UNIVERSITY OF THE GUJRAT IN THE ENERGY CRISIS PAKISTAN

REPORT ON
S U B J E C T: TO:SUBMITTED
RESEARCH METHODS IN SIR AHMED B U BILAL SINESS

SUBMITTED BY:SUBMITTED D AT E :
HASEEB 6 , WAHEED F E B 2 0(12014954-111) 13 M.HAFIZ ARFAN (12014954-091) HASSAN ASGHAR (12014954-105) KIRAN MANZAR (12014954-065) RABIA SHUJHA (12014954-108) ANDELA ZULFIQAR (12014954-113)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am heartily thankful to my Lecturer, Mr. BILAL AHMED, whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial level enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. Lastly, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of the project.

CONTENT

ABSTRACT.. INTRODUCTION QUESTIONS REGARDING ENERGY CRISIS...... OBJECTIVES REGARDING ENERGY CRISIS.... ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN. HYDEL ENERGY THERMAL ENERGY. ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES AND SOLUTIONS LITERATURE REVIEW. RESEARCH DESIGN.. CONCLUSION. RECOMMENDATION REFRENCES

ABSTRACT

Energy Crisis in Pakistan is one of the severe challenges the country is facing today. Electricity, gas, water, fuel is essential part of our daily life and its outage has severely affected the economy and overall living of ours. Thousands have lost their jobs, businesses; our daily life has become miserable. Pakistan is currently facing up to 18 hours of electricity outage a day, is expected to face more if not dealt with in time. The purpose of this study is to analyze the nature of this crisis and to propose some short-term as well as long-term solutions to this problem. This study is exploratory in nature. We have done our best to conclude and sketch up some recommendations in the light of identified hurdles in the way of implementing the appropriate solution to our problem. Our study finds some major wholes in our system if they are covered up we can not only overcome the deficiency of electricity in our systems but also we can be able to export it to our neighboring countries. The basic flaws that our study identified are related to circular debt, and the inadequate capacity of our electricity production and distribution systems. Also we emphasized on some prospective alternatives to our electricity production that are cheaper and they provide more cleanly electric energy as compared to fossil fuel run energy plants.

INTRODUCTION
Pakistan is in the grip of a serious energy crisis that is affecting all sectors of the economy and the various segments of the society. As the situation stands to-day, there are hardly any immediate solutions to resolve the issue. A change of attitude and a change of life style is needed at the national level which should be triggered by the ruling elite and followed by all segments of the society that have access to electricity. At best there could be some short, medium and long-term solutions to the crisis but they need immediate planning and execution with an enormous investment. None of the previous rulers of the country solved the issue due to which the energy crisis kept on increasing regularly. In this assignment we have presented some short-term, mediumterm and long-term solutions for energy crisis in Pakistan. Pakistans power crisis has become a catastrophe. Power cuts of up to 14 hours a day have become the norm in Pakistan. In Karachi, four patients admitted in the largest public hospital died when the hospitals backup generator failed after prolonged cuts. Riots have engulfed Punjab and other major cities across the country, as the government wrings its hands and tries to get the situation under control.

While the government of Pakistan (GOP) has now released some funds to appease pso, this is not a long-term solution. The federal minister for water and power Naveed Qamar responded to the most recent protests by saying that there were no quick fixes, and then turned around and announced that the situation would improve in 24-36 hours. Last week in Washington dc, the finance minister of Pakistan Hafez sheikh solemnly announced that the government understood the severity of the circular debt issue, and would resolve it in the weeks to come. But with a growing fiscal deficit, and a refusal of the Asian development bank to fund programs in Pakistan after the GOP decided to end their international monetary fund (IMF) loan program, how Pakistan plans to resolve the circular debt issue is anyones guess. One solution, according to prime minister Yousaf Raza Gilani, was that the united states should help Pakistan solve its energy crisis if it wanted better ties. The United States has previously said that it is investing in dams in Pakistan to help add to the power grid, and has helped in the reconstruction of existing dams in the country.

QUESTIONS REGARDING ENERGY CRISIS

What is the impact of energy crises on industrial sector? What is the impact of energy crises on GDP of our country?

OBJECTIVES REGARDING ENERGY CRISIS

Why Pakistan is facing such a huge energy crisis of its history? What are the reasons behind this crisis? Why Pakistan cannot able to utilize its natural resources? If Pakistan has abundance of coal then why Pakistan importing coal? Why half of the Pakistani population has no access to electricity?

