You are on page 1of 29

SETTING CALCULATION

NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM


2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
CLIENT :
ABIR INFRASTRUCTURE PVT. LTD.
MALANA-II HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT
Drawn: DD.MM.YYYY SS
Checked: DD.MM.YYYY SS
Approved: DD.MM.YYYY SKV
Rev. Modification Date Check Date Appd
PROJECT NO: C. 290
PLANT: 2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT
= FU PLN
= LO
CUSTOMER No:
SETTINGCALCULATION NUMERICAL
PROTECTION SYSTEM
Internal Drawing Number:
2 783001
Page 1 of 29
Rev.
0
THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF VA TECH HYDRO AND MUST NEITHER BE COPEID NOR USED IN ANY OTHER WAY WIHTOUT THE WRITTEN
CONSENT OF VA TECH HYDRO NEITHER IT IS TO BE HANDED OVER, NOR IN OTHER WAY COMMUNICATED TO A THIRD PARTY. INFRINGMENT WILL
LEAD TO PROSECUTION
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 2 of 29
SETTING CALCULATION
FOR DIGITAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
Table of Contents
1. GENERAL ............................................................................................................................3
2. TECHNICAL DATA ..............................................................................................................4
3. GENERATOR, TRANSFORMER AND UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER PROTECTION...6
A) GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 87G.............................................................. 6
B) GENERATOR UNDEREXCITATION PROTECTION 40G....................................................... 7
C) GENERATOR NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION 46G ........................................ 8
D) GENERATOR OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION 59................................................................ 9
E) GENERATOR UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION 27G ......................................................... 10
F) GENERATOR OVER/UNDERFREQUENCY PROTECTION 81O/U........................................ 10
G) GENERATOR STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64G1 .............................................. 11
H) GENERATOR STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64G2 .............................................. 11
I) ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64R ..................................................................... 12
J) GENERATOR REVERSE POWER PROTECTION 32G........................................................ 13
K) VOLTAGE SUPERVISION FUNCTION 60G, 60M AND 60A ............................................... 13
L) GENERATOR UNDERIMPEDANCE PROTECTION 21G ..................................................... 14
M) DEAD MACHINE 27/51V .............................................................................................. 15
N) UNIT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 87GT ..................................................................... 16
O) RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64REF ......................................................... 17
P) RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64REF- DISCRETE RELAY ............................. 19
Q) OVERFLUXING PROTECTION 99G................................................................................ 21
R) UAT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 87UAT..................................................................... 21
S) UAT OVERCURRENT PROTECTION 50U/51U................................................................. 22
4. DISTANCE PROTECTION.................................................................................................23
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 3 of 29
1.GENERAL
This document provides information about the various protective schemes for the unit transformer
protection, generator protection and UAT. The document lists the particular protective functions as how
they overlap and complement each other for back-up and outlines the philosophy about the selection of
the protection setting values.
Please note that the generator and transformer characteristics and capability curves and data are
contained in separate documents.
Also the documentation with detailed descriptions of the various protection systems are provided in
separate relay documents.
Note:
The calculated relay settings are based on different data sheets available during the workout (e.g.
generator data sheet, CB data, and single line diagram) of the document. In case of any equipment
modification or change of various electrical characteristics this document has to be revised. Therefore
all the settings have to be checked and revised during the commissioning on site.
Generally the calculation of the settings is done according to our best knowledge and conscience. So
we cant accept any responsibility for errors included in the document. Further we are not liable for any
incident or damage resulting from the content of this setting calculation.
Some protection settings (e.g. frequency, voltage) have to be checked and approved also from the
power distribution owner.
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 4 of 29
2. TECHNICAL DATA
Generator:
GENERATOR OUTPUT= Sn 55560.00 kVA
RATED VOLTAGE= Un 11 kV
POWER FACTOR p.f. 0.9
RATED CURRENT In 2915.9 A
RATED FREQUENCY fn 50 Hz
SYNCRONOUS REACTANCE Xd 93.30%
TRANSIENT REACTANCE (STAURATED) Xd' 26%
NEGETIVE PHASE SEQUENCE WITHSTAND I
2
8%
UNBALANCED LOAD (I2/IN)xt 20 sec
FIELD CURRENT If 875 Adc
STATOR LEAKAGE REACTANCE xs 0.0952 PU
SYNCRONOUS REACTANCE QUARD AXIS Xq 0.602 PU
Step up transformer
RATED VOLTAGE Un 11/132 kV
RATED OUTPUTS Sn 63.9 MVA
SHORT CIRCUIT VOLTAGE Uk 12.5 %
VECTOR GROUP YNd11
Auxiliary Transformer :
RATED VOLTAGE Un 11000/415 V
RATED OUTPUTS Sn 500 KVA
VECTOR GROUP Dyn11
Excitation Transformer :
RATED VOLTAGE Un 11000/364 V
RATED OUTPUTS Sn 630 KVA
VECTOR GROUP Dy5
Line Parameters:
POSITIVE SEQUENCE RESISTANCE R1 0.14 OHMS/KM
POSITIVE SEQUENCE REACTANCE X1 0.387 OHMS/KM
ZERO SEQUENCE RESISTANCE R0 0.272 OHMS/KM
ZERO SEQUENCE RESISTANCE X0 1.233 OHMS/KM
LINE LENGTH L 70 KM
LENGTH OF NEXT SHORTEST LINE L1 30 KM
LENGTH OF NEXT LONGEST LINE L2 30 KM
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 5 of 29
Current Transformer
Primary Secondary
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER HV SIDE 400A 1A
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL 400A 1A
GENERATOR NEUTRAL 4000A 5A
GENERATOR TERMINAL 4000A 5A
AUX TRANSFORMER HV SIDE (OVERALL DIFF) 4000A 5A
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER HV SIDE (DIFF) 600A 1A
AUX TRANSFORMER HV SIDE (OVERCURRENT
PROT) 100A 1A
Voltage transformer
Primary Secondary
PROTECTION CORE 11000V 110V
AVR CORE 11000V 110V
NEUTRAL TRANSFORMER 11000V 110V
METERING CORE 11000V 110V
LINE PT 110000V 110V
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 6 of 29
3.GENERATOR, TRANSFORMER AND UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
A) GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 87G
This function protects the generator system from the neutral CTs to the generator terminal CTs. When
function operates, the unit will be shut down immediately.
The differential setting value is calculated as follows:
55560
2916.14
3 11 3
gp
Sn kVA
I A
Un kV
= = =

