Calculus Cheat Sheet

Limits
Definitions Precise Definition : We say lim f ( x ) = L if Limit at Infinity : We say lim f ( x ) = L if we
x a

for every e > 0 there is a d > 0 such that whenever 0 < x - a < d then f ( x ) - L < e . Working Definition : We say lim f ( x ) = L if we can make f ( x ) as close to L as we want by taking x sufficiently close to a (on either side of a) without letting x = a . Right hand limit : lim+ f ( x ) = L . This has
x a x a

can make f ( x ) as close to L as we want by taking x large enough and positive. There is a similar definition for lim f ( x ) = L
x -

except we require x large and negative. Infinite Limit : We say lim f ( x ) = if we can make f ( x ) arbitrarily large (and positive) by taking x sufficiently close to a (on either side of a) without letting x = a . There is a similar definition for lim f ( x ) = - except we make f ( x ) arbitrarily large and negative.
x a x a

the same definition as the limit except it requires x > a . Left hand limit : lim- f ( x ) = L . This has the
x a

same definition as the limit except it requires x<a. Relationship between the limit and one-sided limits lim f ( x ) = L lim+ f ( x ) = lim- f ( x ) = L lim+ f ( x ) = lim- f ( x ) = L lim f ( x ) = L
x a x a x a +

lim f ( x ) lim- f ( x ) lim f ( x ) Does Not Exist

x a x a

x a

x a

x a

x a

Properties Assume lim f ( x ) and lim g ( x ) both exist and c is any number then,
x a x a

1. lim cf ( x ) f ( x) = c lim x a x a f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) lim g ( x ) 2. lim = lim x a xa x a f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) lim g ( x ) 3. lim = lim x a x a x a

f ( x) f ( x ) lim 4. lim = x a provided lim g ( x ) 0 x a x a g ( x ) g ( x) lim x a

n f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) 5. lim x a x a 6. lim n f ( x ) = n lim f ( x ) x a xa n

Basic Limit Evaluations at Note : sgn ( a ) = 1 if a > 0 and sgn ( a ) = -1 if a < 0 . 1. lim e x = &
x x x -

lim e x = 0
x 0 +

5. n even : lim x n =
x

2. lim ln ( x ) = 3. If r > 0 then lim

x

&

lim ln ( x ) = -

6. n odd : lim x n = & lim x n = -

x x -

b =0 xr 4. If r > 0 and x r is real for negative x b then lim r = 0 x - x

7. n even : lim a x + L + b x + c = sgn ( a )

n

8. n odd : lim a x n + L + b x + c = sgn ( a ) 9. n odd : lim a x n + L + c x + d = - sgn ( a )

x - x

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2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Evaluation Techniques Continuous Functions LHospitals Rule f ( x) 0 f ( x) If f ( x ) is continuous at a then lim f ( x ) = f ( a ) x a If lim = or lim = then, x a g ( x ) x a g ( x ) 0 Continuous Functions and Composition f ( x) f ( x) lim = lim a is a number, or - f ( x ) is continuous at b and lim g ( x ) = b then x a g ( x ) x a g ( x ) lim f ( g ( x ) ) = f lim g ( x ) = f ( b )
x a x a

x a

Factor and Cancel ( x - 2 )( x + 6 ) x 2 + 4 x - 12 lim = lim 2 x2 x2 x - 2x x ( x - 2) x+6 8 = lim = =4 x2 x 2 Rationalize Numerator/Denominator 3- x 3- x 3+ x lim 2 = lim 2 x 9 x - 81 x 9 x - 81 3 + x 9- x -1 = lim = lim 2 x 9 ( x - 81) 3 + x x9 ( x + 9 ) 3 + x

Polynomials at Infinity p ( x ) and q ( x ) are polynomials. To compute p ( x) factor largest power of x in q ( x ) out x q ( x ) lim of both p ( x ) and q ( x ) then compute limit. x 2 3 - 42 3 - 42 3x 2 - 4 3 x lim = lim 2 5 = lim 5 x = x - 5 x - 2 x 2 x - x x 2 x -2 x -2

Piecewise Function

-1 1 =(18)( 6 ) 108 Combine Rational Expressions 1 1 1 1 x - ( x + h) lim - = lim h 0 h x + h x h 0 h x ( x + h) 1 -h 1 -1 = lim = lim = h 0 h x ( x + h ) h0 x ( x + h ) x2 =

x 2 + 5 if x < -2 lim g ( x ) where g ( x ) = x -2 1 - 3x if x -2 Compute two one sided limits, lim- g ( x ) = lim- x 2 + 5 = 9
x -2

One sided limits are different so lim g ( x )

x -2

x -2+

lim g ( x ) = lim+ 1 - 3 x = 7
x -2

x -2

doesnt exist. If the two one sided limits had been equal then lim g ( x ) would have existed
x -2

and had the same value.