Energy Crisis in Pakistan

An energy crisis is any great shortfall (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources. The crisis often has effects on the rest of the economy, with many recessions being caused by an energy crisis in some form. In particular, the production costs of electricity rise, which raises

manufacturing costs. For the consumer, the price of gasoline (petrol) and diesel for cars and other vehicles rises, leading to reduced consumer confidence and spending, higher transportation costs and general price rising. Energy resources have depleted! Whatever resources are available are simply too expensive to buy or already acquired by countries which had planned and acted long time ago. Delayed efforts in the exploration sector have not been able to find sufficient amounts of energy resources. Nations of the world which have their own reserves are not supplying energy resources anymore; only the old contracts made decades ago are active. Airplanes, trains, cars, motorbikes, buses and trucks, all modes of transportation are coming to a standstill. Many industries have closed due to insufficient power supply. Price of oil has gone above the ceiling. At domestic level, alternate methods like solar, biogas and other methods are being tried for mere survival. The above is a likely scenario of Pakistan and around the globe after 25 years. A pessimistic view, but realistic enough to think about and plan for the future. But are we doing anything about it? Lets have a look at the current energy situation of Pakistan and the world. Pakistans economy is performing at a very high note with GDP growing at an exceptional rate, touching 8.35% in 2004-05.In its history of 58 years, there has been only a few golden years where the economy grew above 7%. This year official expectations are that GDP growth rate will be around 6.5 7.0%. For the coming years, the government is targeting GDP growth rate above 6%. With economy growing at such a pace, the energy requirements are likely to increase with a similar rate. For 2004-05, Pakistans energy consumption touched 55.5 MTOE (Million Tons of Oil Equivalent). The energy consumption is expected to grow at double digit if the overall economy sustains the targeted GDP growth rate of 6% by the government. Pakistans energy requirements are expected to double in the next few years, and our energy requirements by 2015 is likely to cross 120MTOE. By 2030, the nations requirement will be 7 times the current requirement reaching 361MTOE. Pakistans energy requirements are fulfilled with more than 80% of energy resources through imports. On the other hand, international oil prices have not only broken all records but are touching new highs, with every news directly or indirectly affecting the black gold industry. Moreover, speculators all around the world expect oil prices to touch $100 per barrel in medium term. With concerns over Irans nuclear program, terrorist issues in Nigeria and high economic growth in China & India and their ever rising energy requirements, oil prices dont see any another way but to shoot upwards. What is the government doing to ensure a sustainable supply of energy resources for economic growth? What strategic steps are being taken to acquire energy resources in future? Is private sector willing to invest in Pakistans oil industry? What are the incentives being offered to the foreign players to continue working in the exploration sector? What hurdles are stopping other big players around the world to enter Pakistan? What is the role of gas distribution companies so far? Are the citizens of Pakistan being robbed by energy giants with ever rising utility bills? What should be the real price of petroleum, kerosene and other oil products in Pakistan? When will the nation have load shedding free electric supply? Have we been able to make long term contracts with the countries to provide uninterrupted supply of energy resources? Will the government be able to provide enough sources to the citizens for a sustainable economic growth? Have we lost the race for acquiring maximum energy resources for future survival? One of the major problems facing the new government, the energy crisis, is intense, costly and multi-dimensional. The infuriating electricity and gas disruptions and soaring fuel prices in turn

pushing the cost of living have made life difficult for people. The even before it took office the new government was greeted with two jumps in fuel prices, accounting for a 15% rise in two weeks. Meanwhile, crude oil prices have been registering all-time-highs, shooting 40% in the past year. The undeniable reality is that that this global spike will somehow have to be accommodated in energy prices in Pakistan.

HYDEL ENERGY
Water flowing in the rivers has kinetic energy. One the they are used to drive the turbine and produce electricity the power generated as hydel energy. Power produced by the turbine depends on quantity of water flowing/minute and the head of water available. Mostly river flows by melting glaciers on High Mountain. One the water starts flowing in the valley its changes its head very rapidly. This energy can be converted into electrical energy.