Generator primary current
Now with a CT ratio = 4000/5 A the generator secondary current is calculated
2916.14A
5 3.65
4000
gp
gs
I
I A A
CTratio A
= = = Generator secondary current
The differential current setting is chosen to be 20% of the relay current rating, i.e.
A A I s 1 5 20 . 0 87 = =
This is in turn the equivalent to the generator rated current.
87 1
% 100 100 27.4%
3.65
s
gs
I A
I
I A
A = = =
The bias slope is set to % 40 = bias
Setting
Name of
parameter
Range
Operate Value 1A
Bias 40%
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 7 of 29
B) GENERATOR UNDEREXCITATION PROTECTION 40G
The under excitation MHO protection is used to detect failures in the excitation system of synchronous
generators and to prevent damage to the equipment and power swings in the system.
The given direct reactances are
Synchronous reactance x
d
93.3%
Transient reactance (saturated) x
d
26%
A compensation factor F must be determined according to the equation below, in order to adjust the
reactances to the CT and VT ratios:
11000 4000 110 5
1.5
2916.14 5 11000 100
G r
G r
V CTratio I V A V A
F
I VTratio V A A V V

= = =

where
I
r
rated current of the relay
Vr rated voltage of the relay (100V internally)
So the adapted reactances are
1.5 0.933 1.399
' ' 1.5 0.255 0.382
d d
d d
x F x pU pU
x F x pU pU
= = =
= = =
The relay function setting is calculated as follows.
1.40
' 0.382 1.4
0.891
2 2 2 2
d
d d
Diameter x pU
x x pU pU
Center pU
= =
= + = + =
The relay will be set to the next possible set point:
Diameter: 1.4 pU
Center: 0.89 pU
The Time Delay Stage 1 is set to 5 sec.
The parameters Operate Value St. 2, Rotor Cur. Comp., Rotor Cur. Offset has no relevance.
Stage 2 is using the following logical function:
The Time Delay Stage 2 is set to 1 sec.
The Operate Value of the Function "27/50" is set to 50V.
&
Trip
Underexcitation Stage 1 Pickup
Undervoltage 27/40 Pickup
Time Delay Stage 2
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 8 of 29
C) GENERATOR NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION 46G
The calculation of the setting values is done according to e.g. following generator data:
Rated power S
G
=55560 KVA
Rated voltage V
G
= 11 kV
Negative phase sequence current withstand 8%
Therefore the generator primary current is
55560
2916.14
3 11 3
g
gp
gp
S kVA
I A
V kV
= = =

and by using a current transformer with a CT ratio of 12000A/1A the corresponding secondary
current is
2916.14A
5 3.64
4000
gp
gs
I
I A A
CTratio A
= = =
So the CT ratio compensation is
3.64
0.73
5
gs
N
I
A
CT ratio comp
I A
= = =
A further data for the generator (manufacturer data) is the inverse time characteristic i
2
t, which is
for example
i
2
t=20s
Note: This characteristic is only valid for high current values i, as shown below (calculation
tripping time).
So the time constant is selected to be
2
20
3125 52
0.08
s
s min = ~ =
The tripping time can be calculated exactly
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
2
2
2
2
2
ln
e
trip
i i
i
t
In case of a failure with n.p.s=45%, i
2
results to 5xi
2e
, and the tripping time is
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 9 of 29
25
ln 0.0408 127.5
24
trip
t s = = =
Compared with the manufacturer data
2 2
2
3.5 20
98.7
0.45
trip
s s
t s
i
= = =
The values for the "neg.ph.sequ.alarm" and "neg.ph.sequ.trip" are selected as a percentage of
the load limit. The load limit is reached after approximately 4 time constants when running
constant admissible unbalance current. Typical values are (depends on the customer wishes):
neg.ph.sequ.alarm=80%
neg.ph.sequ.trip=100%
D) GENERATOR OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION 59
The overvoltage function protects the generator and the transformer against electrical field stresses.
The function is provided with 2 stages whereby stage 1 has a lower voltage setting and a larger time
delay to cater for voltage regulator response time in case of full load rejections and stage 2 is provided
with a higher voltage setting above loss of load conditions and minimum time delay.
The calculation of the setting value for Stage 1 is as follows
The setting is chosen to be 110% of the generator rated voltage, therefore
V
V
V V
VTratio
V
V
gp
s 0 . 121 10 . 1
11000
110 11000
% 110 =