Some Continuous Functions Partial list of continuous functions and the values of x for which they are continuous. 1. Polynomials for all x. 7. cos ( x ) and sin ( x ) for all x. 2. Rational function, except for xs that give 8. tan ( x ) and sec ( x ) provided division by zero. 3p p p 3p 3. n x (n odd) for all x. x L , - , - , , ,L 2 2 2 2 4. n x (n even) for all x 0 . 9. cot ( x ) and csc ( x ) provided 5. e x for all x. x L , -2p , -p , 0, p , 2p ,L 6. ln x for x > 0 . Intermediate Value Theorem Suppose that f ( x ) is continuous on [a, b] and let M be any number between f ( a ) and f ( b ) . Then there exists a number c such that a < c < b and f ( c ) = M .

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2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Derivatives
Definition and Notation f ( x + h) - f ( x) If y = f ( x ) then the derivative is defined to be f ( x ) = lim . h 0 h If y = f ( x ) then all of the following are equivalent notations for the derivative. df dy d f ( x ) = y = = = ( f ( x ) ) = Df ( x ) dx dx dx If y = f ( x ) all of the following are equivalent notations for derivative evaluated at x = a . df dy f ( a ) = y x =a = = = Df ( a ) dx x =a dx x =a

If y = f ( x ) then,

Interpretation of the Derivative 2. f ( a ) is the instantaneous rate of change of f ( x ) at x = a . 3. If f ( x ) is the position of an object at time x then f ( a ) is the velocity of the object at x = a .

1. m = f ( a ) is the slope of the tangent line to y = f ( x ) at x = a and the equation of the tangent line at x = a is given by y = f ( a ) + f ( a )( x - a ) .

Basic Properties and Formulas If f ( x ) and g ( x ) are differentiable functions (the derivative exists), c and n are any real numbers, 1. 2. 3.

( c f ) = c f ( x ) ( f g ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) ( f g ) =
f g + f g Product Rule f g - f g Quotient Rule = g2

f 4. g

d (c) = 0 dx d n 6. x ) = n x n-1 Power Rule ( dx d 7. f ( g ( x )) = f ( g ( x )) g ( x ) dx This is the Chain Rule 5.

Common Derivatives d ( x) = 1 dx d ( sin x ) = cos x dx d ( cos x ) = - sin x dx d ( tan x ) = sec2 x dx d ( sec x ) = sec x tan x dx d ( csc x ) = - csc x cot x dx d ( cot x ) = - csc2 x dx d 1 sin -1 x ) = ( dx 1 - x2 d 1 cos -1 x ) = ( dx 1 - x2 d 1 tan -1 x ) = ( dx 1 + x2 d x a ) = a x ln ( a ) ( dx d x e ) = ex ( dx d 1 ln ( x ) ) = , x > 0 ( dx x d 1 ( ln x ) = x , x 0 dx d 1 log a ( x ) ) = , x>0 ( dx x ln a

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2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Chain Rule Variants The chain rule applied to some specific functions. n n -1 d d 1. f ( x ) = n f ( x ) f ( x) 5. cos f ( x ) = - f ( x ) sin f ( x ) dx dx d f ( x) d f x e tan f ( x ) 2. = f ( x)e ( ) 6. = f ( x ) sec 2 f ( x ) dx dx d f ( x) d 7. ( sec [ f ( x)]) = f ( x) sec [ f ( x)] tan [ f ( x)] 3. f x ln = ( ) dx dx f ( x) f ( x) d -1 d tan f x = 8. ( ) 2 4. sin f x = f x cos f x ( ) ( ) ( ) dx 1+ dx f ( x )

( ( (

(
( (

Higher Order Derivatives The Second Derivative is denoted as The nth Derivative is denoted as d2 f dn f f ( x ) = f ( 2) ( x ) = 2 and is defined as f ( n ) ( x ) = n and is defined as dx dx f ( x ) = ( f ( x ) ) , i.e. the derivative of the f ( n ) ( x ) = f ( n -1) ( x ) , i.e. the derivative of first derivative, f ( x ) . the (n-1)st derivative, f ( n-1) x .

