
When operating on reverse power this protective function will perform a unit shut down. The setting is
selected due to our experience, i.e. -5.0% of the generator rating power.
The relay function setting is calculated as follows.
The relay primary power is
kW A kV I V P CTp p relp 77 . 5715 1 300 00 . 11 3 cos 3 = = =
The required -5.0% primary reverse power setting of the machine rating is
kW A kV I V P g p p 225 9 . 0 4 . 262 00 . 11 3 05 . 0 cos 3 % 0 . 5 32 = = =
The required relay setting is P
p32
/P
relp
= -225/5715.77 = -3.94%
The time delay is set to s t 0 . 5 32 =
Setting:
Name of
parameter
Setting Unit
Operate Value -3.94 [% P
N
]
Time Delay 5 [s]
Power Direction Direction 1 -
Phase Rotation Right -
K) VOLTAGE SUPERVISION FUNCTION 60G, 60M AND 60A
The setting for the negative phase sequence voltage for unbalanced secondary phase to phase
voltages is selected to
Operate Value U=50.0 V with a time delay t=5s
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The second condition of the function is the setting for the negative phase sequence current. A high
negative phase sequence current indicates e.g. a failure in the network and the protection function is
blocked. Normally an unbalanced voltage causes only a small n.p.s. current. So the setting is chosen to
be
Operate Value I=0.2 A
The selection parameter declares the setting for the phase rotation.
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value I 0.2 A
Operate Value U 50 V
Time Delay 5 [s]
Phase Rotation 2 (Right) -
L) GENERATOR UNDERIMPEDANCE PROTECTION 21G
This protection function consists of two stages, whereby the first stage is a so called impedance
protection relay with a current interlock and the second stage is a backup protection, which is designed
as overcurrent protection relay.
Therefore the generator current is
A
V
S
I
gp
g
gp 4 . 262
3
=
= = 835 . 0
100 11
50 . 7 11
100
2 2
MVA
V
k u
S
V
Z
k
t
TS
p
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Therefore the secondary transformer impedance is calculated
O =
= = 495 . 0 825 . 0
11000 5
110 300
p s Z
VTratio
CTratio
Z
In order not to overreach on external system faults an impedance of approximately 50% to 70% of the
transformer is selected with a corresponding setting of
O = = = 247 . 0 73 . 1 5 . 0 % 50 21 s G Z Z With time delay s t G 2 . 0 21 =
The impedance current interlock setting, i.e. the overcurrent stage is a starting element for the under
impedance stage, is set to 120% of the generator rated current and calculated as follows
A
ratio CT
I Is LV 55 . 11
300
5
35 . 577 2 . 1
1
2 . 1 = = =
The time delay setting for stage 2 depends on the time grading of the remaining network.
Setting:
Name of
parameter
Range Unit
Operate Value 0.25 [Ohm]
Time Delay Imp. 0.2 [s]
Time Delay Curr. Depends on time grading of remaining n/w [s]
Current Interlock 11.55 A
M) DEAD MACHINE 27/51V
The overcurrent setting will be coordinated with all the other overcurrent functions (generator, transformer
...).
A I V 10 . 1 51 / 27 =
The typical operating range of a generator lies between 90% and 110% of the rated voltage. For generators
with an isolated starpoint or with an earthed starpoint via a resistor the generator voltage drops to values of
about 30% caused of a phase to phase fault. For this case the parameter "Voltage Limit" has to be chosen in
that way, that the generator voltage is below the setting of this parameter. The operating value of the
current setting will then be reduced to the "K-Factor". The setting is chosen to be 60% of the generator
nominal voltage; this is for the secondary side:
V V V 0 . 66 110
% 100
% 60
51 / 27 = =
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The k-factor is chosen to be 20% (to make sure that the current exceeds the setting value).
2 . 0 = K
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 1.1 [A]
Voltage Limit 66 [V]
K-Factor 0.2 -
Time Delay 4 [s]
N) UNIT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 87GT
The unit differential protection is protecting the system from the transformer 220kV CTs up to the 11kV
generator neutral and Auxiliary Transformer busbar CTs. When operating the unit is tripped and will be
shut down immediately.