= =
and the time delay is set to t = 2.0 s
Stage 2 is selected to be 125% of the generator rated voltage, therefore
V
V
V V
VTratio
V
V
gp
s 5 . 137 25 . 1
11000
110 11000
% 125 =

= =
and the time delay is set to t = 0.0 s

Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value Stage 1 121.0 V
Operate Value Stage 2 137.5 V
Time Delay Stage 1 2 Sec
Time Delay Stage 2 0 Sec
Type 1 Over Voltage
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 10 of 29
E) GENERATOR UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION 27G
The function is enabled during the generator set being connected to the power system and is disabled
(blocked) by the 220kV CB open position. It is a 1-stage function.
The function settings are selected as follows.
V V V V ns 77 110 70 . 0 % 70 27 = = =
Time delay s t 5 . 2 27 = trip
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 77 [V]
Time Delay 2,5 [Sec]
Type 2 Under Voltage -
F) GENERATOR OVER/UNDERFREQUENCY PROTECTION 81O/U
The protective function has 4 Stages providing separate adjustable over- and under-frequency alarm
and trip facilities. In addition to the mechanical overspeed and excitation system underspeed detection
it provides backup protection for such conditions. All stages will initiate an alarm and trip the unit.
The function settings are selected as follows.
Stage 1 overfrequency Hz f 0 . 52 1 . 81 = time delay s t 5 . 0 1 . 81 = Trip
Stage 2 overfrequency Hz f 5 . 52 2 . 81 = time delay s t 0 . 0 2 . 81 = Trip
Stage 3 underfrequency Hz f 5 . 48 3 . 81 = time delay s t 0 . 20 3 . 81 = Trip
Stage 4 underfrequency Hz f 0 . 47 4 . 81 = time delay s t 0 . 0 4 . 81 = Trip
The frequency settings need to be reviewed by the grid regulator.
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Min. Volt. Setting 60 100 [V]
Max. Volt. Setting 100 140 [V]
Operate Value St. 1 52 [Hz]
Time Delay St. 1 0.5 [s]
Type St. 1 Overdetection
Operate Value St. 2 52.5 [Hz]
Time Delay St. 2 0.00 [s]
Type St. 2 Overdetection
Operate Value St. 3 48.5 [Hz]
Time Delay St. 3 20 [s]
Type St. 3 Underdetection
Operate Value St. 4 47 [Hz]
Time Delay St. 4 0.00 [s]
Type St. 4 Underdetection
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 11 of 29
G) GENERATOR STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64G1
The function should serve as an earth fault function for the complete 11kV-system and for the
generator up to 90% of its winding. With an earth fault in the 11kV-system (respectively on the
terminals of the generator) we receive the following voltage in the generator neutral:
V
V kV
kV
ratio transf
V
V
Gen
N
5 . 63
110 / 11
1
3
11 1
3
sec
= = =
For a protection range of 90% we are able to calculate the setting value:
V V V
range prot
V N
set
18 . 3 5 . 63
% 100
% 95 % 100
% 100
. % 100
sec =
(


