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The Wiki Loves Monuments contest closes on Monday 30th. Now is your last chance to enter. Wikipedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the Internet encyclopedia. For other uses, see Wikipedia ( disambiguation). For Wikipedia's non-encyclopedic visitor introduction, see Wikipedia:About. For the main page, see Main Page. Page semi-protected Wikipedia A white sphere made of large jigsaw pieces. Letters from several alphabets are s hown on the pieces Wikipedia wordmark The logo of Wikipedia, a globe featuring glyphs from several writing systems Screenshot [show] Web address Wikipedia.org Slogan The Free Encyclopedia that anyone can edit Commercial? No Type of site Internet encyclopedia Registration Optional, but is required for certain tasks such as editing prot ected pages, creating pages in English Wikipedia and uploading files Available language(s) 276 active editions (286 in total) Users Over 77,000 active editors[1] Content license CC Attribution / Share-Alike 3.0 Most text also dual-licensed under GFDL, media licensing varies. Owner Wikimedia Foundation Created by Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger[2] Launched January 15, 2001 (12 years ago) Alexa rank Steady 7 (September 2013)[3] Current status Active Wikipedia (Listeni/?w?k?'pi?di?/ or Listeni/?w?ki'pi?di?/ wik-i-pee-dee-?) is a collaboratively edited, multilingual, free Internet encyclopedia supported by th e non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Wikipedia's 30 million articles in 287 langua ges, including over 4.3 million in the English Wikipedia, are written collaborat ively by volunteers around the world. Almost all of its articles can be edited b y anyone having access to the site.[4] It is the largest and most popular genera l reference work on the Internet,[5][6][7][8][9] ranking seventh globally among all websites on Alexa, and having an estimated 365 million readers worldwide.[5] [10] Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001, by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger.[11] Sanger coined the name Wikipedia,[12] which is a portmanteau of wiki (a type of collaborative website, from the Hawaiian word wiki, meaning "quick")[13] and en cyclopedia. Wikipedia's departure from the expert-driven style of encyclopedia building and the presence of a large body of unacademic content have received extensive atten tion in print media. In 2006, Time magazine recognized Wikipedia's participation in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of peop le around the world, in addition to YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, and Facebook.[14] Wikipedia has also been praised as a news source due to articles related to brea king news often being rapidly updated.[15][16][17] The open nature of Wikipedia has led to concerns about the quality of writing,[1 8][19] the amount of vandalism,[20][21] and the accuracy of information. Some ar ticles contain unverified or inconsistent information,[22] though a 2005 investi gation in Nature showed that the science articles they compared came close to th e level of accuracy of Encyclopdia Britannica.[23] Contents [hide] 1 Nature

1.1 Editing 1.2 Organization of article pages 1.3 Vandalism 1.4 Rules and laws governing content and editor behavior 1.5 Privacy 1.6 Community 1.7 Language editions 2 History 3 Analysis of content 3.1 Accuracy of content 3.2 Quality of writing 3.3 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 3.4 Citing Wikipedia 3.5 Explicit content 4 Operation 4.1 Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters 4.2 Software and hardware 5 Access to content 5.1 Content licensing 5.2 Methods of access 6 Impact 6.1 Sister projects Wikimedia 6.2 Impact on publishing 6.3 Cultural significance 6.4 Scientific use 7 Related projects 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Further reading 10 External links Nature As the popular joke goes, 'The problem with Wikipedia is that it only works in p ractice. In theory, it can never work.' Miikka Ryks[24] Editing In a departure from the style of traditional encyclopedias, Wikipedia is open to outside editing. This means that, with the exception of particularly sensitive and/or vandalism-prone pages that are "protected" to some degree,[25] the reader of an article can edit the text without needing approval, doing so with a regis tered account or even anonymously. Different language editions modify this polic y to some extent; for example, only registered users may create a new article in the English edition.[26] No article is considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor is it vetted by any recognized authority. Instead, editor s are supposed to agree on the content and structure of articles by consensus.[2 7] By default, an edit to an article becomes available immediately, prior to any re view. As such, an article may contain inaccuracies, ideological biases, or even patent nonsense, until or unless another editor corrects the problem. Different language editions, each under separate administrative control, are free to modif y this policy. For example, the German Wikipedia maintains "stable versions" of articles,[28] which have passed certain reviews. Following the protracted trials and community discussion, the "pending changes" system was introduced to Englis h Wikipedia in December 2012.[29] Under this system, new users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles would be "subject to review from an e stablished Wikipedia editor before publication". Contributors, whether registered or not, can take advantage of features availabl e in the software that powers Wikipedia. The "History" page belonging to each ar ticle records every single past revision of the article, though a revision with

libelous content, criminal threats or copyright infringements may be removed ret roactively.[30] Editors can use this page to undo undesirable changes or restore lost content. The "Talk" page associated with each article helps coordinate wor k among multiple editors.[31] Importantly, editors may use the "Talk" page to re ach consensus,[32] sometimes through the use of polling. In addition, editors may view the most "recent changes" to the website, which ar e displayed in reverse chronology. Regular contributors often maintain a "watchl ist" of articles of interest to them, in order to easily track recent changes to those articles. In language editions with many articles, editors tend to prefer the "watchlist" because the number of edits has become too large to follow in " recent changes". New page patrol is a process by which newly created articles ar e checked for obvious problems.[33] A frequently vandalized article can be semiprotected, allowing only well established users to edit it.[34] A particularly c ontentious article may be locked so that only administrators are able to make ch anges.[35] Computer programs called bots have been used widely to perform simple and repeti tive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to s tart articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical da ta.[36][37][38] There are also some bots designed to warn users making "undesira ble" edits,[39] block on the creation of links to particular websites, and block on edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges. Bots on Wikipedia must be approved by administration prior to activation.[40] File:Wiki feel stupid v2.ogv 2009 usability study of Wikipedia[41] Web page showing side-by-side comparison of an article highlighting changed para graphs. Differences between edits are highlighted as shown. The editing interface of Wikipedia The editing interface of Wikipedia Organization of article pages Articles in Wikipedia are loosely organized according to their development statu s and subject matter.[42] A new article often starts as a "stub", a very short p age consisting of definitions and some links. On the other extreme, the most dev eloped articles may be nominated for "featured article" status. One "featured ar ticle" per day, as selected by editors, appears on the main page of Wikipedia.[4 3][44] Researcher Giacomo Poderi found that articles tend to reach featured stat us via the intensive work of a few editors.[45] A 2010 study found unevenness in quality among featured articles and concluded that the community process is ine ffective in assessing the quality of articles.[46] In 2007, in preparation for p roducing a print version, the English-language Wikipedia introduced an assessmen t scale against which the quality of articles is judged.[47] A group of Wikipedia editors may form a WikiProject to focus their work on a spe cific topic area, using its associated discussion page to coordinate changes acr oss multiple articles. Vandalism Main article: Vandalism on Wikipedia Any edit that changes content in a way that deliberately compromises the integri ty of Wikipedia is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of va ndalism include insertion of obscenities and crude humor. Vandalism can also inc lude advertising language, and other types of spam.[48] Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing information or entirely blanking a given page. Less commo n types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false inf ormation to an article, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce i rrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categori zation, manipulate the underlying code of an article, or utilize images disrupti vely.[49] Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from wiki articles; in practice, t he median time to detect and fix vandalism is a few minutes.[20][21] However, in one high-profile incident in 2005, false information was introduced into the bi

ography of American political figure John Seigenthaler and remained undetected f or four months.[50] John Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA To day and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt Univer sity, called Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed t he misinformation. Wales replied that he did not, although the perpetrator was e ventually traced.[51][52] This incident led to policy changes on the site, speci fically targeted at tightening up the verifiability of all biographical articles of living people.[53] Rules and laws governing content and editor behavior Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws (in particular, the copyright laws) of the United States and of the US state of Florida, where the majority of Wikip edia's servers are located. Beyond legal matters, the editorial principles of Wi kipedia are embodied in the "five pillars", and numerous policies and guidelines that are intended to shape the content appropriately. Even these rules are stor ed in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors as a community write and revise the websi te's policies and guidelines.[54] Editors can enforce rules by deleting or modif ying non-compliant material. Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wi kipedia were based on a translation of the rules on the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent. English Wikipedia Main article: English Wikipedia Main Page of the English Wikipedia on October 20, 2010 Main Page of the English Wikipedia The mobile version of the English Wikipedia Main Page in the Android web browser on a Samsung i5800 The mobile version of the English Wikipedia Main Page Content policies According to the rules on the English Wikipedia, each entry in Wikipedia, to be worthy of inclusion, must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dic tionary entry or dictionary-like.[55] A topic should also meet Wikipedia's stand ards of "notability",[56] which usually means that it must have received signifi cant coverage in reliable secondary sources such as mainstream media or major ac ademic journals that are independent of the subject of the topic. Further, Wikip edia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized .[57] It must not present new information or original research. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source. Among Wikiped ia editors, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the i dea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for check ing the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations.[58] T his can lead to the removal of information that is valid, thus hindering inclusi on of knowledge and growth of the encyclopedia.[59] Finally, Wikipedia must not take sides.[60] All opinions and viewpoints, if attributable to external sources , must enjoy an appropriate share of coverage within an article.[61] This is kno wn as neutral point of view (NPOV). Dispute resolution Wikipedia has many methods of settling disputes. A "BOLD, revert, discuss" cycle sometimes occurs, in which an editor changes something, another editor reverts the change, and then the two editors discuss the issue on a talk page. When edit when a change is repeatedly done by one editor and th ors disregard this process en undone by another an "edit war" may be asserted to have begun.[62] The proven ance of this phrase "edit war" is unknown.[63] In order to gain a broader community consensus, editors can raise issues at the Village Pump, or initiate a Request for Comment. An editor can report impolite, uncivil, or otherwise problematic communications with another editor via the "Wi kiquette Assistance" noticeboard. [needs update] Such postings themselves have n o binding or disciplinary power. Specialized forums exist for centralizing discu ssion on specific decisions, such as whether or not an article should be deleted . Mediation is sometimes used, although it has been deemed by some Wikipedians t o be unhelpful for resolving particularly contentious disputes.[64] Arbitration