A
kV
kVA
V
S
I
hvp
t
hvp 74 . 57
3 110
11000
3
=
=
kV
kV
A
A
system
system
ratio tr CTsystem
CTsystem
comp CTratio
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05 . 0
11
110
1 / 60
1 / 300
3
1
. 1
3
1 3 =
=
kV
kV
A
A
system
system
ratio tr CTsystem
CTsystem
comp CTratio
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 20% -
High Set OC 4,8A -
CT Ratio Comp. 2-1 0.5 -
CT Ratio Comp. 3-1 0.05 -
2nd Harmonic 20 (to be verified during commissioning) %
5th Harmonic 15 (to be verified during commissioning) %
Bias 50 %
Vector Group 1-2 1 -
Vector Group 1-3 11 -
Zero Sequ. Syst.1 On -
Zero Sequ. Syst.2 Off -
Zero Sequ. Syst.3 Off -
O) RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64REF
The grid transformer restricted earth fault protection 64REF is protecting the system from the
transformer 220kV CTs up to the grid transformer neutral to cater for faults near the neutral point (grid
transformer). High impedance scheme and high speed tripping is provided. When operating the
function trips the generator unit.
CT data for the 220kV transformer feeder switchgear CTs.
CT ratio 600/1,0 A
CT secondary current In = 1,0 A
Estimated CT knee point voltage Vk > 300 V
Estimated CT secondary resistance Rct = 5 O
Estimated single lead resistance to relay Rl = 0.3 O
CT data for the 220kV transformer neutral CT
CT ratio 600/1,0 A
CT secondary current In = 1,0 A
Estimated CT knee point voltage Vk > 300 V
Estimated CT secondary resistance Rct = 5 O
Estimated single lead resistance to relay Rl = 0.3 O
The CT requirements for the High impedance transformer restricted earth fault protective function, is
according to the following formula.
Vk > 2IF ( Rct + 2 Rl + Rext )
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Whereby IF is the maximum secondary three phase through fault current considering a short circuit
failure. The secondary fault current IF at the 220kV level is calculated as follows (British EATS 48-3
standard).
A
A kV
kVA
CTratio V
S
I
T
F 24 . 12
0 . 1 / 600 220 3
175000
16
3
16 ~
=
=
220kV lead CTs Vk = 300 V > 2 x 12.24A (5O + 2 x 0.3O ) = 137.16 V
220kV neutral CT Vk = 300 V > 2 x 12.24A (5O + 2 x 0.3O ) = 137.16 V
Therefore the selected restricted earth fault protection voltage setting is chosen to be greater than the
minimum stability voltage IFx( Rct + 2 Rl + Rext )=68.58V
Vs=69V and the resulting external stabilising resistor for a relay setting I
S
= 0.15A (33% rated
current) is
O =
= 455
15 . 0
15 . 0
1 . 0
69
S
S
S
ST
I
I
relayVA
V
R
The minimum CT kneepoint voltage should be greater than twice the relay voltage setting
220kV: Vk = 300V > 2 x V
S
= 138V
Check, whether a voltage limiting device is required:
( ) V V V V V
K f K p
3000 2 2 > =
V
K
=300V
( ) ( ) V R R R R I V
R ST l CT F f
5637 455 3 . 0 2 5 24 . 12 2 = + + = + + + =
Thus, V V
p
3579 =
Due to ensure a safety margin a voltage limiting resistor is connected into the circuit.