( )

Implicit Differentiation 2 x -9 y 3 2 Find y if e + x y = sin ( y ) + 11x . Remember y = y ( x ) here, so products/quotients of x and y will use the product/quotient rule and derivatives of y will use the chain rule. The trick is to differentiate as normal and every time you differentiate a y you tack on a y (from the chain rule). After differentiating solve for y . e 2 x -9 y ( 2 - 9 y ) + 3 x 2 y 2 + 2 x3 y y = cos ( y ) y + 11 2e
2 x -9 y 3

- 9 ye

2 x -9 y

( 2 x y - 9e x

2 -9 y

- cos ( y ) ) y = 11 - 2e2 x -9 y - 3x 2 y 2

+ 3x y + 2 x y y = cos ( y ) y + 11
2 2 3

11 - 2e 2 x -9 y - 3x 2 y 2 y = 3 2 x y - 9e2 x -9 y - cos ( y )

Increasing/Decreasing Concave Up/Concave Down Critical Points x = c is a critical point of f ( x ) provided either 1. f ( c ) = 0 or 2. f ( c ) doesnt exist. Increasing/Decreasing 1. If f ( x ) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f ( x ) is increasing on the interval I. 2. If f ( x ) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f ( x ) is decreasing on the interval I. 3. If f ( x ) = 0 for all x in an interval I then f ( x ) is constant on the interval I.
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Concave Up/Concave Down 1. If f ( x ) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f ( x ) is concave up on the interval I. 2. If f ( x ) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f ( x ) is concave down on the interval I. Inflection Points x = c is a inflection point of f ( x ) if the concavity changes at x = c .

2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Absolute Extrema 1. x = c is an absolute maximum of f ( x ) if f ( c ) f ( x ) for all x in the domain. 2. x = c is an absolute minimum of f ( x ) if f ( c ) f ( x ) for all x in the domain. Fermats Theorem If f ( x ) has a relative (or local) extrema at x = c , then x = c is a critical point of f ( x ) . Extreme Value Theorem If f ( x ) is continuous on the closed interval

Extrema Relative (local) Extrema 1. x = c is a relative (or local) maximum of f ( x ) if f ( c ) f ( x ) for all x near c. 2. x = c is a relative (or local) minimum of f ( x ) if f ( c ) f ( x ) for all x near c. 1st Derivative Test If x = c is a critical point of f ( x ) then x = c is 1. a rel. max. of f ( x ) if f ( x ) > 0 to the left of x = c and f ( x ) < 0 to the right of x = c . 2. a rel. min. of f ( x ) if f ( x ) < 0 to the left of x = c and f ( x ) > 0 to the right of x = c . 3. not a relative extrema of f ( x ) if f ( x ) is the same sign on both sides of x = c . 2nd Derivative Test If x = c is a critical point of f ( x ) such that f ( c ) = 0 then x = c 1. is a relative maximum of f ( x ) if f ( c ) < 0 . 2. is a relative minimum of f ( x ) if f ( c ) > 0 . 3. may be a relative maximum, relative minimum, or neither if f ( c ) = 0 . Finding Relative Extrema and/or Classify Critical Points 1. Find all critical points of f ( x ) . 2. Use the 1st derivative test or the 2nd derivative test on each critical point.

[ a, b] then there exist numbers c and d so that, 1. a c, d b , 2. f ( c ) is the abs. max. in [ a, b] , 3. f ( d ) is the abs. min. in [ a, b] .
Finding Absolute Extrema To find the absolute extrema of the continuous function f ( x ) on the interval [ a, b ] use the following process. 1. Find all critical points of f ( x ) in [ a, b] . 2. Evaluate f ( x ) at all points found in Step 1. 3. Evaluate f ( a ) and f ( b ) . 4. Identify the abs. max. (largest function value) and the abs. min.(smallest function value) from the evaluations in Steps 2 & 3.

Mean Value Theorem If f ( x ) is continuous on the closed interval [ a, b ] and differentiable on the open interval ( a, b ) then there is a number a < c < b such that f ( c ) = f (b) - f ( a ) . b-a

Newtons Method If xn is the nth guess for the root/solution of f ( x ) = 0 then (n+1)st guess is xn +1 = xn provided f ( xn ) exists.

f ( xn ) f ( xn )

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2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Related Rates Sketch picture and identify known/unknown quantities. Write down equation relating quantities and differentiate with respect to t using implicit differentiation (i.e. add on a derivative every time you differentiate a function of t). Plug in known quantities and solve for the unknown quantity. Ex. A 15 foot ladder is resting against a wall. Ex. Two people are 50 ft apart when one The bottom is initially 10 ft away and is being starts walking north. The angle q changes at 0.01 rad/min. At what rate is the distance pushed towards the wall at 1 ft/sec. How fast 4 between them changing when q = 0.5 rad? is the top moving after 12 sec?