The Arbitration Committee is the ultimate dispute resolution method. Although di sputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how artic les should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule o n which view should be adopted. Statistical analyses suggest that the committee ignores the content of disputes and focuses on the way disputes are conducted in stead,[65] functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between co nflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentiall y productive editors back in to participate. Therefore, the committee does not d ictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes w hen it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the ne w content is biased). Its remedies include cautions and probations (used in 63.2 % of cases) and banning editors from articles (43.3%), subject matters (23.4%) o r Wikipedia (15.7%). Complete bans from Wikipedia are largely limited to instanc es of impersonation and anti-social behavior. When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather anti-consensus or violating editing policies, warning s tend to be issued.[66] Privacy One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen t o remain private: to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "public figure" in the eyes of the law.[67] It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cy berspace and the right to be anonymous in real life ("meatspace"). A particular problem occurs in the case of an individual who is relatively unimportant and fo r whom there exists a Wikipedia page against her or his wishes. In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Ge rmany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic, aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was ov erturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or th at of his parents were being violated.[68] Community Main article: Community of Wikipedia Wikimania, an annual conference for users of Wikipedia and other projects operat ed by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikipedia's community has been described as cult-like,[69] although not always w ith entirely negative connotations,[70] and criticized for failing to accommodat e inexperienced users.[71] The project's preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of credentials, has been referred t o as "anti-elitism".[72] Power structure The Wikipedia community has established "a bureaucracy of sorts", including "a c lear power structure that gives volunteer administrators the authority to exerci se editorial control".[73][74][75] Editors in good standing in the community can run for one of many levels of volu nteer stewardship: this begins with "administrator",[76][77] a group of privileg ed users who have the ability to delete pages, lock articles from being changed in case of vandalism or editorial disputes, and block users from editing. Despit e the name, administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in de cision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that hav e project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to block users making disruptive edits (such as vandalism).[78][79] As the process of ve tting potential Wikipedia administrators has become more rigorous, fewer editors are promoted to admin status than in years past.[80] Contributors Demographics of Wikipedia editors Wikipedia does not require that its users provide identification.[81] However, a s Wikipedia grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked on the project, often with a reference to other Web 2.0 projects such as

Digg.[82] Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a fe w hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization". Wales performed a study finding that over 50% of all the edits were done by just 0.7% of the user s (at the time: 524 people). This method of evaluating contributions was later d isputed by Aaron Swartz, who noted that several articles he sampled had large po rtions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.[83] A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College fou nd that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia [...] are as reliabl e a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site".[84] In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in wiki software create a catalyst for collaborative dev elopment, and that such features as easy access to past versions of a page favor "creative construction" over "creative destruction".[85] In his 2008 book, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, Zittrain cites Wikipedia's success as a case study in how open collaboration has fostered innovation on the web.[86] A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others.[87][88] A 2009 study suggested there was "evidence of growing resi stance from the Wikipedia community to new content".[89] At OOPSLA 2009, Wikimedia chief technology officer and senior software architect Brion Vibber gave a presentation entitled "Community Performance Optimization: Making Your People Run as Smoothly as Your Site"[90] in which he discussed the c hallenges of handling the contributions from a large community and compared the process to that of software development. Interactions File:Editing Hoxne Hoard at the British Museum.ogv Wikipedians and British Museum curators collaborate on the article Hoxne Hoard i n June 2010. Members of the community interact with each other predominantly via "talk" pages , which are wiki-edited pages that are associated with articles, as well as via talk pages that are specific to particular contributors, and talk pages that hel p run the site. These pages help the contributors reach consensus about what the contents of the articles should be, how the site's rules may change, and to tak e actions with respect to any problems within the community.[91] The Wikipedia Signpost is the community newspaper on the English Wikipedia,[92] and was founded by Michael Snow, an administrator and the former chair of the Wi kimedia Foundation board of trustees.[93] It covers news and events from the sit e, as well as major events from other Wikimedia projects, such as Wikimedia Comm ons.[94] Positive reinforcement Wikipedians sometimes award one another barnstars for good work. These personali zed tokens of appreciation reveal a wide range of valued work extending far beyo nd simple editing to include social support, administrative actions, and types o f articulation work. The barnstar phenomenon has been analyzed by researchers se eking to determine what implications it might have for other communities engaged in large-scale collaborations.[95] New users Up to sixty percent of Wikipedia's registered users never make another edit afte r their first 24 hours. Possible explanations are that such users register for o nly a single purpose, or are scared away by their experiences.[96] Goldman write s that editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signi ng talk pages, implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing t he odds that Wikipedia insiders will target their contributions as a threat. Bec oming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expecte d to build a user page, learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to an arcane dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in -jokes and insider references". Non-logged-in users are in some sense second-cla ss citizens on Wikipedia,[97] as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work

product, on the basis of their ongoing participation",[98] but the contribution histories of IP addresses cannot necessarily with any certainty be credited to, or blamed upon, a particular user. A 2009 study by Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget[99] showed that in a random sample of articles most content in Wikipedia (measured by the a mount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created b y "outsiders" (users with low edit counts), while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders" (a select group of established users). Demographics Estimation of contributions shares from different regions in the world to differ ent Wikipedia editions. One study found that the contributor base to Wikipedia "was barely 13% women; th e average age of a contributor was in the mid-20s". Sue Gardner, executive direc tor of the Wikimedia Foundation, hopes to see female editing contributions incre ase to twenty-five percent by 2015.[100] Linda Basch, president of the National Council for Research on Women, noted the contrast in these Wikipedia editor stat istics with the percentage of women currently completing bachelor's degrees, mas ter's degrees and PhD programs in the United States (all at rates of fifty perce nt or greater).[101] In a research article published in PLoS ONE in 2012, Yasseri et al., based on th e circadian patterns of editorial activities of the community, have estimated th e share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regio ns of the world. For instance, it has been reported that edits from North Americ a are limited to almost 50% in the English Wikipedia and this value decreases to twenty-five percent in simple English Wikipedia. The article also covers some o ther editions in different languages.[102] The Wikimedia Foundation hopes to inc rease the number of editors in the Global South to thirty-seven percent by 2015. [103] Language editions See also: List of Wikipedias Percentage of all Wikipedia articles in English (red) and top ten largest langua ge editions (blue). As of July 2007 less than 23% of Wikipedia articles are in E nglish. There are currently 285 language editions (or language versions) of Wikipedia; o f these, eight have over one million articles each (English, Dutch, German, Fren ch, Swedish Wikipedia, Italian, Spanish, and Russian), five more have over 700,0 00 articles (Polish, Japanese, Portuguese, and Chinese Wikipedia), 33 more have over 100,000 articles, and 73 more have over 10,000 articles.[104][105] The larg est, the English Wikipedia, has over 4.3 million articles. As of June 2013, acco rding to Alexa, the English subdomain (en.wikipedia.org; English Wikipedia) rece ives approximately 56% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining spl it among the other languages (Spanish: 9%; Japanese: 8%; Russian: 6%; German: 5% ; French: 4%; Italian: 3%).[5] As of April 2013, the five largest language editi ons are (in order of article count) the English, German, Dutch, French, and Ital ian Wikipedias.[106] The coexistence of multilingual content on Wikipedia is mad e possible by Unicode, whose support was first introduced into Wikipedia in Janu ary 2002 by Brion Vibber after he had similarly implemented the alphabet of Espe ranto.[107][108] Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors of a s ame language edition may use different dialects or may come from different count ries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to som e conflicts over spelling differences (e.g. colour versus color)[109] or points of view.[110] Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutra l point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notab ly on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of f