=
(


=
Selected value (according to setting range of the protection relay): 3.2V.
Time delay 1.0s
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 3.2 V
Time Delay 1.0 Sec
Type Over detection -
H) GENERATOR STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64G2
For simplification an evenly distribution of the 3rd harmonic over neutral and terminals for the generator in
healthy condition is assumed (see figure below).
This distribution of the 3rd harmonic over neutral and terminal side is taken for the evaluation of earth
faults close to the generator neutral. The 3rd harmonic is measured in the generator neutral with a
single-phase voltage transformer and on the generator leads with a voltage transformer in open delta
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 12 of 29
connection. In case of an earth fault, the 3rd harmonic in the neutral is shorted whereby the value on
the generator terminals is increased by the same value (see figure below).
The following requirement is assumed: the relay with the measurement of the 3rd harmonic shall
protect the 15% of the stator coil close to the neutral point. The other 85% are protected by a normal
overvoltage relay with the measurement of the fundamental frequency. The correct settings will be
determined on site during earth fault tests. For this purpose different measurements of the 3rd
harmonic in the generator neutral and on the generator leads have to be done in dependence of
different generator loads for the healthy condition and for an earth fault.
The 3rd harmonics are processed via the following formula:
( ) values measured volt neutral gen Harm rd ratio volt al min ter gen Harm rd = . . . . 3 . . . . 3
There should be a difference between the measured values for the healthy condition and for the case
of an earth fault.
Setting:
Settings will be determined on site during earth fault tests.
I) ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64R
This protection function comprises an auxiliary supply, which is connected between the earth and one
side of the field circuit. A direct voltage appears at the output, which is indirectly proportional to the
rotor insulation value and corresponds to the resistance. If this measured resistance is smaller than the
setting value, the required trip sequences for a unit shutdown are carried out.
The setting of the rotor earth fault protection is selected to
Stage 1: O = k R 50 with a time delay s t
delay
10 =
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 13 of 29
Stage 1 will initiate an Alarm only.
Stage 2: O = 1500 R with a time delay s t
delay
1 =
Stage 2 will initiate a trip.
Setting:
Name of parameter Setting Unit
Operate Value, Stage1 50 [k]
Time Delay, Stage1 10 [s]
Operate Value, Stage2 1.5 [k]
Time Delay, Stage2 1 [s]
J) GENERATOR REVERSE POWER PROTECTION 32G
When operating on reverse power this protective function will perform a unit shut down. The setting is
selected due to our experience, i.e. -5.0% of the generator rating power.
The relay function setting is calculated as follows.
The relay primary power is
kW A kV I V P CTp p relp 77 . 5715 1 300 00 . 11 3 cos 3 = = =
The required -5.0% primary reverse power setting of the machine rating is
kW A kV I V P g p p 225 9 . 0 4 . 262 00 . 11 3 05 . 0 cos 3 % 0 . 5 32 = = =
The required relay setting is P
p32
/P
relp
= -225/5715.77 = -3.94%
The time delay is set to s t 0 . 5 32 =
Setting:
Name of
parameter
Setting Unit
Operate Value -3.94 [% P
N
]
Time Delay 5 [s]
Power Direction Direction 1 -
Phase Rotation Right -
K) VOLTAGE SUPERVISION FUNCTION 60G, 60M AND 60A
The setting for the negative phase sequence voltage for unbalanced secondary phase to phase
voltages is selected to
Operate Value U=50.0 V with a time delay t=5s
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 14 of 29
The second condition of the function is the setting for the negative phase sequence current. A high
negative phase sequence current indicates e.g. a failure in the network and the protection function is
blocked. Normally an unbalanced voltage causes only a small n.p.s. current. So the setting is chosen to
be
Operate Value I=0.2 A
The selection parameter declares the setting for the phase rotation.
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value I 0.2 A
Operate Value U 50 V
Time Delay 5 [s]
Phase Rotation 2 (Right) -
L) GENERATOR UNDERIMPEDANCE PROTECTION 21G
This protection function consists of two stages, whereby the first stage is a so called impedance
protection relay with a current interlock and the second stage is a backup protection, which is designed
as overcurrent protection relay.
Therefore the generator current is
A
V
S
I
gp
g
gp 4 . 262
3
=

= Generator primary current


The current and voltage transformer are designed according to the related voltage and rated current of
the generator. For this purpose the VT ratio is selected to be 11000V/110V and the CT ratio of the
current transformer at the neutral is selected to be 10000/1A
The HV and LV transformer currents are:
A
V
S
I
hvp
t
hvp 73 . 57
3
=

= HV transformer primary current


A
V
S
I
Lvp
t
Lvp 35 . 577
3
=

= LV transformer primary current


The primary short circuit impedance of the transformer is obtained by
O =

= = 835 . 0
100 11
50 . 7 11
100
2 2
MVA
V
k u
S
V
Z
k
t
TS
p
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 15 of 29
Therefore the secondary transformer impedance is calculated
O =


= = 495 . 0 825 . 0
11000 5
110 300
p s Z
VTratio
CTratio
Z
In order not to overreach on external system faults an impedance of approximately 50% to 70% of the
transformer is selected with a corresponding setting of
O = = = 247 . 0 73 . 1 5 . 0 % 50 21 s G Z Z With time delay s t G 2 . 0 21 =
The impedance current interlock setting, i.e. the overcurrent stage is a starting element for the under
impedance stage, is set to 120% of the generator rated current and calculated as follows
A
ratio CT
I Is LV 55 . 11
300
5
35 . 577 2 . 1
1
2 . 1 = = =
The time delay setting for stage 2 depends on the time grading of the remaining network.
Setting:
Name of
parameter
Range Unit
Operate Value 0.25 [Ohm]
Time Delay Imp. 0.2 [s]
Time Delay Curr. Depends on time grading of remaining n/w [s]
Current Interlock 11.55 A
M) DEAD MACHINE 27/51V
The overcurrent setting will be coordinated with all the other overcurrent functions (generator, transformer
...).
A I V 10 . 1 51 / 27 =
The typical operating range of a generator lies between 90% and 110% of the rated voltage. For generators
with an isolated starpoint or with an earthed starpoint via a resistor the generator voltage drops to values of
about 30% caused of a phase to phase fault. For this case the parameter "Voltage Limit" has to be chosen in
that way, that the generator voltage is below the setting of this parameter. The operating value of the
current setting will then be reduced to the "K-Factor". The setting is chosen to be 60% of the generator
nominal voltage; this is for the secondary side:
V V V 0 . 66 110
% 100
% 60
51 / 27 = =
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 16 of 29
The k-factor is chosen to be 20% (to make sure that the current exceeds the setting value).
2 . 0 = K
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 1.1 [A]
Voltage Limit 66 [V]
K-Factor 0.2 -
Time Delay 4 [s]
N) UNIT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 87GT
The unit differential protection is protecting the system from the transformer 220kV CTs up to the 11kV
generator neutral and Auxiliary Transformer busbar CTs. When operating the unit is tripped and will be
shut down immediately.
A
kV
kVA
V
S
I
hvp
t
hvp 74 . 57
3 110
11000
3
=

