ChE 156

UNIT OPERATIONS LABORATORY II

DRYING OF SOLIDS













MARITES CO
ISABEL LARA PAULA GARCIA
KAYZEL LORYN GIL
JONATHAN LASAM
WILLIAM FREDERICK MACATANGAY









SUBMITTED TO
ENGR. BUTCH G. BATALLER













JULY 17, 2013

ABSTRACT

An experiment using the double pipe heat exchanger is done to determine the heat
transferred from the hot fluid to the cold fluid. It is found that the cold water absorbed
heat both from the hot fluid and the surroundings thus resulting in heat efficiencies
exceeding 100%. It is also found that flowrate have an inverse relationship with the heat
efficiency.

1. INTRODUCTION
Most of the processes used in the field of Chemical Engineering involve heat
transfer. The most basic definition for heat transfer is the transfer of energy (heat) from
high temperature point to a lower temperature point. It follows the First Law of
Thermodynamics wherein energy is conserved as shown in the equation.
- (Equation 2-1)
Where is the change in internal energy
Q is the heat added or removed to the system
W is the work done by or to the system

According to Perry (1997), heat has three modes of transfer: conduction,
convection and radiation. Conduction is the transfer of heat from one body to another
wherein no significant displacement of the particles is observed. Convection, however,
involves mixing of the fluid in order for heat transfer to occur. Lastly, radiation transfers
heat through energy waves, thus transfer between far away objects can occur.
Some of the most commonly used heat transfer equipment is the shell and tube
heat exchangers (STHE) and the double pipe heat exchangers (DPHE). The difference
between the two is the STHE may contain numerous tubes in one shell while DPHE only
contains one inner tube for one outer tube (Guerrero, 2013).
A DPHE is the simplest type of heat exchanger as it only consists two concentric
pipes which are depicted in the illustration below:


Figure 2-1. Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
Source: Wikimedia.org

Perry (1997) pointed out that the current U-shaped configuration addresses the
need for a removable bundle configuration as well as the necessity for the equipment to
handle thermal expansion without the use of expansion joints as these joints prove to be a
weak point for the exchanger. He also noted that using double pipe heat exchanger (or
hair pin heat exchangers) provides the ability to handle high tubeside pressure at a
relatively lower cost than the other heat exchangers.
There are two modes of fluid low in DPHE: co-current or parallel flow, and
counter current flow. Co-current flow occurs when the tube side fluid flow with the same
direction as the annular fluid while counter current flow occurs when the two fluids flow
in opposite directions (Perry, 1997). As discussed by del Barrio (2012), counter current
flow gives higher efficiency in heat transfer due to its high temperature gradient and heat
transfer coefficient.
Most types of heat exchangers with common heating fluids have their standard
overall heat transfer coefficient. These standard values are determined using the
following equation:
(Equation 2-2)
Where Q is the heat flow rate
U is the heat transfer coefficient
A is the heat transfer surface area
is the mean temperature difference

The mean temperature difference may be arithmetic if

and the ratio of

to

is less than or equal to 2. may then be solved with the following equation
(Guerrero, 2012):

(Equation 2-3)
However, if the rule stated above does not apply then the mean temperature
difference is logarithmic which is calculated as:

(Equation 2-4)
Different equations may be used in solving for the heat transfer coefficient
depending on the available data. It is known that the overall heat transfer coefficient is
the reciprocal of the overall resistance:

(Equation 2-5)

The objectives of the experiment are to obtain an overview with the procedures used for a
double pipe heat exchanger; to construct temperature profiles for the double pipe heat
exchanger; to calculate the inner and outer heat transfer coefficients, overall heat transfer
coefficient, and the efficiency of the heat transfer process and; to determine the effects of
varying the flowrate of one of the following streams on the efficiency of the heat transfer
process.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Flowrate Measurement

Prior the start of the experiment, the double pipe heat exchanger was checked for
leaks or any damages in the equipment. Water was then heated in the reservoir while tap
water was being poured onto the cold water reservoir. When the temperature of the hot
water reached 54C, the pump was tured o to et the water fow ito the heat
o d o o o m m i d i i i
tot
A h A h A k
x
A h A h
R
UA
, ,
1 1 1 1 1
+ +
A
+ + = =
exchanger. For the measurement of low flowrate, the middle valves were opened for both
the hot and cold fluid. The graduated cylinder was then used to measure the volume of
water which exited the equipment all the while the recording the number of seconds that
passed. The same procedure was done for the measurement of high flowrate only this
time all three valves were turned on.

2.2. Temperature Measurement

Each member of the group was assigned to record the temperature in each gauge
meters attached on the equipment for every 30 seconds that passed. Valves were opened
and closed depending on the orientation of the flow. For the parallel flow, the valves on
the blue pipes were turned on. While for the countercurrent flow, the valves on the
yellow pipes were turned on. The same procedures were done for both the low flowrate
and high flowrate of the hot and cold fluid.