PAKISTAN MAJOR DAMS:

1: Warsak Dam 2: Mangla Dam 3: Tarbela Dam

1:Warsak Dam:
The gigantic multi-purpose Warsak Dam is situated 30 kms north-west of Peshawar in the heart of tribal territory. It has a total generating capacity of 240,000 kw and will eventually serve to irrigate 110,000 acres of land.

2: Mangla Dam:
World's third largest earth-filled dam is only 115 km south-east of Rawalpindi. One has to turn left from Dina Town and the dam on river Jhelum is about 14 km to the east. The dam is 3,353 meters long and 116 meters high above the river bed. It is designed to store 5.88 MAF water and also used for power generation. In the center of the dam there is a Gakkhar Fort from where one can have a panoramic view of the lake. For permit to visit the dam, please contact PRO, WAPDA, Mangla. A NOC from the Ministry of Interior is required for foreigners only.

3: Tarbela Dam: The world's largest earth-filled dam on one of the world's most important rivers - the Indus - is 103 km from Rawalpindi. The dam was completed in 1976 at a cost of Rs.18.5 billion. Over 15,000 Pakistani and 800 foreign workers and engineers worked during its construction. It is the biggest hydel power station in Pakistan having a capacity of generating 3,478 MW of electricity. Its reservoir is 97 km long with a depth of 137 meters while total area of the lake is 260 sq.km. Permits are required for visiting the Dam. Please contact Public Relations Officer (PRO), Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), Tarbela (Tel: 051-568941-2). A No-Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Ministry of Interior (Shaheed-e-Millat Sectt.), Islamabad is also required for foreign visitors.

HYDEL ENEGRY AND ITS CRISIS IN PAKISTAN

The energy crisis starts from 1990 and still Pakistan is in the crisis of these all as before. The latest and perhaps the most troublesome crisis faced by the Pakistani nation these days is the shortage in supply of electricity. The country is facing a huge electric power crisis these days. Though it has been more than a year since when the country is facing this crisis, but till now no proper solution has been made to this problem neither any proper planning has come into existence since the symptoms and begging of this short supply of electricity. While rolling blackouts or load shedding as it is locally known has always been a staple of daily life in Pakistan, the problem has become acute in the last couple of years. This crisis appears insurmountable in the near or even long-term future, unless proper understanding and correct implementation is undertaken on priority basis. At present total power production capacity in the country is about 19,500 MW, out of which Hydel Power is only 6,500 MW, balance of 13,000 MW is thermal either using Natural Gas or Furnace Oil. Small capacity of 450 MW is Nuclear and only 150 MW is through coal. It is very important to understand the consequence of the prevailing situation. Current price of furnace oil is about Rs.49, 000 per ton, which amounts up to Rs.49/- per kg. On an average one kg of furnace oil produces 3.8 kWh of electricity. Thus, the cost of furnace oil for generating one unit of electricity is about Rs.13. On top of this the fixed cost of a thermal plant works out to be about Rs.3 per unit. Therefore, one unit (kWh) of the electricity produced by all thermal plants using furnace oil is Rs.16 per unit. According to WAPDA/IPP agreement, the private power producers will charge WAPDA the actual fuel cost for which they have a direct contract with PSO. As we all know that WAPDA tariff charged from the consumers is about Rs.5 per unit (kWh).

Thermal energy
Thermal energy is the thermal type of energy. With all known history available, wood always used for heating and cooking. In 2nd world war fossils fuels entered in the form of coal to get energy. Until liquid fuels were discovered and because of their convinces of transportation they took over as major of energy source. Once the steam engines were invented then the coal or liquid fuels was burnt in the in boilers and heat producers steam which is used to drive an electrical generators, or any other mechanical devices.

Rudolph diesel invention of diesel engine revolution the energy concept and today we see sine the majority of machine moving on diesel engines. The choice of genets strictly depends on the requirement of client, before ordering a power plant following points to be considered Expected demand of the power Type of fuel required Space available for the power plant Availability of gun sets Availability of local service back up and stock of parts Price is paramount importance and hidden expenses should be locked carefully.

The major manufacturers and suppliers of genets based on internal combustion engines are given below Man Wasilla Caterpillar Jen basher Waukesha Mitsubishi Detroit diesel Rolls Royce Internal combustion engines can obtain 30_50% thermal efficiency. Its means that around 50%energy is wasted in the form of exhaust gases, cooling system and radiations. Therefore for larger plants heat recovery system are utilized.

CRISIS OF THERMAL ENERGY

The oil crisis facing the world is not about supply or about the increase in demand. It is about the speculators who are pumping huge amounts of money into forecasting a serious shortage ahead. Not now but in the future. And that the prices will escalate enough for them to make a killing. If one looks at the real picture, there is no shortage of oil, there has been no shutdown of any major producer, nor has there been a sudden jump in the import from any large consumer. The Chinese import for their industrialization is not more than 10 percent annually. This is certainly not enough for the huge jump in the world crude rates. This jump is matched by the phenomenal profits of the oil companies and of course the oil producing countries. The thirst for profits of the oil traders has benefited the oil producers - Iran being a major beneficiary. The US government must be wondering at the irony of this windfall benefiting a prime enemy of

American and Israeli interests at the cost of millions of innocent citizens of the US and Europe, engineered by the greasy gnomes of the oil trade. There is no threat of an oil embargo, nor of a war, it just pure speculation, funded by the huge mountains of American and European cash at the disposal of the so roses of the Oil trade. They stand to make a killing at the expense of hapless citizens of the world. As I had written in an earlier piece as far back as 2005, when an attack on Iran was imminent, that the rise in oil at 100 $ a barrel would impact on the food prices has proved prophetic with the current sky high prices of bread in Europe and America. In the meantime we poor Pakistanis are suffering with 50 percent living below the poverty line, and many more being pushed under thanks to the current oil crisis which has managed to create tsunami that is a threat worldwide. With no remedy in sight. Electricity riots are already a common sight but the frequency of breadlines breaking into riots is increasing daily, not just in Somalia but in parts of the third world where we thought wheat was never in critical shortage. The riots in Pakistan are for two reasons. Firstly, the price - a worldwide phenomenon, and second, a physical shortage due mainly to incompetence in the many layers of our government.

ALTERNATE ENERGY RESOURCES AND THEIR SOLUTION

1.

Nuclear energy:

KANUPP was established with the help of the Canadian Government in the 1960s and nearing end of its lifecycle. The Chashrna Nuclear Power Plant has been designed and built in collaboration with Peoples Republic of China, and is being operated and maintained by Pakistani scientists and engineers, delivering full power of 300 mw to the national grid. With the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant also operational since 1971, Pakistan is the only country in the Muslim World operating nuclear power plants. Nuclear power is safe, economical and environmentfriendly. 2.

Natural gas exploration:

Pakistan still has huge untapped gas reserves. If we allocate more resources to their exploration there is a possibility that in the near future part of the energy resource gap may be met from new reserves. The current gas prices and the limits they place on increasing the profitability of this sector would not attract any reasonable amount of investment, whether local or foreign, since the cost of exploration has gone up substantially and current well head prices do not justify further investment at the current rate of return. The other factor discouraging exploration of new gas reserves, which would continue to haunt us, is the law and order situation in most of the areas where gas finds can be a possibility. 3.

Natural gas import:

The IPI (Iran-Pakistan-India) gas pipeline project is also a long story (global political situation is not being discussed for obvious reasons) but the current plan to lay the 54 inch pipeline through the coastal area has a major flaw. Even if Pakistan starts building the

pipeline on priority basis, it may take 5 years to complete the project (i.e. by 2013), and it may plug the energy gap only thereafter. 4.

Solar energy:

At present, except for low-ampere domestic use, solar energy is a distant possibility, although in a country like Pakistan where clouds are a rarity for most part of the year it could be a workable option. There is a simple way of harnessing this energy for the industry, which is dependent on steam generation through oil or gas-fired boilers. Water can be pre-heated by converging sun rays on tanks made of metals/alloys that can easily absorb the heat. This pre-heating can reduce the cost of producing steam and reduce the energy resource gap to an extent, though negligible. 5.

Coal:

Pakistan has enormous coal reserves (probably the third largest in the world) that remain untapped and even the industries that have converted from gas to coal as their energy source have to import coal mostly from Indonesia, which is again a drain on Pakistans scarce foreign exchange reserves. 6.