= HV transformer primary current


A A
A
A
CTratio
I
I
hvp
hvs 96 . 0 0 . 1
60
74 . 57
= = = HV transformer secondary current
With a differential current setting of 0.20xIn the setting as a percentage of the transformer rated
current can be calculated
% 8 . 20 100
96 . 0
20 . 0
% = =
A
= A
A
A
I
I
I
hvs
s
hvs
By choosing a differential current setting of 0.20A secondary the primary setting is calculated as
follows.
A A
A
A
I ratio CT I hvs hvp 75 15 . 0
0 . 1
500
= = = A
High set over current = 5.0 x I
N
=4.8
To cater for the different CT ratios on the transformer HV and LV side the CT ratio compensation factor
system2/system1 and systm3/system1 is calculated according to following formulas whereby system 1
refers to the 220kV HV winding, system 2 to the generator leg and system 3 to the aux transformer LV
winding.
5
5 . 0
11
110
1 / 60
1 / 300
2
1
. 1
2
1 2 =

=
kV
kV
A
A
system
system
ratio tr CTsystem
CTsystem
comp CTratio
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 17 of 29
05 . 0
11
110
1 / 60
1 / 300
3
1
. 1
3
1 3 =

=
kV
kV
A
A
system
system
ratio tr CTsystem
CTsystem
comp CTratio
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 20% -
High Set OC 4,8A -
CT Ratio Comp. 2-1 0.5 -
CT Ratio Comp. 3-1 0.05 -
2nd Harmonic 20 (to be verified during commissioning) %
5th Harmonic 15 (to be verified during commissioning) %
Bias 50 %
Vector Group 1-2 1 -
Vector Group 1-3 11 -
Zero Sequ. Syst.1 On -
Zero Sequ. Syst.2 Off -
Zero Sequ. Syst.3 Off -
O) RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64REF
The grid transformer restricted earth fault protection 64REF is protecting the system from the
transformer 220kV CTs up to the grid transformer neutral to cater for faults near the neutral point (grid
transformer). High impedance scheme and high speed tripping is provided. When operating the
function trips the generator unit.
CT data for the 220kV transformer feeder switchgear CTs.
CT ratio 600/1,0 A
CT secondary current In = 1,0 A
Estimated CT knee point voltage Vk > 300 V
Estimated CT secondary resistance Rct = 5 O
Estimated single lead resistance to relay Rl = 0.3 O
CT data for the 220kV transformer neutral CT
CT ratio 600/1,0 A
CT secondary current In = 1,0 A
Estimated CT knee point voltage Vk > 300 V
Estimated CT secondary resistance Rct = 5 O
Estimated single lead resistance to relay Rl = 0.3 O
The CT requirements for the High impedance transformer restricted earth fault protective function, is
according to the following formula.
Vk > 2IF ( Rct + 2 Rl + Rext )
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 18 of 29
Whereby IF is the maximum secondary three phase through fault current considering a short circuit
failure. The secondary fault current IF at the 220kV level is calculated as follows (British EATS 48-3
standard).

A
A kV
kVA
CTratio V
S
I
T
F 24 . 12
0 . 1 / 600 220 3
175000
16
3
16 ~

=

=

220kV lead CTs Vk = 300 V > 2 x 12.24A (5O + 2 x 0.3O ) = 137.16 V
220kV neutral CT Vk = 300 V > 2 x 12.24A (5O + 2 x 0.3O ) = 137.16 V
Therefore the selected restricted earth fault protection voltage setting is chosen to be greater than the
minimum stability voltage IFx( Rct + 2 Rl + Rext )=68.58V
Vs=69V and the resulting external stabilising resistor for a relay setting I
S
= 0.15A (33% rated
current) is
O =

= 455
15 . 0
15 . 0
1 . 0
69
S
S
S
ST
I
I
relayVA
V
R
The minimum CT kneepoint voltage should be greater than twice the relay voltage setting
220kV: Vk = 300V > 2 x V
S
= 138V
Check, whether a voltage limiting device is required:
( ) V V V V V
K f K p
3000 2 2 > =
V
K
=300V
( ) ( ) V R R R R I V
R ST l CT F f
5637 455 3 . 0 2 5 24 . 12 2 = + + = + + + =
Thus, V V
p
3579 =
Due to ensure a safety margin a voltage limiting resistor is connected into the circuit.
Continuous power rating of the setting resistor:
( ) ( ) W R I P
ST S con
2 . 10 455 15 . 0
2 2
= = =
with a short time rating:
( )
onds for W
R
I R V
R
V
P
ST
F ST K
ST
fs
short
sec 5 . 0 159
3 . 1
2
4
1
3
2
=
)
`


= =
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 19 of 29
Thermal rating of the non-linear resistor:
W V A V I P
K F
94 . 4677 300 24 . 12
15 . 3
4 4
= = =