air use.[111][112][113] Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a fre e encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the pla net in their own language".[114] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordi nated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaini ng all of its projects (Wikipedia and others).[115] For instance, Meta-Wiki prov ides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia,[116] and it mai ntains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have.[117] The list concerns ba sic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science , technology, and mathematics. As for the rest, it is not rare for articles stro ngly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another editio n. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might only be av ailable in English, even when they meet notability criteria of other language Wi kipedia projects. Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because fully automated translation of articles is disallowed.[118] Art icles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which lin k to the counterpart articles in other editions. History Main article: History of Wikipedia Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger Logo reading "Nupedia.com the free encyclopedia" in blue with large initial "N". Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project, Nupedia. Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-la nguage encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. Nupedia was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownershi p of Bomis, a web portal company. Its main figures were the Bomis CEO Jimmy Wale s and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia's founding at the urging of Ric hard Stallman.[119] Sanger and Wales founded Wikipedia.[120][121] While Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,[122 ][123] Sanger is usually credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach tha t goal.[124] On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.[125] Wikipedia was formally launched on January 15, 2001, as a single English-languag e edition at www.wikipedia.com,[126] and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mail ing list.[122] Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"[127] was codified i n its initial months. Otherwise, there were relatively few rules initially and W ikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.[122] Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web sea rch engine indexing. On August 8, 2001, Wikipedia had over 8,000 articles.[128] On September 25, 2001, Wikipedia had over 13,000 articles.[129] And by the end o f 2001 it had grown to approximately 20,000 articles and 18 language editions. B y late 2002, it had reached 26 language editions, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the final days of 2004.[130] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the forme r's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated i nto Wikipedia. English Wikipedia passed the mark of two million articles on Sept ember 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing eve n the 1407 Yongle Encyclopedia, which had held the record for 600 years.[131] Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in Wikipedia, users o f the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create the Enciclopedia Libre i n February 2002.[132] These moves encouraged Wales to announce that Wikipedia wo uld not display advertisements, and to change Wikipedia's domain from wikipedia. com to wikipedia.org.[133]

Though the English Wikipedia reached three million articles in August 2009, the growth of the edition, in terms of the numbers of articles and of contributors, appears to have peaked around early 2007.[134] Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.[135] A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to the p roject's increasing exclusivity and resistance to change.[136] Others suggest th at the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called "low -hanging fruit" topics that clearly merit an article have already been created a nd built up extensively.[137][138][139] In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid (Spai n) found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first thr ee months of 2009; in comparison, the project lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.[140][141] The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for t his trend.[142] Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and que stioning the methodology of the study.[143] Two years later, Wales acknowledged the presence of a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36, 000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011.[144] Nevertheless, in the same interview, he claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable". In Ju ly 2012, the Atlantic reported that the number of administrators is also in decl ine.[145] Wikipedia blackout protest against SOPA on January 18, 2012 In January 2007, Wikipedia entered for the first time the top-ten list of the mo st popular websites in the United States, according to comScore Networks. With 4 2.9 million unique visitors, Wikipedia was ranked number 9, surpassing the New Y ork Times (#10) and Apple (#11). This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when the rank was number 33, with Wikipedia receiving around 18.3 million unique visitors.[146] As of June 2013, Wikipedia is the seventh most popular we bsite worldwide according to Alexa Internet,[5] receiving more than 2.7 billion US pageviews every month,[147] out of a global monthly total of over 12 billion pageviews.[148] On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinat ed protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress the Stop Onlin e Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) by blacking out its pages for 24 hours.[149] More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page t hat temporarily replaced Wikipedia content.[150][151] Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition o f historical encyclopedias that accumulated improvements piecemeal through "stig mergic accumulation".[152][153] Graph of number of articles in the English Wikipedia showing steady growth Number of articles in the English Wikipedia (in blue) Growth of the number of articles in the English Wikipedia showing a max around 2 007 Growth of the number of articles in the English Wikipedia (in blue) Graph showing the number of days between every 10,000,000th edit (ca. 50 days) Number of days between every 10,000,000th edit Analysis of content See also: Academic studies about Wikipedia and Criticism of Wikipedia Although poorly written articles are flagged for improvement,[154] critics note that the style and quality of individual articles may vary greatly. Others argue that inherent biases (willful or not) arise in the presentation of facts, espec ially controversial topics and public or historical figures. Although Wikipedia' s stated mission is to provide information and not argue value judgements, artic les often contain overly specialized, trivial, or objectionable material.[155] In 2006, the Wikipedia Watch criticism website listed dozens of examples of plag iarism by Wikipedia editors on the English version.[156] Wales has said in this

respect: "We need to deal with such activities with absolute harshness, no mercy , because this kind of plagiarism is 100% at odds with all of our core principle s."[156] Accuracy of content Main article: Reliability of Wikipedia Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopdia Britannica are careful ly and deliberately written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy. Conversely, Wikipedia is often cited for factual inaccuracies and misrepresentations. However, a non-scientific report in the journal Nature in 20 05 suggested that for some scientific articles Wikipedia came close to the level of accuracy of Encyclopdia Britannica and had a similar rate of "serious errors. "[23] These claims have been disputed by, among others, Encyclopdia Britannica.[1 57][158] Although Nature gave a point by point rebuttal of Britannica's argument ,[159] the Nature report did agree that the structure of Wikipedia's articles wa s often poor. As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validit y" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appeari ng in it.[160] Concerns have been raised regarding the lack of accountability th at results from users' anonymity,[161] the insertion of false information,[162] vandalism, and similar problems. Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true, after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional source s of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles and relevant information is omitted from n ews reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Inter net sites, and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.[1 63] Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.[164] Some commentators suggest that Wik ipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not cle ar.[165] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopdia Britannic a have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia.[166] Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet troll s, spamming, and those with an agenda to push.[30][167] The addition of politica l spin to articles by organizations including members of the US House of Represe ntatives and special interest groups[22] has been noted,[168] and organizations such as Microsoft have offered financial incentives to work on certain articles. [169] For example, in August 2007, the website WikiScanner began to trace the so urces of changes made to Wikipedia by anonymous editors without Wikipedia accoun ts. The program revealed that many such edits were made by corporations or gover nment agencies changing the content of articles related to them, their personnel or their work.[170] These issues have been parodied, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report.[171] Quality of writing Because contributors usually rewrite small portions of an entry rather than maki ng full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled with in an entry. Roy Rosenzweig, a history professor, stated that American National Biography Online outperformed Wikipedia in terms of its "clear and engaging pros e", which, he said, was an important aspect of good historical writing.[172] Con trasting Wikipedia's treatment of Abraham Lincoln to that of Civil War historian James McPherson in American National Biography Online, he said that both were e ssentially accurate and covered the major episodes in Lincoln's life, but praise d "McPherson's richer contextualization [...] his artful use of quotations to ca pture Lincoln's voice [...] and [...] his ability to convey a profound message i n a handful of words." By contrast, he gives an example of Wikipedia's prose tha t he finds "both verbose and dull". Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling encou raged by the npov policy [which] means that it is hard to discern any overall inte rpretive stance in Wikipedia history". By example, he quoted the conclusion of W ikipedia's article on William Clarke Quantrill. While generally praising the art

icle, he pointed out its "waffling" conclusion: "Some historians [...] remember him as an opportunistic, bloodthirsty outlaw, while others continue to view him as a daring soldier and local folk hero."[172] Other critics have made similar charges that, even if Wikipedia articles are fac tually accurate, they are often written in a poor, almost unreadable style. Freq uent Wikipedia critic Andrew Orlowski commented: "Even when a Wikipedia entry is 100 per cent factually correct, and those facts have been carefully chosen, it all too often reads as if it has been translated from one language to another th en into to a third, passing an illiterate translator at each stage."[173] A stud y of cancer articles by Yaacov Lawrence of the Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Je fferson University found that the entries were mostly accurate, but they were wr itten at college reading level, as opposed to the ninth grade level seen in the Physician Data Query. He said that "Wikipedia's lack of readability may reflect its varied origins and haphazard editing".[174] The Economist argued that better -written articles tend to be more reliable: "inelegant or ranting prose usually reflects muddled thoughts and incomplete information".[175] Coverage of topics and systemic bias See also: Notability in English Wikipedia Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an onl ine encyclopedia, with each topic of knowledge covered encyclopedically in one a rticle. Since it has terabytes of disk space, it can have far more topics than c an be covered by any conventional printed encyclopedia.[176] It also contains ma terials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic (see further).[177] It was made clear that this policy is not up for debate, and the policy has sometimes proved controversial. For instance, in 2008, Wikipedia rej ected an online petition against the inclusion of Muhammad's depictions in its E nglish edition, citing this policy. The presence of politically, religiously, an d pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the censorship of Wikipedia by national authorities in China,[178] Pakistan[179] and the United K ingdom,[180] among other countries. In addition, Larry Sanger, co-founder of Wik ipedia, has criticized Wikipedia not for the pornographic content but for the fa ct that the content is accessible to children, and contains extreme and detailed photographs and films.[181] A 2008 study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Palo Alt o Research Center gave a distribution of topics as well as growth (from July 200 6 to January 2008) in each field:[182] Pie chart of Wikipedia content by subject as of January 2008[182] Culture and the arts: 30% (210%) Biographies and persons: 15% (97%) Geography and places: 14% (52%) Society and social sciences: 12% (83%) History and events: 11% (143%) Natural and physical sciences: 9% (213%) Technology and the applied sciences: 4% (-6%) Religions and belief systems: 2% (38%) Health: 2% (42%) Mathematics and logic: 1% (146%) Thought and philosophy: 1% (160%) These numbers refer only to the quantity of articles: it is possible for one top ic to contain a large number of short articles and another to contain a small nu mber of large ones. Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia h as partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and art icles.[183] Furthermore, the exact coverage of Wikipedia is under constant review by the edi tors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see also deletionism and inclusionism) .[184][185] As of September 2009, Wikipedia articles cover about half a million places on Ea