Wind energy:

The government is following a policy to encourage investment in wind energy. Two corridors have been identified in Sindh, and land has been allocated to various wind energy projects. The issues confronting the wind power sector are as under: (a) Scarcity of equipment: wind power equipment is in short supply, the world over. Propelled by GDP growth needs, demand for energy has been growing globally, and as cost of energy derived from fossil fuels has increased two-fold during the last three years, the demand of wind power equipment has also grown manifold. (b) Due to growth in demand and increase in the cost of metals, especially steel and its products, the price of equipment required for wind power has also increased manifold. (c) Although the cost of equipment and know how is high, the advantages of wind power are quantifiable, and after a number of years, electricity generated by this technology would become the cheapest compared to alternate sources of energy at that point of time. To install this initially expensive but eventually very economical technology, in the first instance Pakistan may start importing and installing the equipment to generate electricity but in the long run it must encourage domestic production of the equipment. If Pakistan can replicate the sophisticated machinery and equipment for uranium enrichment and also can produce or cause to be produced very high RPM centrifuges, machinery, electric circuits, vacuum valves and allied equipment then, probably, then it also has the capacity to produce equipment for wind power. In this regard, Pakistan can also enter into technology transfer agreements with foreign manufacturers. The considerations that place wind energy on top of the list is mainly due to the fact that generating energy using this technology requires no fuel, and the energy production process does not pollute the environment.

LITERATURE REVIEW:We start the literature review with international reviews of some articles related to energy economic scenario: Comstock, Owen and Baedeker, Erin (2010). Standards, subsidies, and carbon taxes are among the measures often considered to reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the buildings sector. Using a modeling system developed by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, residential and commercial sector standards and subsidies were each modeled with and without a carbon tax to determine if a multi-policy approach would be redundant. Giraudet, Louis-Gatan, et al. (2010). The authors in their paper assess the impact of French policies for residential space-heating energy consumption, both enacted (tax credits for the purchase of energy efficient durables, soft loans for retrofitting actions, stringent building codes) and anticipated (carbon tax, retrofitting obligation). It uses a hybrid energy-economy model incorporating specific features of energy conservation, notably the rebound effect and some "barriers" to energy efficiency such as split incentives and imperfect information. Hoicka, Christina E. and Parker, Paul (2011). Since 1999, the Residential Energy Efficiency Project, through Green Communities Canada, has been a delivery agent for Energize for Houses and Eco ENERGY programs in the Waterloo Region. This research analyzed 10,208 initial and 2,383 final evaluations made by the Residential Energy Efficiency Project between May 1999 and February 2009 to understand what energy efficiency improvements homeowners have made over time. Kou, Bingen (2009). China is in the process of industrialization and electricity is indispensable for rapid growth. At the same time, the coal-based energy structure in China will not change perennially, which means, the development of power industry will be subject to the constraints of resources and environment for a long period of time. Therefore, according to the development of electric power industry, energy saving and emission reduction will be an eternal theme. Li, Lan (2010). In Lis paper, the relation between the energy consumption and the export of Shandong is analyzed by co-integration and Granger causality test. The research result as follows: there is a positive relationship between the export and energy consumption. On the other hand, the growth of the export is cause of increase of the energy consumption. Therefore the increase of Shandongs export promotes energy consumption and also is restricted bits energy consumption.

Mundaca, Luis, et al. (2010). The growing complexities of energy systems, environmental problems, and technology markets are driving and testing most energy-economy models to their limits. To further advance bottom-up models from a multidisciplinary energy efficiency policy evaluation perspective, we review and critically analyze bottom-up energy-economy models and corresponding evaluation studies on energy efficiency policies to induce technological change. We use the household sector as a case study. Our analysis focuses on decision frameworks for technology choice, type of evaluation being carried out, treatment of market and behavioral failures, evaluated policy instruments, and key determinants used to mimic policy instruments. Sovacool1, Benjamin K. and Brown, Marilyn A. (2010). How well are industrialized nations doing in terms of their energy security? Without a standardized set of metrics, it is difficult to determine the extent to which countries are properly responding to the emerging energy security challenges related to climate change: growing dependency on fossil fuels, population growth, and economic development. In response, this article first surveys the academic literature on energy security and concludes that it is composed of availability, affordability, efficiency, and environmental stewardship. It then analyzes the relative energy security performance, based on These four dimensions, of the United States and 21 other member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) from 1970 to 2007. Four countries are examined in greater detail: one of the strongest (Denmark), one of the most improved in terms of energy security (Japan), one with weak and stagnant energy security (United States), and one with deteriorating energy security (Spain). Takahashi, Masahito and Asano, Hiroshi (2010). Building sector is the highest growing sector in energy demand in Japan at present. There is a strong need to reduce this sectorial energy demand to achieve the national carbon emission target. Wu, Fun fang and Guan, Lei (2009). The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China possesses abundant primary energy sources, and the quick developments of coal and electric power industry have established stable base for the high-speed growth of the economy of the autonomous region. Under the premise that the Inner Mongolia region pushed the electric power market oriented reform and established the electric power trading market, the basic principles to construct the electric power market in Inner Mongolia were discussed, and the market mode, market characters, market subject and trading mode in various phases of the grading reform were designed, and the trading type and the trading flow of the present reform phase were described in detail in the article. Yuan, Mei (2010). In an effort to compare the effectiveness of possible policy options to tackle a range of energy and environmental issues, we employ an integrated assessment model which couples a technology-rich bottom-up model of the U.S. electricity sector with a fully dynamic forward-looking general

equilibrium model of the U.S. economy. The model provides a unique and consistent modeling framework for energy and environmental policy analysis. Though energy efficiency standards are found to be the least cost-effective at reducing energy usage or mitigating carbon emissions, their appeal is likely to rest on assumptions about specific market failures or on political factors. Next we identify energy crisis opinions in Pakistan: When you have to shoot, shoot. Don't talk. The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly. Faithlessness and lack of competent leaders are the main problem. In my view the main problem of Pakistan is lack of complete resources, when we have lack of resources we try to get them illegally, then it creates corruption and you know corruption. Pakistan is facing multifarious problems in modern times such as leadership vacuum, absence of proper planning, weak institutions, low F.D.I., trust deficit (in all aspects), power crisis (load shedding), unemployment, torn national image, poverty(mother of all problems),food crisis, extremism, low literacy rate and the list goes on and on..... but the biggest of all problems is that no one is ready to take the responsibility, everyone is looking for scapegoat. Undoubtedly it is high time that each one of us should take his/her responsibility to save the country because there is no use of sweeping the dust under the carpet. Late Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto Shaheed said, "You can imprison a man, but not an idea. You can exile a man, but not an idea. You can kill a man, but not an idea (CSS Forum, 2009). Energy Crisis leaves Pakistan textiles in tatters: Power cuts sometimes lasting more than 12 hours a day have forced factory owners in the countrys cloth capital Faisalabad to switch off the lights and sell their looms for scrap, leaving tens of thousands of workers jobless. The country is the worlds fourth-largest producer of cloth and the industry accounts for 60 percent of export revenue according to official data. But the shortages are heaping pressure on Pakistans crippled and debt-ridden economy (Atif, 2011). Nuclear Power in Pakistan. Yes or No? Pakistan's Economy is in Intensive Care right now. We are producing goods at 20-30% capacity due to energy Short falls. Due to Electricity shortage, and Electric Generators, and stealing the electric companies keep raising prices Nuclear Plant can produce 10 times the electricity needs of our country Our Industry can run 100% capacity produce more revenue. We can run projects such as Subways, Trains on Electricity not to mention fences with electrical barbed wires. An investment of 10 billion into Solar Energy, program to put few solar panels in every home, instead of people buying electric generators could solve the energy crisis. People should sell their generators. But high capacity solar panels. You can run whole house on modern solar panel that cost 600$ for 5,000$ you can be energy get 75% of your house electricity. The load on Electric companies would be lifted if we spend 10 billion on programs to get 4 solar panels up in every home and the extra energy could