3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

One way of analyzing the efficiency of a double pipe heat exchanger is to monitor
the temperature profile by installing temperature gauge meters at different strategic points
on the equipment. In the case of the double pipe heat exchanger used in this experiment,
the gauge meters are place at approximately every 6.5 ft length of the pipe. Through
careful observation, the temperature profiles for the parallel and countercurrent flow are
constructed as follows:

Fig 2-1. Temperature profile of the parallel flow at low flowrate after 5 minutes.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
C
e
l
s
i
u
s
)

Length (ft)
hot
cold

Fig 2-2. Temperature profile of the parallel flow at high flowrate after 5 minutes.

Fig 2-3. Temperature profile of countercurrent flow at low flowrate after 5 minutes.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
C
e
l
s
i
u
s
)

Length (ft)
hot
cold
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
C
e
l
s
i
u
s
)

Length (ft)
hot
cold

Fig 2-4. Temperature profile of countercurrent flow at high flowrate after 5 minutes.
By comparing the ideal plot of temperature profiles against the actual graph
constructed, it is unfortunate to say that errors are evident in the data acquired in the
experiment. Fig 2-5 and Fig 2-6 shows the ideal temperature profile curve for the parallel
and countercurrent flow.

Fig 2-5. Ideal temperature profile for the parallel flow.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
C
e
l
s
i
u
s
)

Length (ft)
hot
cold

Fig 2-6. Ideal temperature profile for the countercurrent flow.
Since the temperature profiles are no longer reliable, another way of evaluating
the efficiency of the double pipe heat exchanger is by determining the heat transfer that
occurred in the process. The measured input and output temperature of the double pipe
heat exchanger are the most crucial parameters in solving for the amount of heat
transferred as it will provide the temperature difference of the hot and cold fluid. Table 2-
1 shows the difference of the inlet and outlet temperature for the hot and cold fluid for
both flow type at high and low flowrate.
Table 2-1. Temperature difference of hot and cold fluid.
FLOW
TYPE
FLOWRATE
(mL/s)
TEMPERATURE (Celsius)
HOT COLD
HOT COLD
IN OUT T IN OUT T
Parallel
28.17 104.63 55 37 18 31 33 2
55.3 148.89 51 34 17 30 32 2
Counter
current
48.63 147.97 54 35 19 30 32 2
52.18 134.9 50 35 15 30 32 2

Note that the delta T in the hot fluid only differs by 4 degrees at most while delta
T for the cold fluid remains constant. The implications for these observations will be
explained later in the discussion. Also note the values obtained for the flowrate of the hot
and cold fluids. It is desired that the flow should be at steady state therefore the flowrate
should have been of equal value. The deviation of the actual data resulted from the fact
that the fow for both fuids cat be cotroed. his may be because the vaves o oger
meet its desired function and therefore must be replaced. Table 2-2 shows the computed
values for the heat efficiency of the double pipe heat exchanger.
Table 2-2. Calculated parameters for heat efficiency of the double pipe heat exchanger.
FLOW
TYPE
FLOWRATE
mL/s
Qc,
BTU/hr
Qh,
BTU/hr
Qlost,
BTU/hr
Heat
Efficiency, %
HOT COLD
Parallel
28.17 104.63 29345.46 14223.52 -15121.940 206.316
55.3 148.89 41773.93 27176.57 -14597.361 153.713
Counter
current
48.63 147.97 41515.81 25254.65 -16261.159 164.389
52.18 134.9 37848.77 24168.59 -13680.182 156.603

Surprisingly, the calculated heat efficiency for the double pipe heat exchanger
exceeds 100%. Although having high heat efficiency means that the exchanger had done
its purpose well and that the heat was transferred perfectly however, in the case for this
experiment, having such high values of efficiency is suspicious. All the computed values
for the heat lost by the system are negative. This implies that the system (cold fluid) had
absorbed heat not only from the hot fluid but also from the atmosphere of the Unit
Operations Laboratory. This can be explained by the illustration below:


Fig. 2-7. Illustration of heat transferred during the experiment.
Another parameter that had affected the heat efficiency is the high difference in
the flowrate between the hot and cold fluid. As discussed earlier, the valves no longer
function properly. The hot fluid flows significantly slower than the cold fluid which
resulted in the ineffective or incomplete heat transfer from the hot to the cold fluid. This
is because the cold water was flowing too fast before the heat from the hot water could
fully transfer its energy.
Another point that can be deduced from the obtained values is that as the flowrate
of the fluids are increased, the heat efficiency of the double pipe heat exchanger
decreases. Table 2-3. Shows the individual heat transfer coefficient as well as the overall
heat transfer coefficient for the double pipe heat exchanger.
Table 2-3. Individual and overall heat transfer coefficient.
FLOW TYPE
FLOWRATE mL/s
ho, BTU/hr-ft2-F hi, BTU/hr-ft2-F Uo, BTU/hr-ft2-F
HOT COLD
Parallel
28.17 104.63 5144.899046 251422.3871 1633.863141
55.3 148.89 6739.698879 348398.3448 2603.040684
Countercurrent
48.63 147.97 6706.362247 357032.6314 2286.828936
52.18 134.9 6228.129427 312562.6964 2183.767943

Cold fluid
Hot fluid
It is observed that the inner heat transfer coefficient has a large difference from
the outer heat transfer coefficient. This may be another result of the case wherein the cold
fluid absorbed additional energy from the surrounding. Moreover, the average overall
heat transfer of the countercurrent flow (2234.5 BTU/hr-ft2-F) is relatively larger than
the parallel flow (2118 BTU/hr-ft2-F).

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

There are two flow orientation for the double pipe heat exchanger, the parallel
flow and the countercurrent flow. Valves in the yellow pipes are opened to achieve a
countercurrent flow while valves in the blue pipes are opened for a parallel flow. The
parallel flow with low flowrate gives the highest heat efficiency of 206% while the
parallel flow with high flowrate produces the highest overall heat transfer coefficient.
This results are concluded to be suspicious as the ideal result is that the countercurrent
flow should produce the highest heat efficiency as well as the highest overall transfer
coefficient. Possible errors cited are the malfunctioning temperature gauge meters and
valves.


5. RECOMMENDATIONS

The temperature gauge meters should be replaced as well as the valves installed.
Fouling factors should be taken into consideration when solving for the heat efficiency.
Measuring the pressure in the heat exchanger so as to determine the effect of temperature
with pressure drop is also recommended though installations of pressure gauges are
required. Flowmeters may also be installed so as to make the measuring of the flow easier
and more accurate.

6. REFERENCES

PERRY, R.H. & GREEN, D.W. (1997).Perrys chemica egieers hadbook(7th ed).
USA: McGraw Hill, Inc.
GUERRERO, G.A. (2013). Heat exchanger [Handout].ChEDept, CEAT, UPLB, College,
Laguna.
DEL BARRIO, M. (2012).Heat exchanger [Handout].ChEDept, CEAT, UPLB, College,
Laguna.

7. APPENDICES
Table 2-4. Temperature profile for the parallel flow after 5 minutes.
Length
(ft)
LOW FLOWRATE HIGH FLOWRATE
HOT COLD HOT COLD
0 55 31 51 30
6.5 46 30 35 31.5
13 46 32 39 32
19.5 40 18 36 16
26 37 33 34 32

Table 2-5. Temperature profile for the countercurrent flow after 5 minutes.
Length
(ft)
LOW FLOWRATE HIGH FLOWRATE
HOT COLD HOT COLD
0 54 30 50 30
6.5 42 32 40 32
13 40 32 40 31
19.5 36 14 36 14
26 35 32 35 32


Table 2-6. Data for parallel current flow system for trial 1 (low flowrate).
Time (min)
Flow rate Temperature (C)
Hot Cold
Hot Cold
In 2 3 4 Out In 2 3 4 Out
0
28.17 104.63
54 48 46 40 36 30 31 33 18 34
0.5 53 48 46 40 33 31 31 33 18 35
1 53 46 46 40 31 31 30 33 18 35
1.5 53 46 44 40 29 31 30 32 18 34
2 53 46 45 40 25 31 30 32 18 33
2.5 54 46 46 40 23 31 30 32 18 33
3 54 46 45 40 33 31 30 32 18 33
3.5 54 46 45 40 35 31 30 32 18 33
4 54 46 46 40 34 31 30 32 18 33
4.5 55 46 45 40 37 31 30 32 18 33
5 55 46 46 40 37 31 30 32 18 33

Table 2-7. Data for parallel flow system for trial 2 (high flowrate).
Time (min)
Flow rate Temperature (C)
Hot Cold
Hot Cold
In 2 3 4 Out In 2 3 4 Out
0
55.3 148.89
49 43 42 42 40 30 34 34 20 36
0.5 49 40 40 41 39 30 34 34 20 36
1 49 39 39 40 37 30 33 33 19 34
1.5 50 39 39 38 34 30 32 33 18 33
2 50 39 39 36 34 30 32 33 17 32
2.5 50 39 39 36 34 30 32 33 16 32
3 51 35 39 36 34 30 32 33 16 32
3.5 51 35 39 36 34 30 32 32 16 32
4 51 35 39 36 34 30 32 32 16 32
4.5 51 35 39 36 34 30 31.5 32 16 32
5 51 35 39 36 34 30 31.5 32 16 32

Table 2-8. Data for counter-current flow system for trial 1 (low flowrate).
Time (min)
Flow rate Temperature (C)
Hot Cold
Hot Cold
In 2 3 4 Out In 2 3 4 Out
0
48.62667 147.97
53 44 44 39 37 30 36 34 16 33
0.5 53 43 42 39 36 30 36 33 15 35
1 53 42 41 38 36 30 35 32 14 34
1.5 53 42 40 38 36 30 34 32 14 33
2 53 42 40 37 36 30 34 32 14 33
2.5 53 42 40 36 36 30 33 32 14 33
3 53 42 40 36 35 30 33 32 14 32
3.5 54 42 40 36 35 30 32 32 14 32
4 54 42 40 36 35 30 32 32 14 32
4.5 54 42 40 36 35 30 32 32 14 32
5 54 42 40 36 35 30 32 32 14 32

Table 2-9. Data for counter-current flow system for trial 2 (high flowrate).
Time (min)
Flow rate Temperature (C)
Hot Cold
Hot Cold
In 2 3 4 Out In 2 3 4 Out
0
52.18333 134.8967
48 40 40 36 35 30 31 32 14 33
0.5 48 40 40 36 35 30 31 32 14 33
1 48 40 40 36 35 30 32 32 14 32
1.5 49 40 40 36 35 30 32 32 14 32
2 49 40 40 36 35 30 32 31 14 32
2.5 49 40 40 36 35 30 32 31 14 32
3 49 40 40 36 35 30 32 31 14 32
3.5 50 40 40 36 35 30 32 31 14 32
4 50 40 40 36 35 30 32 31 14 32
4.5 50 40 40 36 35 30 32 31 14 32
5 50 40 40 36 35 30 32 31 14 32

Table 2-10. Parameters for the hot fluid.
FLOW
TYPE
T
ave,
C
FLO
WRA
TE,
mL/s
DENSIT
Y, kg/m3
m,
lb/hr
SPECIFIC
HEAT, Cp
(kJ/kg-K)
Q, BTU/hr
VISCOSI
TY,
Ns/m2
K,
W/m
-K
Parallel
46 28.17 989.792 221.23 4.17983 14223.52 0.0005861 0.638
42.5 55.3 991.237 434.92 4.17913 27176.58 0.0006239 0.634
Cunter
current
44.5 48.63 990.421 382.15 4.17953 25254.65 0.0006023 0.637
42.5 52.18 991.237 410.38 4.17913 24168.59 0.0006239 0.634

Table 2-11. Parameters for the cold fluid.
FLOW
TYPE
T
ave,
C
FLOW
RATE,
mL/s
DENSIT
Y, kg/m3
m, lb/hr
SPECIFIC
HEAT, Cp
(kJ/kg-K)
Q,
BTU/hr
VISCOSI
TY,
Ns/m2
K,
W/m
-K
Parallel
32 104.63 995.026 826.0469 4.178 29345.46 0.0007667 0.620
31 148.89 995.341 1175.848 4.17817 41773.94 0.0007836 0.618
Counte
current
31 147.97 995.341 1168.583 4.17817 41515.81 0.0007836 0.618
31 134.9 995.341 1065.363 4.17817 37848.77 0.0007836 0.618

Table 2-12. Parameters for Nre and Npr.
FLOW
TYPE
FLOWRATE
mL/s
velocity
h, ft/s
velocity c,
ft/s
Nre h Nre c Npr h Npr c
HOT COLD
Parallel
28.17 104.63 0.47373 0.390582 367075.9 598757.0 3.834443 5.165
55.3 148.89 0.92997 0.555804 491427.1 833993.5 4.108027 5.290
Counter
current
48.63 147.97 0.81780 0.552369 505486.7 828840.2 3.951262 5.290
52.18 134.9 0.87750 0.503579 445251.6 755629.8 4.108027 5.290


8. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Solving for the efficiency of the double pipe heat exchanger
100 x
Q
Q
Efficiency
h
c
=

- Solve for mass flowrate of hot fluid

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

- Solve for Qh

) (

)
(

()

- Solve for mass flowrate of cold fluid

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

- Solve for Qc

) (

)
(

()

- Solve for Qlost

Solving for the heat transfer coefficient
s
3906 . 0
12
0.6205
4
1
0328 . 0
1
1
s
ml
28.17
4
2
3
3
2
f t
f t
cm
f t
ml
cm
D
W
A
W
h
h h
h
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
v
t
t
v

( )
) turbulent ( 9702 . 367075
K - kJ/kg 0.00058618
3048 . 0
12
0.6205
3906 . 0
m
kg
792 . 989
Re
2
3
Re
Re
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
N
f t
m
f t
s
f t
N
D
N

()()

()() (

) ()

()