rth. However, research conducted by the Oxford Internet Institute has shown that the geographic distribution of articles is highly uneven. Most articles are wri tten about North America, Europe, and East Asia, with very little coverage of la rge parts of the developing world, including most of Africa.[186] When multiple editors contribute to one topic or set of topics, there may arise a systemic bias, such as non-opposite definitions for apparent antonyms. In 2011 Wales noted that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography o f the editors, which predominantly consists of young males with high education l evels in the developed world (cf previously).[144] Systemic bias on Wikipedia ma y follow that of culture generally, for example favouring certain ethnicities or majority religions.[187] It may more specifically follow the biases of Internet culture, inclining to being young, male, English speaking, educated, technologi cally aware, and wealthy enough to spare time for editing. Biases of its own may include over-emphasis on topics such as pop culture, technology, and current ev ents.[187] A "selection bias"[188] may arise when more words per article are devoted to one public figure than a rival public figure. Editors may dispute suspected biases and discuss controversial articles, sometimes at great length. Wales has noted t he dangers of bias on controversial political topics or polarizing public figure s.[189] Citing Wikipedia Main article: Reliability of Wikipedia Most university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in ac ademic work, preferring primary sources;[190] some specifically prohibit Wikiped ia citations.[191][192] Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not us ually appropriate to use as citeable sources, and should not be relied upon as a uthoritative.[193] Wales once said he receives about ten emails weekly from stud ents saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he t old the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college ; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.[194] In February 2007 an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University include Wikipedia in their syllabi, but that there is a split in their perception of using Wikipedia.[195] In June 2007 former president of the American Library Association Michael Gorman condemned W ikipedia, along with Google,[196] stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a stead y diet of Big Macs with everything". He also said that "a generation of intellec tual sluggards incapable of moving beyond the Internet" was being produced at un iversities. He complains that the web-based sources are discouraging students fr om learning from the more rare texts which are found only on paper or subscripti on-only web sites. In the same article Jenny Fry (a research fellow at the Oxfor d Internet Institute) commented on academics who cite Wikipedia, saying that: "Y ou cannot say children are intellectually lazy because they are using the Intern et when academics are using search engines in their research. The difference is that they have more experience of being critical about what is retrieved and whe ther it is authoritative. Children need to be told how to use the Internet in a critical and appropriate way."[196] A Harvard law textbook, Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law g overning a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".[197] Explicit content Problem? What problem? So, you didn t know that Wikipedia has a porn problem? Larry Sanger, [181] Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information of graphic content. Artic les depicting arguably objectionable content (such as feces, corpses, the human penis or vulva) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily availab le to anyone with access to the internet, including children. The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation as well as photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articl

es. The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killer a 1976 album from German heavy metal b and Scorpions features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was r eplaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article Vir gin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the U nited Kingdom, after it was reported by a member of the public as child pornogra phy,[198] to the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) which issues a stop list to Int ernet service providers. IWF, a non-profit, non-government-affiliated organizati on, later criticized the inclusion of the picture as "distasteful".[199] In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, out lining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law.[200] Sang er later clarified that the images, which were related to pedophilia and one abo ut lolicon, were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene v isual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the PROTECT Act of 2003.[201] That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are obscene under American law.[201] Sanger also expre ssed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools.[202] Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,[203] sayi ng that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."[203] Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexu al images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteer to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wale s voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing -list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickl y I acted".[204] Operation Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters Main article: Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia Foundation logo Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organiz ation which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wiki books. The Wikimedia Foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fun d its mission.[205] The Wikimedia chapters, local associations of users and supp orters of the Wikimedia projects, also participate in the promotion, development , and funding of the project. Software and hardware See also: MediaWiki The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open so urce wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database sys tem.[206] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro languag e, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWik i is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimed ia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on U seModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorpora ted later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate t he exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Cr ocker. Several MediaWiki extensions are installed[207] to extend the functionality of t he MediaWiki software.

In April 2005, a Lucene extension[208][209] was added to MediaWiki's built-in se arch and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. The site current ly uses Lucene Search 2.1,[210] which is written in Java and based on Lucene lib rary 2.3.[211] In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, VisualEditor, was opened to public use.[212][213][214][215] It w as met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy". [216] Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers. Twenty database server s talk to hundreds of Apache servers in the backend; the Apache servers talk to fifty squids in the frontend. Overview of system architecture, December 2010. See server layout diagrams on Me ta-Wiki. Wikipedia receives between 25,000 and 60,000 page requests per second, depending on time of day.[217] Page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Squ id caching servers.[218] Further statistics are available based on a publicly av ailable 3-months Wikipedia access trace.[219] Requests that cannot be served fro m the Squid cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual S erver software, which in turn pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested , performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To incre ase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common pag e accesses. Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expande d into a distributed multitier architecture. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers in Florida. This configuration included a single master da tabase server running MySQL, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers run ning the Apache HTTP Server, and seven Squid cache servers. Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers (mainly Ubuntu),[220][221] with a fe w OpenSolaris machines for ZFS. As of December 2009, there were 300 in Florida a nd 44 in Amsterdam.[222] Access to content Content licensing When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by GNU F ree Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistributi on, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors re tain copyright of their work.[223] GFDL was created for software manuals that co me with free software programs that are licensed under GPL. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work; for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL license text. In December 2002, the Creative Commons license was released: it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The lice nse gained popularity among bloggers and others distributing creative works on t he Web. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons.[224] Be cause the two licenses, GFDL and Creative Commons, were incompatible, in Novembe r 2008, following the request of the project, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to reli cense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009. (A new version of GFDL automati cally covers Wikipedia contents.) In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projec ts held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.[225][ 226][227][228] The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image fi les under fair use doctrine, while the others have opted not to, in part due to the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in Japanese copyrig ht law). Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g. Creative Commons' CC BY-SA) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a

project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikipedia's accommodation of varyi ng international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that it s photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic te xt.[229] The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content, but merely a hosting serv ice for the contributors (and licensors) of the Wikipedia. This position has bee n successfully defended in court.[230][231] Methods of access Because Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. The content of Wikipedia has been published i n many forms, both online and offline, outside of the Wikipedia website. Web sites Thousands of "mirror sites" exist that republish content from Wikipedi a: two prominent ones, that also include content from other reference sources, a re Reference.com and Answers.com. Another example is Wapedia, which began to dis play Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itsel f did. Mobile apps A variety of mobile apps provide access to Wikipedia on hand-held de vices, including both Android and iOS devices (see Wikipedia apps). (See also Mo bile access.) Search engines Some web search engines make special use of Wikipedia content whe n displaying search results: examples include Bing (via technology gained from P owerset)[232] and Duck Duck Go. Compact discs, DVDs Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on opt ical discs. An English version, 2006 Wikipedia CD Selection, contained about 2,0 00 articles.[233][234] The Polish-language version contains nearly 240,000 artic les.[235] There are German and Spanish-language versions as well.[236][237] Also , "Wikipedia for Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipe dians and SOS Children, is a free, hand-checked, non-commercial selection from W ikipedia targeted around the UK National Curriculum and intended to be useful fo r much of the English-speaking world.[238] The project is available online; an e quivalent print encyclopedia would require roughly 20 volumes. Books There are efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into prin ted book form.[239][240] Since 2009, tens of thousands of print on demand books which reproduced English, German, Russian and French Wikipedia articles have bee n produced by the American company Books LLC and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher VDM.[241] Semantic Web The website DBpedia, begun in 2007, is a project that extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia and makes it available in a queriable semantic format, RDF. The possibility has also been raised to have Wikipedia export its data directly in a semantic format , possibly by using the Semantic MediaWiki extension. Such an export of data cou ld also help Wikipedia reuse its own data, both between articles on the same lan guage Wikipedia and between different language Wikipedias.[242] Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since di rect cloning via a web crawler is discouraged.[243] Wikipedia publishes "dumps" of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2007 there is no dump available of Wikipedia's images.[244] Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation, the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk, with an accuracy of 55%.[245] Mobile access See also: Help:Mobile access Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any sta ndard web browser through a fixed internet connection. In addition, Wikipedia co ntent is now accessible through the mobile web. Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through th e Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), via the Wapedia service. In June 2007 Wik ipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless device s. In 2009 a newer mobile service was officially released,[246] located at en.m.

wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the iPhone, Android-based devices or WebOS-based devices. Several other methods of mobile ac cess to Wikipedia have emerged. Many devices and applications optimise or enhanc e the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorpora te additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata (See Wikipedia:Metadata ), such as geoinformation.[247][248] Wikipedia Zero is an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries.[249] Impact Sister projects Wikimedia Main article: Wikimedia project Wikipedia has also spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation, also called Wikimedia projects: "In Memoriam: Septembe r 11 Wiki",[250] created in October 2002,[251] detailed the September 11 attacks ; Wiktionary, a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002;[252] Wikiquot e, a collection of quotations, created a week after Wikimedia launched, and Wiki books, a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated text s. Wikimedia has since started a number of other projects, including: Wikimedia Commons, a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia; Wikinews, for citizen jour nalism; and Wikiversity, a project for the creation of free learning materials a nd the provision of online learning activities.[253] Of these, only Commons has had success comparable to that of Wikipedia. Another sister project of Wikipedia , Wikispecies, is a catalogue of species. In 2012 Wikivoyage, an editable travel guide, launched. Impact on publishing Some observers have stated that Wikipedia represents an economic threat to publi shers of traditional encyclopedias, who may be unable to compete with a product that is essentially free.[254] Nicholas Carr wrote a 2005 essay, "The amorality of Web 2.0", that criticized websites with user-generated content, like Wikipedi a, for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content pro ducers going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr w rote: "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateu r. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening."[255] Others dispute the n otion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional pub lications. For instance, Chris Anderson, the editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine, wrote in Nature that the "wisdom of crowds" approach of Wikipedia will not displ ace top scientific journals, with their rigorous peer review process.[256] Cultural significance Main article: Wikipedia in culture In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles,[257] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 20 01.[258] According to Alexa and comScore, Wikipedia is among the ten most visite d websites worldwide.[8][259] The growth of Wikipedia has been fueled by its dom inant position in Google search results;[260] about 50% of search engine traffic to Wikipedia comes from Google,[261] a good portion of which is related to acad emic research.[262] The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 mil lion at the end of 2009.[10] The Pew Internet and American Life project found th at one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.[263] In October 2006, the site was estimated to have a hypothetical market value of $580 million if it ra n advertisements.[264] Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.[265][266][267] The Parliament of Canada's website refers to Wik ipedia's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "fur ther reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act.[268] The encyclopedia's assertion s are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal cour ts and the World Intellectual Property Organization[269] though mainly for suppo rting information rather than information decisive to a case.[270] Content appea ring on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some US inte lligence agency reports.[271] In December 2008, the scientific journal RNA Biolo

gy launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requ ires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Wikipedia.[272] Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,[273][274] often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wik ipedia.[275][276][277] In July 2007 Wikipedia was the focus of a 30-minute documentary on BBC Radio 4[2 78] which argued that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of referen ces to Wikipedia in popular culture is such that the word is one of a select ban d of 21st-century nouns that are so familiar (Google, Facebook, YouTube) that th ey no longer need explanation and are on a par with such 20th-century words as h oovering or Coca-Cola. On September 28, 2007, Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the neces sity of freedom of panorama. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipe dia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italia n buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.[2 79] Jimmy Wales receiving the Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award. On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 US election campaign, saying: "Type a candidate's name i nto Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entrie s arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presiden tial entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."[ 280] An October 2007 Reuters article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status s ymbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindica tes one's notability.[281] Active participation also has an impact. Law students have been assigned to writ e Wikipedia articles as an exercise in clear and succinct writing for an uniniti ated audience.[282] Awards Wikipedia won two major awards in May 2004.[283] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a 10,000 (6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for th e "community" category.[284] Wikipedia was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby award. On January 26, 2007, Wikipedia was also awarded the fourth highest brand ranking by the readers of brandchannel.com , receiving 15% of the votes in a nswer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"[28 5] In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadic, Eckart Hfling, and Peter Gabriel . The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger.[286] Satire Wikipedia page on Atlantic Records being edited to read: "You suck!" Wikipedia shown in "Weird Al" Yankovic's music video for his song "White & Nerdy ". Many parody Wikipedia's openness and susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, wi th characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's article s. Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episod es of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality, meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on the reality we just agreed on".[171] Another example can be found in a front-page article in The Onion in July 2006, with the title "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independen ce".[287] "My Number One Doctor", a 2007 episode of the TV show Scrubs, played o n the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in

which Dr. Perry Cox reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indica tes that the raw food diet reverses the effects of bone cancer by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the Battlestar Galactica epis ode guide.[288] In 2008, the comedic website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named "Profess or Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class wit h a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.[289] The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an imp robable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia."[290] In July 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia, which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia. Some of the sketches were dire ctly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles.[291] In 2010, comedian Daniel Tosh encouraged viewers of his show, Tosh.0, to visit t he show's Wikipedia article and edit it at will. On a later episode, he commente d on the edits to the article, most of them offensive, which had been made by th e audience and had prompted the article to be locked from editing.[292][293] On August 23, 2013, The New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption : "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to st art on your Wikipedia page?"[294] Scientific use In computational linguistics, information retrieval and natural language process ing, Wikipedia has seen widespread use as a corpus for linguistic research. In p articular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem, which is then called "wikification",[295] and to the related problem of word sense disambiguation.[296] Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Wikipedia.[297] Related projects A number of interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written b y the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was t he 1986 BBC Domesday Project, which included text (entered on BBC Micro computer s) and photographs from over 1 million contributors in the UK, and covered the g eography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an inte ractive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesda y Project were emulated on a website until 2008.[298] One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2, which was created by Douglas Adams. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively light-hearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative. Everything2 was crea ted in 1998. All of these projects had similarities with Wikipedia, but were not wikis and neither gave full editorial privileges to public users. GNE, an encyclopedia which was not a wiki, also created in January 2001, co-exis ted with Nupedia and Wikipedia early in its history; however, it has been retire d.[119] Other websites centered on collaborative knowledge base development have drawn i nspiration from Wikipedia. Some, such as Susning.nu, Enciclopedia Libre, Hudong, and Baidu Baike likewise employ no formal review process, although some like Co nservapedia are not as open. Others use more traditional peer review, such as En cyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendiu m. The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternati ve to Wikipedia.[299][300] Scholarpedia also focuses on ensuring high quality. See also Meta has related information at: List of Wikipedias Portal icon Internet portal guide to the subject of Wikipedia presented as a tree struc Outline of Wikipedia tured list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see Po rtal:Contents/Outlines

Conflict of interest editing on Wikipedia Democratization of knowledge Economic effects of Wikipedia Interpedia, an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia List of online encyclopedias List of wikis Network effect QRpedia multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia Wikipedia Review Special searches All pages with titles containing "Wikipedia" All pages beginning with "Wikipedia" References Notes Jump up ^ "Wikipedia Statistics - Tables - Active wikipedians". Stats.wikimedia. org. Retrieved 2013-07-04. Jump up ^ Jonathan Sidener. "Everyone's Encyclopedia". U-T San Diego. Retrieved October 15, 2006. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia.org Site Info". Alexa Internet. Retrieved 2013-09-01. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales Speaks Out On China And Internet Freedom". Hu ffington Post. Retrieved September 24, 2011. "Currently Wikipedia, Facebook and Twitter remain blocked in China" ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Five-year Traffic Statistics for Wikipedia.org". Alexa In ternet. Retrieved August 10, 2013. Jump up ^ Bill Tancer (May 1, 2007). "Look Who's Using Wikipedia". Time. Retriev ed December 1, 2007. "The sheer volume of content [...] is partly responsible fo r the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 ed ucational reference sites in the US, Wikipedia is No. 1, capturing 24.3% of all visits to the category". Cf Bill Tancer (Global Manager, Hitwise), "Wikipedia, S earch and School Homework", Hitwise, March 1, 2007. Jump up ^ Alex Woodson (July 8, 2007). "Wikipedia remains go-to site for online news". Reuters. Retrieved December 16, 2007. "Online encyclopedia Wikipedia has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the t op online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings." ^ Jump up to: a b "Top 500". Alexa. Retrieved October 13, 2009. Jump up ^ "comScore MMX Ranks Top 50 US Web Properties for August 2012". comScor e. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b Wikipedia's Evolving Impact, by Stuart West, slideshow present ation at TED2010. Jump up ^ Mike Miliard (March 1, 2008). "Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Eve n Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?". Salt Lake City Weekly. Retrieved Decemb er 18, 2008. Jump up ^ How I started Wikipedia. Presentation by Larry Sanger. Jump up ^ "Wiki" in the Hawaiian Dictionary, revised and enlarged edition, Unive rsity of Hawaii Press, 1986 Jump up ^ Grossman, Lev (December 13, 2006). "Time's Person of the Year: You". T ime (Time). Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Jonathan Dee (July 1, 2007). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out". T he New York Times Magazine. Retrieved December 1, 2007. Jump up ^ Andrew Lih (April 16, 2004). "Wikipedia as Participatory Journalism: R eliable Sources? Metrics for Evaluating Collaborative Media as a News Resource" (PDF). 5th International Symposium on Online Journalism (University of Texas at Austin). Retrieved October 13, 2007. Jump up ^ Mossop, Brian (August 10, 2012). "How Wikipedia Won Olympic Gold". Wir ed. Retrieved 2012-07-05. Jump up ^ Nichol, Mark. "Content Quality and Quantity Are the Cause of Wikipedia 's Woes". Daily Writing Tips. Retrieved August 29, 2013. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia:About Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". English Wikipedia. Retrieved 2012-07-05.