go 100% to our Industrial Sector. But Nuclear energy is short term answer to give us relief for 50 years (Pakistan Defense, 2011). Pakistan Power Generation Projects: China to invest in hydel, renewable energy power projects. Islamabad: China will invest in hydel and renewable energy power projects in the country as well as join hands with WAPDA for development of various large-scaled hydropower power projects. Chairman of the state owned China Three Gorges Project Corporation (CTGPC), Cao Guanging heading a ten-member Chinese delegation met with Federal Minister for Water and Power and Privatization, Syed Naveed Qamar here Tuesday. The delegation also showed interest to establish local manufacturing of wind power equipment in the country(Pakistan Times, 2011). This is welcome for the need is to take a cohesive stand on the challenges the country faces. In this respect, the energy crisis is one of the biggest challenges Pakistan faces today. It demands a broader national consensus. The issue should be on the list of priorities for the subjects to be discussed at any conference with national representation. In fact, the energy crisis is too big a problem to be addressed without concrete consensus and demands a national energy agenda. While the energy crisis continues to pound the socio-economic fabric of Pakistan, both at the micro and macro level, the initiatives taken so far by the concerned authorities have not shown the ability to arrest the problem. The crisis cannot be addressed unless one of the most devastating and chronic issues the short-sightedness of successive governments is not addressed. It is imperative that the authorities concerned realize the importance of sustainability of an energy agenda. A usual problem in Pakistans official circles is the absence of vision and a sense of responsibility. The energy history of the country reveals that, barring a couple of exceptions, no government has served this sector well. The short-sightedness of governments over the last three decades has had a detrimental impact on the energy sector. They have failed to look beyond their tenure in office. Moreover, a project-oriented approach rather than a goal-oriented one is visible. The focus has been on ad hoc and quick-fix solutions. There are no trends of long-term and sustainable planning. Value-engineered and cost-effective solutions are unheard of in the corridors of power. Energy projects in general require rigorous planning and huge investment. Unfortunately, reluctance to develop sustainable energy projects has been the main reason behind the current energy crisis. This attitude has to change if the gigantic energy challenge the country is facing is to be adequately addressed (Asif, 2011). Dilemma of Pakistan: It is said that Pakistan is presently facing the most critical problems of its time. These problems if not tackled properly could change the future of the country. At the onset these problems could be categorized into four major classes. First are the problems originating from the government itself, such as corruption, bad governance, law and order, power shortage, unemployment, price-hike, etc. The next category is that of problems

originating from the people, such as, religious extremism, sectarian violence, blasphemy issue, madrassa issues, terrorism, etc. Third are the economic issues, like trade deficit, excessive government expenditure, foreign and domestic loans, inflation, etc. The forth category of problems are those which are purely political in nature such as the issues emanating from lack of the absolute majority of the ruling party in the Parliament, exploitation of such issues by the party leaders, political immaturity, polarization in society, insurgency like situation in Baluchistan, war on terror, fighting extremism, etc. (Pak International Friendship Forum, 2011).

Research Design
Population and Sample:
As my research is totally based on historic data so for data collection the population is all those companies of Pakistan which are badly suffered due to energy crises A list of these companies is given below. BLESS ELECTRONIS COMPANY PAK FAN INDUSTRY SUPER AISIA COMPANY We collect data from these companies.

Tools of Data Collection:

The data collection tools were Filling up a questionnaire in which the details for electricity consumption and production were asked from the staff members of these companies. The analysis data was also collect from different newspapers, websites and other sources.

Data Collection, Data Processing and analysis:

The Primary and secondary data collected from different sources thus managed. Primary data was collected in the form of filled questionnaire and the secondary data was collected in the form of reports of different journalists and other government officials.

Conclusion & Recommendations

 The problem of energy shortage can be solved by imposing more duties on luxurious goods such as Air Conditioners. Invest in the Kala Baag Dam and Basha Dam Making. Installation of low cost new energy generation plants is very necessary. (Low cost plant includes solar energy and wind energy systems these systems are expensive at purchasing but after installation these are the free sources of energy). Line losses should be decreased to 3% currently it is 20% Line loses in shape of theft of electricity should also be decreased by making new and harder laws. A strong media campaign should also be introduced on TV. Channels to create awareness in the society to decrease energy consumption. Electricity saver appliances should be introduced in the country. Home users use less energy so that industrial can benefit from it.

REFERENCES:
1. IEA - World Energy Outlook Report 2011 2. http://www.census.gov/population/popclockworld.html 3. USEFP Report on Global Population growth (2009) 4. Pakistan Economic Survey 2011. 5. Provided by PEPCO & NTDC (Pakistan Economic Survey 2011). 6. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/ene_ele_pow_tra_and_dis_los_of_out-powertransmissiondistribution-losses-output 7. US Department of Energy ,Survey report (2000) 8. http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/2009-03-16-electricity-thefts_N.htm 9.Available: http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm 10. Vehbi C Gungor, Bin Lu and Gerhard P. Hancke, Opportunities and Challenges in Wireless 11.http://education.lokoi.com/energy-crisis-in-pakistan-word-document 12. http://www.bukisa.com/articles/32120_world-battle-for-energy-crisis

THE END