A
R
V
I
ST
setting 15 . 0
455
69
= = =
Settings:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 42.5 % -
Drop Off Delay 0.5 s
P) RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 64REF- DISCRETE RELAY
The grid transformer restricted earth fault protection 64REF is protecting the system from the
transformer 220kV CTs up to the grid transformer neutral to cater for faults near the neutral point (grid
transformer). High impedance scheme and high speed tripping is provided. When operating the
function trips the generator unit.
CT data for the 220kV transformer feeder switchgear CTs.
CT ratio 600/1,0 A
CT secondary current In = 1,0 A
Estimated CT knee point voltage Vk > 300 V
Estimated CT secondary resistance Rct = 5 O
Estimated single lead resistance to relay Rl = 0.3 O
CT data for the 220kV transformer neutral CT
CT ratio 600/1,0 A
CT secondary current In = 1,0 A
Estimated CT knee point voltage Vk > 300 V
Estimated CT secondary resistance Rct = 5 O
Estimated single lead resistance to relay Rl = 0.3 O
The CT requirements for the High impedance transformer restricted earth fault protective function, is
according to the following formula.
Vk > 2IF ( Rct + 2 Rl + Rext )
Whereby IF is the maximum secondary three phase through fault current considering a short circuit
failure. The secondary fault current IF at the 220kV level is calculated as follows (British EATS 48-3
standard).

A
A kV
kVA
CTratio V
S
I
T
F 24 . 12
0 . 1 / 600 220 3
175000
16
3
16 ~

=

=
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 20 of 29

220kV lead CTs Vk = 300 V > 2 x 12.24A (5O + 2 x 0.3O ) = 137.16 V
220kV neutral CT Vk = 300 V > 2 x 12.24A (5O + 2 x 0.3O ) = 137.16 V
Therefore the selected restricted earth fault protection voltage setting is chosen to be greater than the
minimum stability voltage IFx( Rct + 2 Rl + Rext )=68.58V
Vs=69V and the resulting external stabilising resistor for a relay setting I
S
= 0.15A (33% rated
current) is
O =

= 22 . 162
15 . 0
15 . 0
1 . 0
69
S
S
S
ST
I
I
relayVA
V
R
The minimum CT kneepoint voltage should be greater than twice the relay voltage setting
220kV: Vk = 300V > 2 x V
S
= 138V
Check, whether a voltage limiting device is required:
( ) V V V V V
K f K p
3000 2 2 > =
V
K
=300V
( ) ( ) 28 . 2055 22 . 162 3 . 0 2 5 24 . 12 2 = + + = + + + =
R ST l CT F f
R R R R I V
Thus, V V
p
48 . 2052 =
Due to ensure a safety margin a voltage limiting resistor is connected into the circuit.
Continuous power rating of the setting resistor:
( ) ( ) W R I P
ST S con
65 . 3 22 . 162 15 . 0
2 2
= = =
with a short time rating:
( )
onds for W
R
I R V
R
V
P
ST
F ST K
ST
fs
short
sec 5 . 0 82 . 2412
3 . 1
2
4
1
3
2
=
)
`


= =
Thermal rating of the non-linear resistor:
W V A V I P
K F
94 . 4677 300 24 . 12
15 . 3
4 4
= = =

SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 21 of 29
A
R
V
I
ST
setting 42 . 0
22 . 162
69
= = =
Settings:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 42.5 % -
Drop Off Delay 0.5 s
Q) OVERFLUXING PROTECTION 99G
The degree of saturation (overfluxing) is calculated according to following formula.
f V
f V
S
N
N

=
Whereby V and V
N
are the actual voltage and rated voltage and f and f
N
the actual frequency and
rated frequency respectively.
The operating value of stage 1 is set to the maximum continuous overfluxing withstand of the
generator, which must be specified by the manufacturer of the generator, i.e. to 105% voltage at rated
frequency and the other stage is set to increasing higher levels.
Stage 1 alarm S
1A
=1.05 time delay t=10.0s
Stage 2 trip S
2T
=1.10 time delay t=1.0s
Setting:
Name of parameter Setting Unit
Operate Value St. 1 1.05 [p.U.]
Time Delay St. 1 10.00 [s]
Operate Value St. 2 1.10 [p.U.]
Time Delay St. 2 1.00 [s]
Nominal Frequency 50.0 [Hz]
Nominal Voltage 110 [V]
R) UAT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 87UAT
This function protects the UAT system from the HV side CTs to the LV side CTs and operates for phase
to phase and three phase faults.
The differential setting value is calculated as follows:
A
kV
kVA
V
S
I
np
AT
AT-HVp 24 . 26
3 11
500
3
=

= UAT (HV) primary current


Now with a CT ratio = 30/5 A the generator secondary current is calculated
A A
A
A
CTratio
I
I
AT-HVp
AT-HVs 37 . 4 5
30
24 . 26
= = = UAT (HV) secondary current
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 22 of 29
A
V
kVA
V
S
I
np
AT
AT-LVp 60 . 695
3 415
500
3
=

= UAT (LV) primary current


and with a CT ratio of 800/5A the corresponding secondary current is
A A
A
A
CTratio
I
I
AT-LVp
AT-LVs 87 . 0 1
800
60 . 695
= = = UAT (LV) secondary current
The differential current setting is chosen to be 20% of the relay current rating, i.e.
A A I s 00 . 1 5 20 . 0 87 = =
This is in turn the equivalent to the generator rated current.
% 16 . 38 100
62 . 2
0 . 1
100 % = = = A
A
A
I
I
I
AT-HVs
s
High set overcurrent = 5.0 x I
N
=13.1
The bias slope is set to % 40 = bias
00 . 1
415 . 0
11
1 / 30
800
2
1
. 1
2
=