Continuous power rating of the setting resistor:
( ) ( ) W R I P
ST S con
2 . 10 455 15 . 0
2 2
= = =
with a short time rating:
( )
onds for W
R
I R V
R
V
P
ST
F ST K
ST
fs
short
sec 5 . 0 159
3 . 1
2
4
1
3
2
=
)
`
= =
SETTING CALCULATION
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Thermal rating of the non-linear resistor:
W V A V I P
K F
94 . 4677 300 24 . 12
15 . 3
4 4
= = =
A
R
V
I
ST
setting 15 . 0
455
69
= = =
Settings:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 42.5 % -
Drop Off Delay 0.5 s
P) RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64REF- DISCRETE RELAY
The grid transformer restricted earth fault protection 64REF is protecting the system from the
transformer 220kV CTs up to the grid transformer neutral to cater for faults near the neutral point (grid
transformer). High impedance scheme and high speed tripping is provided. When operating the
function trips the generator unit.
CT data for the 220kV transformer feeder switchgear CTs.
CT ratio 600/1,0 A
CT secondary current In = 1,0 A
Estimated CT knee point voltage Vk > 300 V
Estimated CT secondary resistance Rct = 5 O
Estimated single lead resistance to relay Rl = 0.3 O
CT data for the 220kV transformer neutral CT
CT ratio 600/1,0 A
CT secondary current In = 1,0 A
Estimated CT knee point voltage Vk > 300 V
Estimated CT secondary resistance Rct = 5 O
Estimated single lead resistance to relay Rl = 0.3 O
The CT requirements for the High impedance transformer restricted earth fault protective function, is
according to the following formula.
Vk > 2IF ( Rct + 2 Rl + Rext )
Whereby IF is the maximum secondary three phase through fault current considering a short circuit
failure. The secondary fault current IF at the 220kV level is calculated as follows (British EATS 48-3
standard).
A
A kV
kVA
CTratio V
S
I
T
F 24 . 12
0 . 1 / 600 220 3
175000
16
3
16 ~
=
=
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220kV lead CTs Vk = 300 V > 2 x 12.24A (5O + 2 x 0.3O ) = 137.16 V
220kV neutral CT Vk = 300 V > 2 x 12.24A (5O + 2 x 0.3O ) = 137.16 V
Therefore the selected restricted earth fault protection voltage setting is chosen to be greater than the
minimum stability voltage IFx( Rct + 2 Rl + Rext )=68.58V
Vs=69V and the resulting external stabilising resistor for a relay setting I
S
= 0.15A (33% rated
current) is
O =
= 22 . 162
15 . 0
15 . 0
1 . 0
69
S
S
S
ST
I
I
relayVA
V
R
The minimum CT kneepoint voltage should be greater than twice the relay voltage setting
220kV: Vk = 300V > 2 x V
S
= 138V
Check, whether a voltage limiting device is required:
( ) V V V V V
K f K p
3000 2 2 > =
V
K
=300V
( ) ( ) 28 . 2055 22 . 162 3 . 0 2 5 24 . 12 2 = + + = + + + =
R ST l CT F f
R R R R I V
Thus, V V
p
48 . 2052 =
Due to ensure a safety margin a voltage limiting resistor is connected into the circuit.
Continuous power rating of the setting resistor:
( ) ( ) W R I P
ST S con
65 . 3 22 . 162 15 . 0
2 2
= = =
with a short time rating:
( )
onds for W
R
I R V
R
V
P
ST
F ST K
ST
fs
short
sec 5 . 0 82 . 2412
3 . 1
2
4
1
3
2
=
)
`
= =
Thermal rating of the non-linear resistor:
W V A V I P
K F
94 . 4677 300 24 . 12
15 . 3
4 4
= = =
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A
R
V
I
ST
setting 42 . 0
22 . 162
69
= = =
Settings:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 42.5 % -
Drop Off Delay 0.5 s
Q) OVERFLUXING PROTECTION 99G
The degree of saturation (overfluxing) is calculated according to following formula.
f V
f V
S
N
N
=
Whereby V and V
N
are the actual voltage and rated voltage and f and f
N
the actual frequency and
rated frequency respectively.
The operating value of stage 1 is set to the maximum continuous overfluxing withstand of the
generator, which must be specified by the manufacturer of the generator, i.e. to 105% voltage at rated
frequency and the other stage is set to increasing higher levels.
Stage 1 alarm S
1A
=1.05 time delay t=10.0s
Stage 2 trip S
2T
=1.10 time delay t=1.0s
Setting:
Name of parameter Setting Unit
Operate Value St. 1 1.05 [p.U.]
Time Delay St. 1 10.00 [s]
Operate Value St. 2 1.10 [p.U.]
Time Delay St. 2 1.00 [s]
Nominal Frequency 50.0 [Hz]
Nominal Voltage 110 [V]
R) UAT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 87UAT
This function protects the UAT system from the HV side CTs to the LV side CTs and operates for phase
to phase and three phase faults.
The differential setting value is calculated as follows:
A
kV
kVA
V
S
I
np
AT
AT-HVp 24 . 26
3 11
500
3
=
=
kV
kV
A
system
system
ratio tr CTsystem
CTsystem
comp CTratio
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 38.16% -
High Set OC 13.1 -
CT Ratio Comp. 2-1 1.00 -
2nd Harmonic 20 (to be verified during commissioning) %
5th Harmonic 15 (to be verified during commissioning) %
Bias 40 %
Vector Group 1-2 11 -
Zero Sequ. Syst.1 Off -
Zero Sequ. Syst.2 Off -
S) UAT OVERCURRENT PROTECTION 50U/51U
This function protects the auxiliary transformer against substantial overloading and heavy internal and
external HV side short circuits and will trip the generator unit when operating. For the overcurrent
protection stage 1 an inverse time characteristic is chosen to cater for field forcing conditions and the
current setting is selected to be 1.0x the transformer rated current. The overcurrent protection stage 2
setting is chosen to be about 5 x In with a small time delay
SETTING CALCULATION
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The protective function settings are obtained
A
kV
kVA
V
S
I
np
AT
ATp 24 . 26
3 11
500
3
=
\
|
=
R
R
R
R
L
G
7381 . 0 1
3
1
1
0
= |
.
|
\
|
=
X
X
X
X
L
G
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 1
3
1
1
0
0
Z
Z
K
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i K 0508 . 0 7469 . 0
0
=
7486 . 0 0508 . 0 7469 . 0 ) (
2 2
0
= + = K ABS
89 . 3
7469 . 0
0508 . 0
tan ) (
1
0
= =
K ARG
Next Shortest Line:
Primary Value:
R1pL2=0.0659*30= 1.9770O
X1pL2=0.3836*30= 11.5075O
R0pL2=0.2720*30= 8.1600O
X0pL2=1.2330*30= 36.99O
Secondary Values:
R1sL2=1.9770*0.06=0.1186O
X1sL2=11.5075*0.06=0.6904O
R0sL2=8.1600*0.06=0.4896O
X0sL2=36.9900*0.06=2.2194O
Next Longest Line:
Primary Value:
R1pL3=0.0659*30= 1.9770O
X1pL3=0.3836*30= 11.5075O
R0pL3=0.2720*30= 8.1600O
X0pL3=1.2330*30= 36.99O
Secondary Values:
R1sL3=1.9770*0.06=0.1186O
X1sL3=11.5075*0.06=0.6904O
R0sL3=8.1600*0.06=0.4896O
X0sL3=36.9900*0.06=2.2194O
KPCL Setting Philosophy:
Zone1 : 80% of Protected Line
Zone2 : 100% of protected line + 50% of next shortest line
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 26 of 29
Zone3 : 100% + 100% of next longest line
Zone4 : Normally 15% to 20% of Zone 1
Zone 1 Calculation:
Phase to Phase Faults:
Primary Values
O = + = 69 . 3 ) 8 . 0 * 1 1 ( 1 1 ph arcph pL R p Z R
O = = 481 . 21 ) 8 . 0 * 1 1 ( 1 1 pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 221 . 0 06 . 0 * 1 1 1 1 p Z R s Z R
O = = 289 . 1 06 . 0 * 1 1 1 1 p Z X s Z X
Phase to Earth Faults:
Primary Values
O = + = 232 . 35 ) 8 . 0 * 1 0 ( 1 0 e arcph pL R p Z R
O = = 048 . 69 ) 8 . 0 * 1 0 ( 1 0 pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 114 . 2 06 . 0 * 1 0 1 0 p Z R s Z R
O = = 143 . 4 06 . 0 * 1 0 1 0 p Z X s Z X
Zone 2 Calculation:
Phase to Phase Faults:
Primary Values
O = + + = 602 . 5 ) 5 . 0 * 2 1 ( ) 1 1 ( 2 1 ph arcph pL R pL R p Z R
O = + = 605 . 32 ) 5 . 0 * 2 1 ( ) 1 1 ( 2 1 pL X pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 336 . 0 06 . 0 * 2 1 2 1 p Z R s Z R
O = = 956 . 1 06 . 0 * 2 1 2 1 p Z X s Z X
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 27 of 29
Phase to Earth Faults:
Primary Values
O = + + = 120 . 43 ) 5 . 0 * 2 0 ( ) 1 0 ( 2 0 e arcph pL R pL R p Z R
O = + = 805 . 104 ) 5 . 0 * 2 0 ( ) 1 0 ( 2 0 pL X pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 587 . 2 06 . 0 * 2 0 2 0 p Z R s Z R
O = = 288 . 6 06 . 0 * 2 0 2 0 p Z X s Z X
Zone 3 Calculation:
Phase to Phase Faults:
Primary Values
O = + + = 590 . 6 ) 3 1 ( ) 1 1 ( 3 1 ph arcph pL R pL R p Z R
O = + = 358 . 38 ) 3 1 ( ) 1 1 ( 3 1 pL X pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 395 . 0 06 . 0 * 3 1 3 1 p Z R s Z R
O = = 301 . 2 06 . 0 * 3 1 3 1 p Z X s Z X
Phase to Earth Faults:
Primary Values
O = + + = 200 . 47 ) 3 0 ( ) 1 0 ( 3 0 e arcph pL R pL R p Z R
O = + = 300 . 123 ) 3 0 ( ) 1 0 ( 3 0 pL X pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 832 . 2 06 . 0 * 3 0 3 0 p Z R s Z R
O = = 398 . 7 06 . 0 * 3 0 3 0 p Z X s Z X
Reverse Zone 4 Calculation:
Phase to Phase Faults:
Primary Values
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 28 of 29
O = + = 923 . 0 ) 2 . 0 * 1 1 ( 4 1 ph arcph pL R p Z R
O = = 370 . 5 ) 2 . 0 * 1 1 ( 4 1 pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 055 . 0 06 . 0 * 4 1 4 1 p Z R s Z R
O = = 322 . 0 06 . 0 * 4 1 4 1 p Z X s Z X
Phase to Earth Faults:
Primary Values
O = + = 808 . 23 ) 2 . 0 * 1 0 ( 4 0 e arcph pL R p Z R
O = = 262 . 17 ) 2 . 0 * 1 0 ( 4 0 pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 428 . 1 06 . 0 * 4 0 4 0 p Z R s Z R
O = = 036 . 1 06 . 0 * 4 0 4 0 p Z X s Z X
Settings:
Name of parameter Set Value Unit
Line Angle
ph-ph 80.2517
Degrees
ph-e 77.5598
Earth fault
Compensation Factors
Re/Rl
1.042489
Xe/Xl
0.738143
Zone 1
(Forward)
ph-ph
R 0.221
Ohms
X 1.289
ph-e
R 2.114
X 4.143
Zone 2
(Forward)
ph-ph
R 0.336
Ohms
X 1.956
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 29 of 29
ph-e
R 2.587
X 6.288
Zone 3
(Forward)
ph-ph
R 0.395
Ohms
X 2.301
ph-e
R 2.832
X 7.398
Zone 4
(Reverse)
ph-ph
R 0.055
Ohms
X 0.322
ph-e
R 1.428
X 1.036
Operation time
Zone 1 0
secs
Zone 2 0.4
Zone 3 0.8
Zone 4 1.2