x is negative because x is decreasing. Using Pythagorean Theorem and differentiating, x 2 + y 2 = 152 2 x x + 2 y y = 0

After 12 sec we have x = 10 - 12 ( 1 4 ) = 7 and

so y = 152 - 7 2 = 176 . Plug in and solve for y . 7 7 (- 1 ft/sec 4 ) + 176 y = 0 y = 4 176

We have q = 0.01 rad/min. and want to find x . We can use various trig fcns but easiest is, x x sec q = sec q tan q q = 50 50 We know q = 0.05 so plug in q and solve. x sec ( 0.5 ) tan ( 0.5 )( 0.01) = 50 x = 0.3112 ft/sec Remember to have calculator in radians!

Optimization Sketch picture if needed, write down equation to be optimized and constraint. Solve constraint for one of the two variables and plug into first equation. Find critical points of equation in range of variables and verify that they are min/max as needed. Ex. Were enclosing a rectangular field with Ex. Determine point(s) on y = x 2 + 1 that are 500 ft of fence material and one side of the closest to (0,2). field is a building. Determine dimensions that will maximize the enclosed area. Minimize f = d 2 = ( x - 0 ) + ( y - 2 ) and the
2 2

Maximize A = xy subject to constraint of x + 2 y = 500 . Solve constraint for x and plug into area. A = y ( 500 - 2 y ) x = 500 - 2 y = 500 y - 2 y 2 Differentiate and find critical point(s). A = 500 - 4 y y = 125 nd By 2 deriv. test this is a rel. max. and so is the answer were after. Finally, find x. x = 500 - 2 (125 ) = 250 The dimensions are then 250 x 125.
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constraint is y = x 2 + 1 . Solve constraint for x 2 and plug into the function. 2 x2 = y - 1 f = x2 + ( y - 2) = y -1 + ( y - 2) = y 2 - 3 y + 3 Differentiate and find critical point(s). f = 2y -3 y=3 2 By the 2nd derivative test this is a rel. min. and so all we need to do is find x value(s). 1 x2 = 3 x = 12 2 -1 = 2
2

The 2 points are then

1 2

,3 and 2

1 2

,3 2 .

2005 Paul Dawkins

Calculus Cheat Sheet

Integrals
Definitions Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f ( x ) Definite Integral: Suppose f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b] . Divide [ a, b ] into n subintervals of width D x and choose x from each interval.
* i

is a function, F ( x ) , such that F ( x ) = f ( x ) . Indefinite Integral : f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c where F ( x ) is an anti-derivative of f ( x ) .

Then

lim f ( x ) D x . a f ( x ) dx = n i
b
=1 * i

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Variants of Part I : Part I : If f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] then d u( x) x f ( t ) dt = u ( x ) f u ( x ) g ( x ) = f ( t ) dt is also continuous on [ a, b ] dx a a d b d x f ( t ) dt = -v ( x ) f and g ( x ) = f t dt = f x . () ( ) v ( x ) v( x ) dx a dx d u( x) Part II : f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] , F ( x ) is f ( t ) dt = u ( x ) f [ u ( x ) ] - v ( x ) f [ v ( x ) ] dx v( x ) an anti-derivative of f ( x ) (i.e. F ( x ) = f ( x ) dx ) then f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) - F ( a ) .
a b

f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx b b b f x g x dx = f x dx ( ) ( ) ( ) a a a g ( x ) dx a
a

Properties

cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx , c is a constant b b cf x dx = c ( ) a a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
b

f ( x ) dx = 0
a

a
b a

f ( x ) dx = f ( t ) dt
a
b a

a f ( x ) dx = -b f ( x ) dx
If f ( x ) g ( x ) on a x b then If f ( x ) 0 on a x b then
b a a b

f ( x ) dx
a

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
b

f ( x ) dx 0
a

If m f ( x ) M on a x b then m ( b - a ) f ( x ) dx M ( b - a ) Common Integrals cos u du = sin u + c

2

k dx = k x + c n n 1 x dx = n+1 x + c, n -1 x dx = x dx = ln x + c a x + b dx = a ln ax + b + c ln u du = u ln ( u ) - u + c e du = e + c
+1 -1 1 1 1 u u

sin u du = - cos u + c sec u du = tan u + c sec u tan u du = sec u + c csc u cot udu = - csc u + c csc u du = - cot u + c
2

tan u du = ln sec u + c sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c u a + u du = a tan ( a ) + c u 1 a - u du = sin ( a ) + c

1

-1

-1

Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

2005 Paul Dawkins