=
kV
kV
A
system
system
ratio tr CTsystem
CTsystem
comp CTratio
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operate Value 38.16% -
High Set OC 13.1 -
CT Ratio Comp. 2-1 1.00 -
2nd Harmonic 20 (to be verified during commissioning) %
5th Harmonic 15 (to be verified during commissioning) %
Bias 40 %
Vector Group 1-2 11 -
Zero Sequ. Syst.1 Off -
Zero Sequ. Syst.2 Off -
S) UAT OVERCURRENT PROTECTION 50U/51U
This function protects the auxiliary transformer against substantial overloading and heavy internal and
external HV side short circuits and will trip the generator unit when operating. For the overcurrent
protection stage 1 an inverse time characteristic is chosen to cater for field forcing conditions and the
current setting is selected to be 1.0x the transformer rated current. The overcurrent protection stage 2
setting is chosen to be about 5 x In with a small time delay
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 23 of 29
The protective function settings are obtained
A
kV
kVA
V
S
I
np
AT
ATp 24 . 26
3 11
500
3
=

= auxiliary transformer primary current


and with a CT ratio of 50/5A the corresponding secondary current is
A A
A
A
CTratio
I
I
ATp
ATs 62 . 2 5
50
24 . 26
= = = auxiliary transformer secondary current
Hence the current setting for Stage 1 is selected to be 120% of the rated current
A A I I ATs 15 . 3 2 . 1 62 . 2 2 . 1 51 = = =
With a Time Multiplier setting 5 . 0 = TMS normally inverse time characteristic
The Stage 2 current setting is selected to be approximately 5 x In and is obtained
A A I I 75 . 15 0 . 5 15 . 3 0 . 5 51 50 = = =
The time delay of Stage 2 is chosen to be s t 1 . 0 50 =
Setting:
Name of parameter Range Unit
Operating Val. St.1 3.15 A
TMS St.1 0.5 -
Curve normal inverse -
Operating Val. St.2 15.75 A
Time delay St.2 0.1 Sec
4. Distance Protection
Line Parameters:
POSITIVE SEQUENCE RESISTANCE R1 0.0659 OHMS/KM
POSITIVE SEQUENCE REACTANCE X1 0.3836 OHMS/KM
ZERO SEQUENCE RESISTANCE R0 0.272 OHMS/KM
ZERO SEQUENCE RESISTANCE X0 1.233 OHMS/KM
LINE LENGTH L1 70 KM
LENGTH OF NEXT SHORTEST LINE L2 30 KM
LENGTH OF NEXT LONGEST LINE L3 30 KM
ARC RESISTANCE PH-PH Arc ph-ph 0 OHMS
ARC RESISTANCE PH-EARTH Arc ph-e 20 OHMS
Primary Values per Km:
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 24 of 29
R1=0.0659O
X1=0.3836O
R0=0.272O
X0=1.233O
O = + = 3892 . 0 1 1 1
2 2
X R Z
= =

2517 . 80
1
1
1 ), (
1
R
X
Tan Ph Ph LineAngle
O = + = 2626 . 1 0 0 0
2 2
X R Z
= =

5598 . 77
0
0
0 ), (
1
R
X
Tan E Ph LineAngle
Values Protected Line:
Primary Value:
R1pL1=0.0659*70=4.6130O
X1pL1=0.3836*70=26.8508O
R0pL1=0.2720*70=19.0400O
X0pL1=1.2330*70=86.3100O
Secondary Value:
06 . 0 =
PTratio
CTratio
R1sL1=4.6130*0.06=0.2767O
X1sL1=26.8508*0.06=1.6110O
R0sL1=19.0400*0.06=1.1424O
X0sL1=86.3100*0.06=5.1786O
Earth Impedance (residual) Compensation:
Resistance Ratio:
Reactance Ratio:
Earth Compensation Factor, Ko:
04248 . 1 1
3
1
1
0
= |
.
|

\
|
=
R
R
R
R
L
G
7381 . 0 1
3
1
1
0
= |
.
|

\
|
=
X
X
X
X
L
G
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
3
1
1
0
0
Z
Z
K
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 25 of 29
i K 0508 . 0 7469 . 0
0
=
7486 . 0 0508 . 0 7469 . 0 ) (
2 2
0
= + = K ABS
89 . 3
7469 . 0
0508 . 0
tan ) (
1
0
= =

K ARG
Next Shortest Line:
Primary Value:
R1pL2=0.0659*30= 1.9770O
X1pL2=0.3836*30= 11.5075O
R0pL2=0.2720*30= 8.1600O
X0pL2=1.2330*30= 36.99O
Secondary Values:
R1sL2=1.9770*0.06=0.1186O
X1sL2=11.5075*0.06=0.6904O
R0sL2=8.1600*0.06=0.4896O
X0sL2=36.9900*0.06=2.2194O
Next Longest Line:
Primary Value:
R1pL3=0.0659*30= 1.9770O
X1pL3=0.3836*30= 11.5075O
R0pL3=0.2720*30= 8.1600O
X0pL3=1.2330*30= 36.99O
Secondary Values:
R1sL3=1.9770*0.06=0.1186O
X1sL3=11.5075*0.06=0.6904O
R0sL3=8.1600*0.06=0.4896O
X0sL3=36.9900*0.06=2.2194O
KPCL Setting Philosophy:
Zone1 : 80% of Protected Line
Zone2 : 100% of protected line + 50% of next shortest line
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 26 of 29
Zone3 : 100% + 100% of next longest line
Zone4 : Normally 15% to 20% of Zone 1
Zone 1 Calculation:
Phase to Phase Faults:
Primary Values
O = + = 69 . 3 ) 8 . 0 * 1 1 ( 1 1 ph arcph pL R p Z R
O = = 481 . 21 ) 8 . 0 * 1 1 ( 1 1 pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 221 . 0 06 . 0 * 1 1 1 1 p Z R s Z R
O = = 289 . 1 06 . 0 * 1 1 1 1 p Z X s Z X
Phase to Earth Faults:
Primary Values
O = + = 232 . 35 ) 8 . 0 * 1 0 ( 1 0 e arcph pL R p Z R
O = = 048 . 69 ) 8 . 0 * 1 0 ( 1 0 pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 114 . 2 06 . 0 * 1 0 1 0 p Z R s Z R
O = = 143 . 4 06 . 0 * 1 0 1 0 p Z X s Z X
Zone 2 Calculation:
Phase to Phase Faults:
Primary Values
O = + + = 602 . 5 ) 5 . 0 * 2 1 ( ) 1 1 ( 2 1 ph arcph pL R pL R p Z R
O = + = 605 . 32 ) 5 . 0 * 2 1 ( ) 1 1 ( 2 1 pL X pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 336 . 0 06 . 0 * 2 1 2 1 p Z R s Z R
O = = 956 . 1 06 . 0 * 2 1 2 1 p Z X s Z X
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 27 of 29
Phase to Earth Faults:
Primary Values
O = + + = 120 . 43 ) 5 . 0 * 2 0 ( ) 1 0 ( 2 0 e arcph pL R pL R p Z R
O = + = 805 . 104 ) 5 . 0 * 2 0 ( ) 1 0 ( 2 0 pL X pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 587 . 2 06 . 0 * 2 0 2 0 p Z R s Z R
O = = 288 . 6 06 . 0 * 2 0 2 0 p Z X s Z X
Zone 3 Calculation:
Phase to Phase Faults:
Primary Values
O = + + = 590 . 6 ) 3 1 ( ) 1 1 ( 3 1 ph arcph pL R pL R p Z R
O = + = 358 . 38 ) 3 1 ( ) 1 1 ( 3 1 pL X pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 395 . 0 06 . 0 * 3 1 3 1 p Z R s Z R
O = = 301 . 2 06 . 0 * 3 1 3 1 p Z X s Z X
Phase to Earth Faults:
Primary Values
O = + + = 200 . 47 ) 3 0 ( ) 1 0 ( 3 0 e arcph pL R pL R p Z R
O = + = 300 . 123 ) 3 0 ( ) 1 0 ( 3 0 pL X pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 832 . 2 06 . 0 * 3 0 3 0 p Z R s Z R
O = = 398 . 7 06 . 0 * 3 0 3 0 p Z X s Z X
Reverse Zone 4 Calculation:
Phase to Phase Faults:
Primary Values
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 28 of 29
O = + = 923 . 0 ) 2 . 0 * 1 1 ( 4 1 ph arcph pL R p Z R
O = = 370 . 5 ) 2 . 0 * 1 1 ( 4 1 pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 055 . 0 06 . 0 * 4 1 4 1 p Z R s Z R
O = = 322 . 0 06 . 0 * 4 1 4 1 p Z X s Z X
Phase to Earth Faults:
Primary Values
O = + = 808 . 23 ) 2 . 0 * 1 0 ( 4 0 e arcph pL R p Z R
O = = 262 . 17 ) 2 . 0 * 1 0 ( 4 0 pL X p Z X
Secondary Values
O = = 428 . 1 06 . 0 * 4 0 4 0 p Z R s Z R
O = = 036 . 1 06 . 0 * 4 0 4 0 p Z X s Z X
Settings:
Name of parameter Set Value Unit
Line Angle
ph-ph 80.2517
Degrees
ph-e 77.5598
Earth fault
Compensation Factors
Re/Rl
1.042489
Xe/Xl
0.738143
Zone 1
(Forward)
ph-ph
R 0.221
Ohms
X 1.289
ph-e
R 2.114
X 4.143
Zone 2
(Forward)
ph-ph
R 0.336
Ohms
X 1.956
SETTING CALCULATION
NUMERICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
2 X 50 MW MALANA-II HYDRO
ELECTRIC PROJECT
MALANA-II HEP Page 29 of 29
ph-e
R 2.587
X 6.288
Zone 3
(Forward)
ph-ph
R 0.395
Ohms
X 2.301
ph-e
R 2.832
X 7.398
Zone 4
(Reverse)
ph-ph
R 0.055
Ohms
X 0.322
ph-e
R 1.428
X 1.036
Operation time
Zone 1 0
secs
Zone 2 0.4
Zone 3 0.8
Zone 4 1.2

You might also like