^ Jump up to: a b Fernanda B. Vigas, Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave (2004). " Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizatio ns" (PDF). Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Syste ms (CHI) (Vienna, Austria: ACM SIGCHI): 575 582. doi:10.1145/985921.985953. ISBN 1 -58113-702-8. Retrieved January 24, 2007. ^ Jump up to: a b Reid Priedhorsky, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren Terveen, and John Riedl (GroupLens Research, Department of Compu ter Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota) (November 4, 2007). "Creat ing, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia" (PDF). Association for Comput ing Machinery GROUP '07 conference proceedings (Sanibel Island, Florida). Retrie ved October 13, 2007. ^ Jump up to: a b Ahrens, Frank (July 9, 2006). "Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 1, 2006. ^ Jump up to: a b Jim Giles (December 2005). "Internet encyclopedias go head to head". Nature 438 (7070): 900 901. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..900G. doi:10.1038/438900 a. PMID 16355180. Note: The study (that was not in itself peer reviewed) was cit ed in several news articles; e.g.: "Wikipedia survives research test". BBC News. December 15, 2005. Jump up ^ Cohen, Noam (April 23, 2007). "The Latest on Virginia Tech, From Wikip edia". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2011. Jump up ^ Protection Policy Jump up ^ Registration notes Jump up ^ Ownership of articles Jump up ^ Birken, P. (December 14, 2008). "Bericht Gesichtete Versionen" (in Ger man). Wikide-l mailing list. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2009. Jump up ^ Business Insider. ^ Jump up to: a b Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). "World of Knowledge" (PDF). L inux Magazine. Retrieved July 13, 2007. "The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to a rticles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do every thing to draw attention to themselves." Jump up ^ Fernanda B. Vigas, Martin M. Wattenberg, Jesse Kriss, Frank van Ham (Ja nuary 3, 2007). Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia (PDF). Visual Co mmunication Lab, IBM Research. Retrieved June 27, 2008. Jump up ^ Wikipedia:Consensus Jump up ^ Wikipedia:New pages patrol Jump up ^ English Wikipedia's semi-protection policy Jump up ^ English Wikipedia's full protection policy Jump up ^ Wikipedia Bot Information Jump up ^ Daniel Nasaw (July 24, 2012). "Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia". B BC News. Jump up ^ Halliday, Josh; Arthur, Charles (July 26, 2012). "Boot up: The Wikiped ia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more". The Guardian. Retrieved Septembe r 5, 2012. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia signpost: Abuse Filter is enabled". English Wikipedia. Marc h 23, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2010. Jump up ^ Bot Policy ^ Jump up to: a b "UX and Usability Study". usability.wikimedia.org. Retrieved J uly 13, 2010. Jump up ^ Wikipedia:Categorization Jump up ^ "Comparing featured article groups and revision patterns correlations in Wikipedia". First Monday. Retrieved July 13, 2010. Jump up ^ Fernanda B. Vigas, Martin Wattenberg, and Matthew M. McKeon (July 22, 2 007). The Hidden Order of Wikipedia (PDF). Visual Communication Lab, IBM Researc h. Retrieved October 30, 2007. Jump up ^ Poderi, Giacomo, Wikipedia and the Featured Articles: How a Technologi cal System Can Produce Best Quality Articles, Master thesis, University of Maast richt, October 2008. Jump up ^ David Lindsey. "Evaluating quality control of Wikipedia's featured art icles.". First Monday.

Jump up ^ "Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment". Retrieved October 2 8, 2007. Jump up ^ Link spamming Wikipedia for profit (2011) Jump up ^ "Vandalism". Wikipedia. Retrieved November 6, 2012. Jump up ^ Seigenthaler, John (November 29, 2005). "A False Wikipedia 'biography' ". USA Today. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (2007). The World is Flat. Farrar, Straus & Giroux . p. 124. ISBN 978-0-374-29278-2. Jump up ^ Buchanan, Brian J. (November 17, 2006). "Founder shares cautionary tal e of libel in cyberspace". archive.firstamendmentcenter.org. Retrieved November 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Helm, Burt (December 13, 2005). "Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"". Bus iness Week. Retrieved July 26, 2012. Jump up ^ "Who's behind Wikipedia?". PC World. February 6, 2008. Retrieved Febru ary 7, 2008. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia:ISNOT". Retrieved April 1, 2010. "Wikipedia is not a dictio nary, usage, or jargon guide." Jump up ^ "Wikipedia:Notability". Retrieved February 13, 2008. "A topic is presu med to be notable if it has received significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the subject." Jump up ^ "Wikipedia:No original research". Retrieved February 13, 2008. "Wikipe dia does not publish original thought" Jump up ^ "Wikipedia:Verifiability". Retrieved February 13, 2008. "Material chal lenged or likely to be challenged, and all quotations, must be attributed to a r eliable, published source." Jump up ^ Cohen, Noam (August 9, 2011). "For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is tol d that written word goes only so far". International Herald Tribune. p. 18. "In the case of dabba kali, a children's game played in the Indian state of Kerala t here was a Wikipedia article in the local language, Malayalam, that included pho tos, a drawing, and a detailed description of the rules. but no sources to back up what was written. Other than, of course the 40 million people who played it a s children. There is no doubt [...] that the article would have been deleted fro m English Wikipedia if it not had any sources to cite. Those are the rules of th e game." Jump up ^ "Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view". Retrieved February 13, 2008. "All W ikipedia articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and withou t bias." Jump up ^ Eric Haas (October 26, 2007). "Will Unethical Editing Destroy Wikipedi a's Credibility?". AlterNet. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Dispute Resolution Jump up ^ Coldewey, Devin (June 21, 2012). "Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study". Technology. NBC News. Retrieved October 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Mediation on Wikipedia Jump up ^ Hoffman, David A., Mehra, Salil K. (2009). Wikitruth through Wikiorder (pdf) 59 (1). Emory Law Journal. p. 181. Jump up ^ Hoffman, David A., Mehra, Salil K. (2009). Wikitruth through Wikiorder (pdf) 59 (1). Emory Law Journal. pp. 151 210 Jump up ^ See "Libel" by David McHam for the legal distinction Jump up ^ Heise Gericht weist einstweilige Verfgung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland a b[Update], by Torsten Kleinz, February 9, 2006. Jump up ^ Arthur, Charles (December 15, 2005). "Log on and join in, but beware t he web cults". The Guardian (London). Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4, 2003). "Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web si te". CNN. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Wikinfo (January 22, 2012). "Critical views of Wikipedia". Archived fr om the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2013. Jump up ^ Larry Sanger (December 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Ant i-Elitism". Kuro5hin, Op Ed. "There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderat ed Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project:

if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily ) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disrup tion by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship," attack y ou, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elit ism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which exp lains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia l acks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from b eing elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise i s not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise is tol erated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in W ikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there wi ll, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)" Jump up ^ Hafner, Kate (June 17, 2006). "Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone C an Edit' Policy". The New York Times. Retrieved July 12, 2009. Jump up ^ Corner, Stuart (June 18, 2006). "What's all the fuss about Wikipedia?" . iT Wire. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Jump up ^ Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008). "The Wisdom of the Chaperones". Sla te. Retrieved March 4, 2008. Jump up ^ Wikipedia:Administrators Jump up ^ Mehegan, David (February 13, 2006). "Many contributors, common cause". Boston Globe. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia:Administrators". Retrieved July 12, 2009. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia:RfA_Review/Reflect". Retrieved September 24, 2009. Jump up ^ Meyer, Robinson (July 16, 2012). "3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 2, 2012. Jump up ^ Jean Goodwin (2009). "The Authority of Wikipedia". Retrieved January 3 1, 2011. "Wikipedia's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort o f epistemic agnosticism on its readers" Jump up ^ Kittur, Aniket. "Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia a nd the Rise of the Bourgeoisie" (PDF). Viktoria Institute. Retrieved February 23 , 2008. Jump up ^ Swartz, Aaron (September 4, 2006). "Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? ". Retrieved February 23, 2008. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money". Scientific American. O ctober 19, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Andrea Ciffolilli, "Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia", First Monda y December 2003. Jump up ^ Zittrain, Jonathan (2008). The Future of the Internet and How to Stop Chapter 6: The Lessons of Wikipedia. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12 It 487-3. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Yair Amichai Hamburger, Naama Lamdan, Rinat Madiel, Tsahi Hayat, Persona lity Characteristics of Wikipedia Members, CyberPsychology & Behavior, December 1, 2008, 11 (6): 679 681; doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0225. Jump up ^ "Wikipedians are 'closed' and 'disagreeable'". New Scientist. Retrieve d July 13, 2010. (Subscription required.) Jump up ^ Giles, Jim (August 4, 2009). "After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust?". New Scientist. Jump up ^ "InfoQ". InfoQ. Retrieved July 13, 2010. Jump up ^ Help:Using talk pages "A talk page (also known as a discussion page) i s a page which editors can use to discuss improvements to an article or other Wi kipedia page." Retrieved April 18, 2011. Jump up ^ "The Wikipedia Signpost". Wikipedia. Retrieved March 24, 2009. Jump up ^ Cohen, Noam (March 5, 2007). "A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Ficti onal Side". The New York Times. Retrieved October 18, 2008. Jump up ^ Rubel, Steve (December 19, 2005). "Ten More Wikipedia Hacks". WebProNe ws. Retrieved October 18, 2008. Jump up ^ T. Kriplean, I. Beschastnikh et al. (2008). "Articulations of wikiwork ". Articulations of wikiwork: uncovering valued work in Wikipedia through barnst

ars. Proceedings of the ACM. p. 47. doi:10.1145/1460563.1460573. ISBN 978-1-6055 8-007-4 Jump up ^ Panciera, Katherine (2009). Wikipedians Are Born, Not Made. Associatio n for Computing Machinery, Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Supporting Group Work. pp. 51, 59 Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric. Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences 8. Journ al on Telecommunications and High Technology Law Jump up ^ Noveck, Beth Simone. Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education 57. J ournal of Legal Education Jump up ^ Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). "Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyw ay?". Business Insider. Retrieved July 23, 2011. Jump up ^ Chom, Noam (January 31, 2011). "Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List". The New York Times. p. B 1. Retrieved May 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Basch, Linda (February 6, 2011). "Male-Dominated Web Site Seeking Fema le Experts" (Letters to the Editor). The New York Times. p. WK 7. Retrieved May 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Taha Yasseri, Robert Sumi, Jnos Kertsz (January 17, 2012). "Circadian Pa tterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis". PLoS ONE. Retri eved January 17, 2012. Jump up ^ "Wikimedia Foundation 2011 12 Annual Plan" (pdf). Wikimedia Foundation. p. 8. Jump up ^ "Statistics". English Wikipedia. Retrieved June 21, 2008. Jump up ^ List of Wikipedias Jump up ^ "Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias". English Wikipedia. Retrieved April 4, 2013. Jump up ^ "Interview with Brion Vibber, the WMF's first employee". The Signpost. Wikipedia. Retrieved January 14, 2013. Jump up ^ Chuck Smith. "Unicoding the Esperanto Wikipedia (Part 3 of 4)". Espera nto Language Blog. Retrieved January 14, 2013. Jump up ^ "Spelling". Manual of Style. Wikipedia. Retrieved May 19, 2007. Jump up ^ "Countering systemic bias". Retrieved May 19, 2007. Jump up ^ "Fair use". Meta-Wiki. Retrieved July 14, 2007. Jump up ^ "Images on Wikipedia". Retrieved July 14, 2007. Jump up ^ Fernanda B. Vigas (January 3, 2007). The Visual Side of Wikipedia (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research. Retrieved October 30, 2007. Jump up ^ Jimmy Wales, "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia", March 8, 2005, <Wikipedia -l@wikimedia.org> Jump up ^ "Meta-Wiki". Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved March 24, 2009. Jump up ^ "Meta-Wiki Statistics". Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved March 24, 2008 . Jump up ^ "List of articles every Wikipedia should have". Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved March 24, 2008. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia: Translation". English Wikipedia. Retrieved February 3, 200 7. ^ Jump up to: a b Richard M. Stallman (June 20, 2007). "The Free Encyclopedia Pr oject". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved January 4, 2008. Jump up ^ Jonathan Sidener (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia". U-T Sa n Diego. Retrieved October 15, 2006. Jump up ^ Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You". The New York Times. Retrieved November 22, 2007. "'I can start an a rticle that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come alon g and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales." ^ Jump up to: a b c Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedi a and Wikipedia: A Memoir". Slashdot. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Sanger, Larry (January 17, 2001). "Wikipedia Is Up!". Archived from th e original on May 6, 2001. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?". Retrieved February 20, 2007. Jump up ^ Sanger, Larry (January 10, 2001). "Let's Make a Wiki". Internet Archiv e. Archived from the original on April 14, 2003. Retrieved December 26, 2008.

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Jump up ^ "Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched". Wikimedia Technical Blog. J une 30, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2009. Jump up ^ "Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia". May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 1 5, 2011. Jump up ^ "iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps". November 30, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2 008. Jump up ^ Ellis, Justin (2013-01-17). "Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access a round the globe with new funding Nieman Journalism Lab". www.niemanlab.org. Retr ieved 2013-04-22. Jump up ^ "In Memoriam: September 11, 2001". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2007. Jump up ^ First edit to the wiki. In Memoriam: September 11 wiki (October 28, 20 02). Jump up ^ "Announcement of Wiktionary's creation". meta.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2012-07-14. Jump up ^ "Our projects", Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved January 24, 2007. Jump up ^ Christopher Caldwell (14 June 2013). "A chapter in the Enlightenment c loses". ft.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013. "Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockh aus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group b ought it in 2008. [...] The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. [... ] What Germans like is Wikipedia." Jump up ^ "The amorality of Web 2.0". Rough Type. October 3, 2005. Retrieved Jul y 15, 2006. Jump up ^ "Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds". Nature. Retrieved October 10, 2006. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia's growth". Retrieved December 22, 2007. Jump up ^ "694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks". comScore. May 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 30 , 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2007. "Wikipedia has emerged as a site that conti nues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US" Jump up ^ "comScore Data". December 2007. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2008. Jump up ^ Petrilli, Michael J. "Wikipedia or Wickedpedia?". Hoover Institution 8 (2). Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved March 21, 2008. Jump up ^ "Google Traffic To Wikipedia up 166% Year over Year". Hitwise. Februar y 16, 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2007. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia and Academic Research". Hitwise. October 17, 2006. Retrieve d February 6, 2008. Jump up ^ Rainie, Lee; Bill Tancer (December 15, 2007). "Wikipedia users" (PDF). Pew Internet & American Life Project. Pew Research Center. Archived from the or iginal on March 6, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2007. "36% of online American ad ults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and cu rrent college-age students." Jump up ^ Karbasfrooshan, Ashkan (October 26, 2006). "What is Wikipedia.org's Va luation?". Retrieved December 1, 2007. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media". Wikipedia. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ "Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al." (PDF). Retrieved February 6, 2007. Jump up ^ "Wikipedian Justice" (PDF). Retrieved June 9, 2009. House Government Bill C-38 (38 1), LEGISINFO (March 28, 2005) Jump up ^ LEGISinfo Jump up ^ Arias, Martha L. (January 29, 2007). "Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyc lopedia and its Use as Court Source". Internet Business Law Services. Retrieved December 26, 2008. (The name "World Intellectual Property Office" should however read "World Intellectual Property Organization" in this source.) Jump up ^ Cohen, Noam (January 29, 2007). "Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selecti vely". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Aftergood, Steven (March 21, 2007). "The Wikipedia Factor in US Intell igence". Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy. Retrie ved April 14, 2007.

Jump up ^ Butler, Declan (December 16, 2008). "Publish in Wikipedia or perish". Nature News. doi:10.1038/news.2008.1312. Jump up ^ Shaw, Donna (February/March 2008). "Wikipedia in the Newsroom". Americ an Journalism Review. Retrieved February 11, 2008. Jump up ^ Lexington (September 24, 2011). "Classlessness in America: The uses an d abuses of an enduring myth". The Economist. Retrieved September 27, 2011. "Soc ialist Labour Party of America [...] though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen s Party, no less an authority than W ikipedia pronounces it "moribund"." Jump up ^ Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article Japan News Review, Ju ly 5, 2007 Jump up ^ "Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered ", San Antonio Express-News, January 9, 2007. Jump up ^ "Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal", Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Januar y 13, 2007. Jump up ^ "Radio 4 documentary, BBC". Jump up ^ "Comunicato stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a R utelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea i taliana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright" [Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law] ( in Italian). October 12, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Jose Antonio Vargas (September 17, 2007). "On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Jennifer Ablan (October 22, 2007). "Wikipedia page the latest status s ymbol". Reuters. Retrieved October 24, 2007. Jump up ^ Witzleb, Normann (2009). Engaging with the World: Students of Comparat ive Law Write for Wikipedia 19 (1 and 2). Legal Education Review. pp. 83 98 Jump up ^ "Trophy box", Meta-Wiki (March 28, 2005). Jump up ^ "Webby Awards 2004". The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sci ences. 2004. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Jump up ^ Zumpano, Anthony (January 29, 2007). "Similar Search Results: Google W ins". Interbrand. Retrieved January 28, 2007. Jump up ^ "Die Quadriga Award 2008". Retrieved December 26, 2008. Jump up ^ "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence". The Onion. 2006. Retrieved October 15, 2006. Jump up ^ Bakken, Janae. "My Number One Doctor"; Scrubs; ABC; December 6, 2007. Jump up ^ "Professor Wikipedia CollegeHumor Video". CollegeHumor. November 17, 2 009. Retrieved April 19, 2011. Jump up ^ "Dilbert comic strip for 05/08/2009 from the official Dilbert comic st rips archive.". Universal Uclick. May 8, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2013. Jump up ^ "Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen". British Comedy Guide. Re trieved July 31, 2009. Jump up ^ Your Wikipedia Entries, Comedy Central (February 3, 2010) Jump up ^ Wikipedia Updates, Comedy Central (February 3, 2010) Jump up ^ Emily Flake (August 23, 2013). "Manning/Wikipedia cartoon". Retrieved August 26, 2013. Jump up ^ Rada Mihalcea and Andras Csomai (2007). Wikify! Linking Documents to E ncyclopedic Knowledge. Proc. CIKM. Jump up ^ David Milne and Ian H. Witten (2008). Learning to link with Wikipedia. Proc. CIKM. Jump up ^ Sisay Fissaha Adafre and Maarten de Rijke (2005). Discovering missing links in Wikipedia. Proc. LinkKDD. Jump up ^ Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface for the data from the Community Disc (contributions from the general public); t he site is currently out of action following the death of its creator. Jump up ^ Orlowski, Andrew (September 18, 2006). "Wikipedia founder forks Wikipe dia, More experts, less fiddling?". The Register. Retrieved June 27, 2007. "Larr y Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork," w ith the major difference that experts have the final say over edits."

Jump up ^ Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Ex pert-Authored Site". LinuxInsider. Retrieved June 27, 2007. Further reading Academic studies Main article: Academic studies about Wikipedia Jensen, Richard. "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812", The Journal of Military History 76#4 (October 2012): 523 556; on line version. Yasseri, Taha; Robert Sumi and Jnos Kertsz (2012). "Circadian Patterns of Wikipedi a Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis". In Szolnoki, Attila. PLoS ONE 7 ( 1): e30091. arXiv:1109.1746. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...7E0091Y. doi:10.1371/journal.po ne.0030091. PMC 3260192. PMID 22272279. Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences". Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law 8. (A blog post by the author.) Nielsen, Finn (August 2007). "Scientific Citations in Wikipedia". First Monday 1 2 (8). doi:10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997. Retrieved February 22, 2008. Pfeil, Ulrike; Panayiotis Zaphiris and Chee Siang Ang (2006). "Cultural Differen ces in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia". Journal of Computer-Mediated Commu nication 12 (1): 88. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x. Retrieved December 26 , 2008. Priedhorsky, Reid, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren T erveen, and John Riedl. "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia" . Proc. GROUP 2007; DOI: 1316624.131663. Reagle, Joseph (2007). "Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia". WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis. Montreal, Canada: ACM. Retrieved December 26, 2008. Rosenzweig, Roy. Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Pas t. (Originally published in The Journal of American History 93.1 (June 2006): 11 7 46.) Wilkinson, Dennis M.; Bernardo A. Huberman (April 2007). "Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia". First Monday 12 (4). doi:10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763. Retr ieved February 22, 2008. Aaron Halfaker, R. Stuart Geiger, Jonathan T. Morgan, John Riedl (2012). "The Ri se and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community". American Behavioral Scientis t 57 (5): 664. doi:10.1177/0002764212469365. Retrieved August 30, 2012. Books Main article: List of books about Wikipedia Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (September 2008). How Wikipedia Wor ks: And How You Can Be a Part of It. San Francisco: No Starch Press. ISBN 978-159327-176-3. Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia The Missing Manual. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0-596 -51516-2. (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.) Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia Reader's Guide. Sebastopol: Pogue Press. ISBN 0-596-52174-X. Dalby, Andrew (2009). The World and Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality. Sidur i. ISBN 978-0-9562052-0-9. Keen, Andrew (2007). The Cult of the Amateur. Doubleday/Currency. ISBN 978-0-385 -52080-5. (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.) Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?". National P ublic Radio, USA. The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created th e World's Greatest Encyclopedia. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6. O'Sullivan, Dan (September 24, 2009). Wikipedia: a new community of practice?. A shgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7433-7. Sheizaf Rafaeli & Yaron Ariel (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives f or participation and contribution in Wikipedia." In Barak, A. Psychological aspe cts of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ ersity Press. pp. 243 267.

Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wiki pedia. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: the MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2. Book reviews and other articles Baker, Nicholson. "The Charms of Wikipedia". The New York Review of Books, March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of The Missing Manual, by Joh n Broughton, as listed previously.) Crovitz, L. Gordon. "Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encycloped ia is fast becoming the best." (Originally published in Wall Street Journal onli ne April 6, 2009.) Learning resources Wikiversity list of learning resources. (Includes related courses, Web-based sem inars, slides, lecture notes, text books, quizzes, glossaries, etc.) Other media coverage See also: List of films about Wikipedia Balke, Jeff (2008-03). "For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace". Houston Chronicle ( blog). Retrieved December 17, 2008. Dee, Jonathan (July 1, 2007). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out". The New Yo rk Times Magazine. Retrieved February 22, 2008. Giles, Jim (September 20, 2007). "Wikipedia 2.0 Now with Added Trust". New Scien tist. Retrieved January 14, 2008. Miliard, Mike (December 2, 2007). "Wikipedia Rules". The Phoenix. Retrieved Febr uary 22, 2008. Poe, Marshall (2006-09). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved March 22, 2 008. Rosenwald, Michael S. (October 23, 2009). "Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to c ity's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). "Like Boiling a Frog". London Review of Books. R etrieved June 3, 2009. Taylor, Chris (May 29, 2005). "It's a Wiki, Wiki World". Time. Retrieved Februar y 22, 2008. "Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist". The Ec onomist Web and Print. June 5, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008. "Jimmy Wales change d the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone c an edit. What will he do next?" Is Wikipedia Cracking Up? The Independent, February 3, 2009. External links Find more about Wikipedia at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions and translations from Wiktionary Media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Database entry Q52 on Wikidata Official website (Mobile) multilingual portal (contains links to all language ed itions of the project) Wikipedia on Twitter Wikipedia on Facebook Wikipedia at the Open Directory Project Wikitrends: most visited Wikipedia articles Wikipedia collected news and commentary at The Guardian Wikipedia topic page at The New York Times Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia Audio of interview with Jimmy Wales about Wikipedia in general on the EconTalk p odcast Wikipedia and why it matters Larry Sanger's 2002 talk at Stanford University; vi deo archive and transcript of the talk "Intelligence in Wikipedia" Google TechTalk on YouTube, describing an intelligen

ce project utilizing Wikipedia, and how Wikipedia articles could be auto-generat ed from web content WikiPapers compilation of conference papers, journal articles, theses, books, da tasets and tools about Wikipedia and wikis [show] v t e Wikipedia [show] v t e Wikimedia Foundation [show] v t e List of Wikipedias by article count This is a good article. Click here for more information. Categories: WikipediaCollaborative projectsCreative Commons-licensed websitesFre e encyclopediasGeneral encyclopediasInternet properties established in 2001Multi lingual websitesOnline encyclopediasOpen content projectsSocial information proc essingVirtual communitiesWikimedia projectsWikis Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView history Search Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Toolbox Print/export Languages Ach Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch ???? nglisc ??????? Aragons ????? Armneashce Arpetan ??????? Asturianu Avae'? ???? Aymar aru Az?rbaycanca Bamanankan ????? Bahasa Banjar Bn-lm-g Basa Banyumasan ????????? ?????????? ?????????? (???????????)? ??????? Bikol Central

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IsiZulu slenska Italiano ????? Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ????? Kapampangan ????????-??????? ??????? ????? / ????? Kaszbsczi ??????? Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyl ayisyen Kurd ???????? ????? ???? Ladino ????? ????? ??? Latgalu Latina Latvie u Ltzebuergesch Lietuviu Ligure Limburgs Lingla Lojban Lumbaart Magyar ?????????? Malagasy ?????? Malti Maori ????? ????????? ???? ???????? Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mng-de?ng-ng? Mirands ??????? ?????? ?????????? Nahuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies ?????? ????? ???? ??? Napulitano ??????? Nordfriisk

Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk bokml Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan ???? ????? ????? O?zbekcha ?????? Plzisch Pangasinan ?????? Papiamentu ???? ????? ???? ????????? Picard Piemontis Tok Pisin Plattdtsch Polski ???t?a?? Portugus Qaraqalpaqsha Qirimtatarca Reo Ma`ohi Ripoarisch Romna Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? Smegiella Gagana Samoa ????????? Sng Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu ????? Simple English ???? SiSwati Slovencina Sloven cina ?????????? / ?????????? Slunski Soomaaliga ????? Sranantongo ?????? / srpski Srpskohrvatski / ?????????????? Basa Sunda

Suomi Svenska Tagalog ????? Taqbaylit Tarandne ???????/tatara ?????? Tetun ??? ???? ?????? ??? Tsetshesthese Tshivenda Trke Trkmene Twi ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vneto Vepsn kel Ti?ng Vi?t Volapk Vro Walon ?? West-Vlams Winaray Wolof ?? Xitsonga ?????? Yorb ?? Zazaki Zeuws emaite ka ?? Edit links This page was last modified on 28 September 2013 at 15:12. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; add itional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and P rivacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-prof it organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersMobile viewWi kimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki