Design of Structural Members

Lecture 10 Column Base Plates
Columns must transmit vertical loads to the concrete footing. An intermediary steel base plate is used to distribute this column load without crushing the concrete. Applied load P
Steel column
Anchor rods (4 min. per OSHA) See AISC p. 14-9 Steel base plate Base Plate thickness
Concrete resistance to crushing
The design of steel base plates is based on the following: AISC Spec. Chapter J8 (p. 16.1-70) AISC Part 14
Lecture 10 - Page 1 of 6
The design of a base plate involves the following steps: Pp = Nominal bearing strength of concrete = 0.85fcA1 Design Bearing strength of concrete: cPp where c = 0.60 LRFD where c = 2.50 ASD c where: fc = specified compressive strength of concrete, KSI A1 = area of steel base plate concentrically loaded on conc, in2 = BN (where B and N use whole inches if possible)
B bf m
Pp
See AISC p. 14-5
0.95d m n 0.80bf n
m=
N 0.95d 2 B 0.80b f
2
n=
tmin = minimum base plate thickness per AISC p. 14-6:

t min = L 2 f pu 0 .9 F y
t min = L Pu BN
3.33 f pa
Fy Pa BN
where: f pu =
where: f pa =
Pu = factored axial load, kips m L = larger of n =
Fy = base plate steel yield stress
Pa = service axial load, kips m L = larger of n
Fy = base plate steel yield stress
LRFD
ASD
Example (LRFD) GIVEN: A W14x82 A992 column has a factored axial load Pu = 700 KIPS. It bears on a steel base plate using A36 steel. The footing has concrete fc = 3000 PSI. REQUIRED: Design the column base plate. Step 1 Determine required base plate area, A1 to avoid conc. crushing:
cPp = Design bearing strength of concrete = 0.6Pp = 0.6(0.85fcA1)

Re-arranging to solve for A1: A1 =
Pu 0.6(0.85 f ' c )
700 KIPS 0.6(0.85(3KSI ))
A1 = 457.5 in2 Step 2 Determine Optimized base plate dimensions:
0.95d 0.8b f 2 0.95(14.3" ) 0.8(10.1" ) 2
d and bf from properties p. 1-22
= 2.75 N
A1 + 457.5in 2 + 2.75"
24.14
TRY N = 24 and B = 20 (Area = 480 in2 > 457.5 in2)
Step 3 Determine m and n: m=
N 0.95d 2
24"0.95(14.3" ) 2
= 5.2 n=
B 0.80b f
2 20"0.80(10.1" ) 2
= 5.96 Step 4 Determine minimum base plate thickness, tmin:

t min = L 2 f pu 0 .9 F y
where: Pu = factored axial load, kips = 700 Kips

f pu = Pu BN
700 Kips = 1.46 KSI (20" )(24" )

m = 5.2
L = larger of n = 5.96 use
t min = 5.96"
2(1.46 KSI ) 0.9(36 KSI )
Base plate yield stress
= 1.79 use 1 thick plate
Step 5 Draw Summary Sketch:
20
W14x82 A992 col. centered on plate
24
7 1 " thick A36 steel base plate 8
Lecture 12 Bolted Connections

Below is a typical bolt and the terms given to the parts of a bolt:
Bolts used in structural steel fasteners fall within 2 categories see AISC Table 2-5 p. 2-41: 1) Carbon steel bolts These bolts achieve their total strength from shear (or tension) strength across the diameter of the bolt. They are relatively low-strength and are used primarily for low-load applications such as for anchor rods. The typical carbon steel bolt used in structural steel buildings is ASTM A307 and F1554 for use in anchor rods. 2) High-strength bolts These bolts are used for high-load connections and obtain their total strength from the shear strength across the diameter of the bolt PLUS the friction developed between the nut and joined steel surfaces. In order to achieve the friction capacity, these bolts are tensioned to 70% of the ultimate tensile strength of the material according to the table below. ASTM A325 and A490 bolts are typically used. The LRFD references the design of bolted connections in the following: AISC Spec. Chapter J3 (p. 16.1-102) AISC Part 7 AISC Part 9 AISC Part 10
Possible Bolted Shear Failure Mechanisms: There are 4 basic types of failure mechanisms for bolted connections under shear: 1) Bolt Shear: This is probably the most obvious failure mode. It occurs when the applied load exceeds the shear capacity through the bolt. The design shear strength is dictated in AISC Table J3.2 p. 16.1-104 and AISC Table 7-1 p. 7-22. Possible remedies include using a larger diameter bolt, higher grade of bolt or more bolts.
Result
Bolt shear failure
2) Edge Tear-Out: This occurs when the bolt is located too close to the edge of the plate in the direction of load. A minimum required edge distance, Le, is dictated in AISC Table J3.4 p. 16.1-107. Possible remedies include increasing the edge distance or reducing the bolt diameter.
Le
Edge Distance failure
3) Bearing Failure: This type of failure occurs when one of the plates is too thin or not strong enough for the applied loads. The design bearing strength at bolt holes is dictated in AISC p. 16.1-111 and AISC Table 7-5 p. 7-28 and AISC Table 7-6 p. 7-30. Possible remedies increasing the plate thickness, use a higher grade of steel or using larger diameter bolts.
Thin plate
Bearing failure
4) Net Section Failure: A net section failure occurs when there are too many bolt holes perpendicular to the line of action resulting in too little material to carry the load. Think of Swiss cheese. The minimum spacing of bolts is dictated in AISC J3.2 p. 16.1-106 as not less than 2 times the nominal bolt diameter, preferably 3 times the bolt diameter. Usually 3 is used as the nominal bolt spacing for bolts < 1 in diameter.
Net section failure
Types of Bolted Connections 1) Bearing-Type Connections: A bearing-type connection is the most common type of bolted connection. It is used in most simple-shear connections and in situations when loosening or fatigue due to vibration or load fluctuations are NOT design considerations. In these connections, bolts are tightened to the snug-tight condition, as defined as the tightness attained by a few impacts of an impact wrench or the full effort of an iron worker using an ordinary spud wrench. The design strength of bearing-type fasteners is per AISC Eq. J3-1 p. 16.1-108. 2) Slip-Critical Connections: A slip-critical connection is one in which loosening due to vibration or load reversals are to be considered. Also, holes that are oversize or slotted shall be designed as slip-critical connections. Bolts that are used in slip-critical connections must be pre-tensioned per AISC Table J3.1 p. 16.1-103. In addition, the design strength of the connection must be checked in accordance with AISC J3.8, J3.9 and J3.10 p. 16.1-109 thru 111. As an alternative, AISC Table 7-3 and 7-4 p. 7-24 thru 27 can be used.
See AISC Table J3.3 p. 16.1-105 for hole dimensions
Design Strength of Bearing-Type Fasteners From AISC J3.6 p. 16.1-108, the design tension or shear strength of a high-strength bolt or threaded part is: Design strength of bolt = Rn LRFD Allowable strength of bolt = where: Rn = FnAb = 0.75 LRFD = 2.00 ASD Fn = nominal tensile or shear stress of fastener, KSI = from Table J3.2 p. 16.1-104 Ab = x-sect. nominal area of unthreaded body of bolt, in2 Shear Plane: The shear plane is the plane in which the various connected parts are in contact.
Rn ASD
Threads Not excluded from shear plane N Threads eXcluded from shear plane X
Single-shear
Double-shear
Load
Load
Example 1 (LRFD) GIVEN: A diameter ASTM A325-N bolt in single-shear is subjected to a factored load of 14 KIPS. REQUIRED: Determine the design shear strength of the bolt considering bolt shear ONLY, and comment if the bolt is acceptable.
dia. A325-N bolt
Pu = 14 KIPS Step 1 Determine design shear strength of bolt: Design shear strength = Rn where: = 0.75 Rn = nominal shear strength of fastener = FnAb Fn = from Table J3.2 p. 16.1-104 = 48 KSI (threads Not excluded) Ab = nominal area of unthreaded body of bolt, in2 =
D2
(0.75" ) 2
= 0.44 in2 Design shear strength = (0.75)(48 KSI)(0.44 in2) Design shear strength = 15.8 KIPS > 14 KIPS Acceptable
Example 2 (LRFD) GIVEN: Same as Example 1 REQUIRED: Determine bolt design shear using AISC Table 7-1 p. 7-22. Step 1 Refer to Table 7-1: ASTM A325 Thread condition = N Design shear strength = 15.9 KIPS Loading = S (Single shear) Bolt Diameter, db =
Lecture 13 Bolted Connections (cont.)

In the previous lecture, we looked at general strength considerations of bolted connections. In this lecture we will look at a typical all-bolted beam-to-girder shear connection to see practical bolted connection considerations. K
Cope Lev S S
Beam
Girder Connection angles Angle gage g from AISC p. 1-46 = Leh where: Cope = cut distance of beam flange necessary to clear girder flange and K distance, usually 1, 2 or 3 K = distance between top of flange to edge of start of flat web = from beam properties AISC Part 1 Lev = required minimum vertical edge distance in direction of load = from AISC Table J3.4 p. 16.1-107 S = bolt center-to-center spacing from AISC J3.3 p. 16.1-106 = 2 times nominal bolt diameter (minimum) = 3 times bolt diameter (preferred) = 3 (typical for bolts up to 1 diameter)
Example (LRFD) GIVEN: A W16x40 A992 steel beam A frames into a W18x55 A992 steel girder B. The applied floor Service DL = 80 PSF and the applied floor Service LL = 100 PSF. Use diameter A325-X bolts with standard bolt holes and doubleangle A36 L3x3x connection angles. The beam is coped at top flange only. REQUIRED: Design the all-bolted beam-to-girder connection and provide a summary sketch. 30-0 W18x55 Girder B
W16x40 Beam A
Step 1 Determine factored beam end reaction: wu = 1.2[6(80 PSF) + 40 PLF] + 1.6[6(100 PSF)] = 1584 PLF = 1.6 KLF Beam weight Beam end reaction =
wu L 2
1.6 KLF (30'0" ) 2
= 24 KIPS
4 @ 6-0 = 24-0
Step 2 Use AISC Table 10-1 All-Bolted Double-Angle Connections, p. 10-22:
These tables incorporate all design considerations for typical allbolted double-angle connections. Bolts
See Step 3 See Step 9 W16x40 Beam
See Step 5
See Step 7 See Step 5
See Step 8
Step 3 Check Bolt and Angle Design Strength: From Table above, ASTM A325 Thread Cond. = X Angle thickness = Step 4 Determine minimum required cope: The minimum required vertical edge distance must be greater than the K distance for either the girder or the beam. W18x55 girder Kdet = 1 Bolt and angle design strength = 76.4 KIPS > 24 KIPS
5 " from AISC p. 1-18 16

Use cope = 1
W16x40 beam Kdet = 1
3 " from AISC p. 1-20 16
Step 5 Determine vertical edge distance, Lev: For compactness, use Lev = 1 (See Table J3.4 p. 16.1-107) Step 6 Determine angle gage for L3x3x = Leh: From AISC p. 1-46 g1 = Leh = 1 Step 7 Check Beam Web Design Strength: From Table above, Hole Type = STD Leh = 1 Lev = 1 The web thickness, tw of a W16x40 = 0.305 from AISC p. 1-20 W16x40 web design strength = 0.305(200 KIPS/inch) = 61 KIPS > 24 KIPS OK Beam web design strength = 200 KIPS per inch thickness
Step 8 Check girder Support Design Strength: From Table above, Support Design Strength per Inch Thickness = 526 KIPS The web thickness, tw of a W18x55 = 0.390 from AISC p. 1-18 W18x55 web design strength = 0.390(526 KIPS/inch) = 205 KIPS > 24 KIPS OK Step 9 Determine bolt spacing S: Preferred bolt spacing S = 3 x bolt diameter = 3() = 2 Use S = 3 from Table above > 2 OK Step 10 Draw summary sketch of connection design:
W16x40 Beam
Cope = 1 Lev = 1 S = 3 S = 3 1
W18x55 Girder
2 - L 3x3x x 8 long A36 connection angles with 9 - A325-X bolts in STD holes Angle gage = 1
Lecture 15 Welded Connections (cont.)

The design of a typical all-welded double-angle simple shear connection will be investigated. Similar to an all-bolted connection, the AISC manual makes use of a one-stop-shopping design aid Table 10-3 p. 10-48 for all design considerations. An example design of a typical all-welded double-angle simple shear connection is as follows: Example 1 (LRFD) GIVEN: A W21x44 A992 girder with a factored end reaction = 87 KIPS has 2 L3x3x3/8 connection angles shop-welded to the girder web and field-welded to the W12x58 A992 column flange as shown. REQUIRED: Design the connection and provide a summary sketch.
W21x44 Girder
L=?
Minimum Web thickness
W12x58 Column
Weld A 3/16
2X weld size
L2x2x erection angle shop-welded to col. flange 2 L3x3x3/8 connection angles
L=?
Weld B
Step 1 Refer to AISC Table 10-3 p. 10-48 for design info:
See Step 2 See Step 5 See Step 4
See Step 3
Step 2 Determine minimum length L by checking Weld B strength: From Table above, using a weld, choose a length L such that Rn > 87 KIPS Use Lmin = 12 Rn = 99 KIPS > 87 KIPS OK Step 3 - Determine minimum length L by checking Weld A strength: From Table above, using a 3/16 weld, choose a length L such that Rn > 87 KIPS Use Lmin = 7 Rn = 92.9 KIPS > 87 KIPS OK Step 4 Check minimum required column flange thickness for Weld B: The flange thickness, tf for a W12x58 column = 0.640 From Table above, using a weld, the required minimum support thickness = 0.190 < 0.640 OK Step 5 Check minimum girder web thickness for Weld A: The web thickness, tw for a W21x44 beam = 0.350 From Table above, using a 3/16 weld, the required minimum web thickness = 0.286 < 0.350 OK Step 6 Determine angle length: Since the minimum length of Weld B = 12 which is greater than the minimum length of Weld A use 12 long angles.
Step 7 Draw summary sketch: W21x44 Girder 1 12
W12x58 Column
Weld A 3/16
2() =
L2x2x erection angle shop-welded to col. flange 2 L3x3x3/8 connection angles
12
Weld B
Eccentric Loading on Weld: Table 10-3 assumes that the loading is approximately concentric. In other words, there is no moment acting on the weld. In industrial or other situations, connections are applied eccentrically to a column which creates moment on the column as well as the connection. AISC Tables 84 thru 8-11 can be used for design of eccentrically-loaded welded connections.
Pu Pu
Concentric Load on Weld Group
Eccentric Load on Weld Group
Example 2 (LRFD) GIVEN: A plate is welded to the flange of a column as shown below. This plate carries a cantilevered factored load of 25 KIPS. REQUIRED: Determine if the weld is adequate to carry the eccentric loading. Pu = 25 KIPS 16

Column flange
L = 8 Plate
Step 1 Refer to AISC Table 8-5 p. 8-72:
See Step 3 See Step 2
See Step 4
See Step 3
Step 2 Determine coefficient k: Since L = 8 kL = 4 k(8) = 4 k = 0.5 Step 3 Determine coefficient a: Since L = 8 aL = 16 k(8) = 16 a = 2.0 Step 4 Determine coefficient C: k = 0.5 Use C = 0.821 a = 2.0
Step 5 Determine maximum permissible Pu: From Table above Lmin =

Pu CC1 D
ERROR in AISC Manual!!!
Rearranging and solving for Pu: Pu = LCC1D where: = 0.75 C = 0.821 C1 = 1.0 (AISC p. 8-65) D = 4 - 1/16ths
= (8)(0.75)(0.821)(1.0)(4) Pu = 19.7 KIPS < 25 KIPS UNACCEPTABLE
Lecture 16 AISC Code of Standard Practice

Design, fabrication, and erection of steel-framed buildings should incorporate provisions of the AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges and is found in AISC Spec. Section 16.3 and also online at www.AISC.org. It was first published in 1924 and is now in its 6th edition, dated March 7, 2005. It provides a useful framework for the understanding of the acceptable standards for the construction of structural steel structures. It is useful for owners, architects, engineers, contractors, fabricators, construction managers and anyone else involved with construction using structural steel. The Code also serves as a basis for technical project specifications, typically CSI Specification Section 05100 Structural Steel (see Lecture 17). A summary of the Code of Standard Practice is given below. GLOSSARY Definitions and abbreviations of relevant terms used throughout the Code. Some important, (but often vague) definitions include: AESS Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel Contract Documents Design Drawings EOR Engineer-of-Record Erection Drawings Erector Fabricator Inspector Owner Owners Designated Representative for Construction Owners Designated Representative for Design RCSC Research Council on Structural Connections RFI written Request for Information SER Structural Engineer-of-Record Shop Drawings Specifications SSPC Society for Protective Coatings (formerly Steel Structures Painting Council) Steel Detailer Structural Steel
Section 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 1.1 Scope The Code shall govern the fabrication and erection of structural steel (unless otherwise noted in Contract Documents). 1.2 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards AISC Manual of Steel Construction AISC Seismic Provisions AISC Specification ASTM (lots of referenced standards) AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code RCSC Specification Specification for Structural Joints using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts SSPC Steel Structures Painting Council
1.3 Units Either U.S. customary or metric units will be used. Each system shall be independent of the other. 1.4 Design Criteria The AISC Specification shall be used in the absence of other design criteria. 1.5 Responsibility for Design If the Owners Designated Representative for Design provides the design, the Fabricator and Erector are NOT responsible for building code conformance of the design. If the Owner enters a contract with the Fabricator for design/build, then the Fabricator IS responsible for building code conformance of the design.
1.6 Patents and Copyrights The EOR is responsible for obtaining patents and copyrights of design.
1.7 Existing Structures Demolition, protection, field dimensions and/or abatement or removal of hazardous are NOT the responsibility of the Fabricator or Erector. 1.8 Means, Methods and Safety of Erection Erector is responsible for erection of frame. SER is responsible for structural adequacy of completed project.
Section 2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS Structural Steel shall consist of the following typical elements:
Anchor Rods that will receive structural steel Base Plates & bearing plates Beams Bracing (permanent) Columns Connections Fasteners for connecting structural steel Girders Hangers Lintels Shear stud connectors Trusses
Section 3 DESIGN DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS 3.1 Structural Design Drawings and Specifications Structural design drawings shall consider design loads and forces in the completed project. Drawings must show: Size, section, location and material grade of all members Geometry and working points necessary for layout Floor elevations Column centers and offsets Camber requirements for beams (if required) Permanent bracing, stiffeners, reinforcement Connection details or data that can be used by fabricator for design including ASD or LRFD methodology Data relating to non-Structural steel elements that interact with frame Painting requirements of Structural steel
3.2 Architectural, Electrical and Mechanical Design Drawings Other trades design drawings may be used to show structural steel elements for purposes of defining detail configurations and other construction information, however, ALL STRUCTURAL INFO. MUST BE SHOWN ON STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS. 3.3 Discrepancies Discrepancies discovered in the Contract Documents shall be resolved by the EOR in a timely manner so as not to delay the Fabricators work. Which Governs: Design Drawings Written info in drawings Structural Drawings
Discrepancies between: Design Drawings Specifications Scaled graphic drawings Written info in drawing Arch., Elect., Mech. Structural Drawings Drawings 3.4 Legibility of Design Drawings
Design Drawings must be legible and drawn to a scale of not smaller than 1/8 = 1-0 (unless clarity of the drawing is carefully considered), larger as necessary to convey detailed information. 3.5 Revisions to Design Drawings and Specifications All revisions must be communicated either by issuing new Design Drawings and Specifications or by re-issuing existing Design Drawings and Specifications. Revisions must be clearly and individually indicated, dated and identified by a revision number. These revised sketches become amendments to the Contract Drawings. 3.6 Fast-Track Project Delivery Release of structural Design Drawings and Specifications shall constitute a release for construction, regardless of the status of the architectural, electrical, mechanical, or any other trades documents.
Section 4 SHOP AND ERECTION DRAWINGS 4.1 Owner Responsibility The Owner shall furnish the complete structural Design Drawings and Specifications to the Fabricator in a TIMELY MANNER. 4.2 Fabricator Responsibility Fabricator shall produce Shop Drawings and Erection Drawings. Fabricators are permitted to use the services of independent detailers. 4.3 Use of CAD and/or Copies of Design Drawings Fabricator shall NOT reproduce any part of the Design Drawings as part of the Shop or Erection Drawings without the express written permission of Owners Designated Representative for Design. 4.4 Approval Shop and Erection Drawings must be submitted to Owners Representative for Design for review and approval and returned to Fabricator within 14 calendar days.
Section 5 MATERIALS 5.1 Mill Materials Fabricator is permitted to order materials upon receipt of Contract Documents that have been issued for construction. If mill materials do not meet ASTM A6 tolerances, Fabricator is permitted to make corrective procedures. 5.2 Stock Materials Fabricator may use stock materials if they meet with required ASTM specifications. Certified mill test reports are used as evidence of record of quality of material. Section 6 SHOP FABRICATION AND DELIVERY 6.1 Identification of Material Materials used for special requirements shall be marked by the supplier as specified by ASTM A6 prior to delivery to Fabricators shop or point of use. 6.2 Preparation of Material Thermal cutting of material is permitted. Surfaced specified as finished shall have a roughness in accordance with ANSI/ASME B46.1 that is less than or equal to 500. 6.3 Fitting and Fastening Projecting elements of connection materials need not be straightened in the connecting plane. Backing bars and runoff tabs shall be used to produce as required to produce sound welds, and do not need be removed unless specifically designated in the Contract Documents.
6.4 Fabrication Tolerances The following tolerances are to be used: Member Type: Both ends finished for contact bearing Members < 30-0 Members > 30-0 All members Beam length < 50-0 Beam length > 50-0 Tolerance Variation: Length = 1/32 Length = 1/16 Length = 1/8 Straightness < 1/1000 axial length Camber variation = 0 Camber variation = 0 + 1/8 per 10-0 additional length beyond 50-0
6.5 Shop Cleaning and Painting Structural steel that does not require shop paint shall be cleaned of oil, grease, dirt and any foreign material. Structural steel requiring shop painting shall be free of oil, grease, dirt and any foreign material; as well as meeting the requirements of SSPC-SP2. 6.6 Marking and Shipping of Materials Erection marks shall be painted to all structural steel members. Connection members shall be shipped in separate closed containers according to grade, length and diameter. 6.7 Delivery of Materials Steel shall be delivered in a sequence that will permit efficient and economical fabrication and erection. Section 7 ERECTION 7.1 Method of Erection Structural steel shall be erected using methods and a sequence that will permit efficiency and economy.
7.2 Job-Site Conditions Owners Representative for Construction shall provide the following: Access road for deliveries and movement of materials Adequate obstruction-free space for operation of Erectors equipment Adequate storage space
7.3 Foundations, Piers and Abutments Owners Representative for Construction shall be responsible for accurate location, suitability and access to all foundations, piers and abutments. 7.4 Building Lines and Bench Marks Owners Representative for Construction shall be responsible for accurate location of building lines and benchmarks and shall furnish the Fabricator with a plan containing such information. 7.5 Installation of Anchor Rods and Other Embedded Items Owners Representative for Construction shall be responsible for setting in accordance with Embedment Drawings. The variation in location shall be as follows: Item: Centers of any 2 anchor rods within an anchor rod group Centers of adjacent anchor rod groups Elevation of tops of anchor rods Accumulated variation between centers of anchor rod groups 7.6 Installation of Bearing Devices All leveling plates, nuts, washers and bearing plates that can be handled without crane are set to line and grade by the Owners Representative for Construction (otherwise set by Erector). 7.7 Grouting Grouting shall be the responsibility of the Owners Representative for Construction. The usual method for supporting columns during erection is by use of leveling nuts and washers or shims. Variation in Dimension: < 1/8 < < per 100-0 not to exceed a total of 1
7.8 Field Connection Material Fabricator shall provide field connection details consistent with Contract Documents. 7.9 Loose Material Unless otherwise noted, loose structural steel items that are not connected to the steel frame by the Owners Representative for Construction without assistance from Fabricator. 7.10 Temporary Support of Structural Steel Frames The Owners Designated Representative for Design shall identify the following: Lateral load resisting system and connecting diaphragm elements providing stability in the completed structure Any special erection conditions that are required by the design concept, such as use of jacks, shores, etc.
7.11 Safety Protection The Erector shall provide floor coverings, handrails, walkways and other protection for the Erectors personnel in accordance with all applicable safety regulations. Unless otherwise specified, the Erector is permitted to remove such safety protection form areas where the erection operations are completed. Safety protection for other trades that are not under the direct employment of the Erector shall be the responsibility of the Owners Representative for Construction. 7.12 Structural Steel Frame Tolerances The accumulation of the mill tolerances (Section 6.4) and fabrication tolerances shall not cause the erection tolerances (Section 7-13) to be exceeded.
7.13 Erection Tolerances Erection tolerances are referenced from Work Points and Work Lines defined as: Members other than horizontal members, the member work point is the actual center of the member at each end of the shipping piece. Horizontal members work point shall be the actual centerline of the top flange or top surface at each end. Work line is defined a s a straight line that connects the member work points. Erection Tolerance: 1/500 distance between work points not to exceed 1 total for first 20 stories + 3/16 - 5/16 3/8
Member: Column tolerance deviation from plumb Individual straight piece (other than column) connecting to column Adjustable members 7.14 Correction of Errors
Correction of minor misfits by means of reaming, grinding, drawing of elements into line by drift pins, welding or cutting shall be considered normal erection operations. Errors that cannot be corrected by these means must be promptly reported to the Owners Designated Representative for Design and Construction. 7.15 Cuts, Alterations and Holes for Other Trades The Fabricator or the Erector may NOT cut, drill or otherwise alter their work to accommodate other trades unless work is specified in the Contract Documents. 7.16 Handling and Storage The Erector shall take reasonable care in the proper handling and storage of structural steel during erection to avoid excess dirt and foreign matter. However, it is not the Erectors responsibility to remove dirt or other foreign material that may accumulate during normal erection procedures.
7.17 Field Painting The Fabricator or the Erector is NOT responsible to paint field bolts, or to touch-up abrasions of the shop coat, or to perform any field painting. 7.18 Final Cleaning Up Upon completion and acceptance, the Erector shall remove any of the Erectors falsework, scaffolding, rubbish and temporary structures. Section 8 QUALITY ASSURANCE 8.1 General The Fabricator shall maintain a quality assurance program to assure that the work is performed in accordance with this Code. 8.2 Inspection of Mill Material Certified mill test reports shall constitute sufficient evidence that the mill product satisfies material order requirements. 8.3 Non-Destructive Testing As per Contract Documents. 8.4 Surface Preparation and Shop Painting Inspection As per Contract Documents. 8.5 Independent Inspection Fabricator and Erector shall provide the Inspector with access to all places where work is being performed, and a minimum of 24 hours notice must be given prior to commencement of work. Inspector shall inspect work at shop as much as possible. Field inspections should be performed as promptly as possible. Deficiencies discovered by Inspector shall be reported to Fabricator and Erector as soon as possible. The Inspector shall NOT approve of any deviations from the Contract Documents without written approval from the Owners Designated Representative for Design and Construction.
Section 9 CONTRACTS 9.1 Types of Contracts Lump sum price Price per pound Price per item Unit price
9.2 Calculation of Weights Weight is determined by calculation of gross weight of materials as shown on the Shop Drawings. This does NOT include shop and field weld metal or protective coatings. Deductions shall not be made for holes, copes, drilling or other removals for connections. Steel unit weight = 490 lb/ft3. 9.3 Revisions to Contract Documents Revisions to Contract Drawings shall be confirmed by change order or extra work order, and shall constitute authorization by the Owner that the revision is released for construction. 9.4 Contract Price Adjustment When the scope of work and responsibilities of the Fabricator and the Erector are changed, an appropriate modification to the contract price shall be made. Requests for contract price adjustments shall be presented to the Owner and approved/disapproved in a timely manner. 9.5 Scheduling The contract schedule shall state when the Design Drawings will be released for construction so that erection can start at the designated time and continue without interference or delay. 9.6 Terms of Payment Terms of payment shall be outlined in the Contract Documents.
Section 10 ARCHITECTURALLY EXPOSED STRUCTURAL STEEL The rapidly increasing use of exposed structural steel as an aesthetic design medium has prompted the use of additional requirements that apply to these members. Typically they call for closer dimensional tolerances and smoother finished surfaces than for ordinary structural steel. 10.1 General Requirements When members are specifically designated in the Design Drawings as Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel, the requirements in Sections 1 through 9 shall apply as modified in Section 10. 10.2 Fabrication Permissible tolerances shall conform to ASTM A6. All copes, miters and cuts in surfaces exposed to view shall be made with uniform gaps of 1/8. All welds exposed to view shall not project more than 1/16 above the surface. Seams of hollow structural sections (HSS) shall be oriented away from view.
10.3 Delivery of Materials Fabricator shall take extra care and precautions to avoid bending, twisting or otherwise damaging the structural steel. 10.4 Erection Erector shall take extra care and precautions to minimize damage during handling and erection procedures. Unless otherwise noted, AESS members shall be plumbed, leveled and aligned to a tolerance that is that of non-AESS members.
Lecture 17 Structural Steel Specifications

Project-specific construction documents generally consist of two items: Design Drawings Specifications
The Design Drawings graphically present the specific design of the structure. However, they do not indicate the specific requirements relating to: Materials Submittals Job conditions Testing & inspection Execution of work
CSI Construction Specifications Institute The CSI was founded in 1948 in an effort to organize trade-specific specifications into a uniform, industry accepted format. It developed the MasterFormat, a breakdown of all construction-related activities into 16 divisions as follows:
Division 1 General Requirements Division 2 Site Construction Division 3 Concrete Division 4 Masonry Division 5 Metals Division 6 Wood and Plastics Division 7 Thermal and Moisture Protection Division 8 Doors and Windows Division 9 Finishes Division 10 Specialties Division 11 Equipment Division 12 Furnishings Division 13 Special Construction Division 14 Conveying Systems Division 15 Mechanical Division 16 Electrical
05050 Basic Metal Materials 05100 Structural Steel 05200 Metal Joists 05300 Metal Deck 05400 Cold-Formed Metal Framing 05500 Metal Fabrications 05600 Hydraulic Fabrications 05650 Railroad Track & Accessories 05700 Ornamental Metal 05800 Expansion Control 05900 Metal Restoration & Cleaning
Each division has been further refined into multiple sub-divisions (as shown for Division 5 above). To obtain samples of specifications, go to http://www.ogs.state.ny.us/dnc/generalInfo/masterspecdefault.htm In addition to technical specifications, the CSI MasterFormat is used by most of the construction industry for purposes of cost estimating, contractor qualifications, product research and supply ordering.
Section 05100 Structural Steel

PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 WORK INCLUDED A. Labor, materials, equipment, services and transportation required to complete structural steel work on the Drawings, as specified herein or both. Structural steel work is that work defined in AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, dated March 7, 2005, plus work listed below and shown on structural drawings. 1. 2. Structural steel beams, columns, girders, trusses, and other main structural components and systems. Furnishing and installation of bracing (temporary and permanent), struts, brackets, stiffeners, anchors, support angles for metal deck, hangers, shear studs, and all other miscellaneous steel support members necessary to complete this Section. Design, fabrication and installation of bolted and welded connections and splices. Furnishing and installation of column base plates and bearing plates. Furnishing and installation of anchor rods and loose leveling plates. Furnishing and installation of openings (unreinforced and reinforced) in structural steel required to accommodate mechanical, plumbing, and electrical work. Furnishing and application of shop primer, paint, including finish coat(s) when required, and field touch-up paint for designated structural steel items.
3. 4. 5. 6.
7.
1.2
QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Comply with latest editions of: 1. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Publications: a. Manual of Steel Construction: Includes "Specification for Structural Steel Buildings Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)", "Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges", "Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts". b. Building Code of New York State by New York State Department of State Division of Code Enforcement and Administration. 2. American Welding Society, Inc. (AWS): AWS D1.1 "Structural Welding Code - Steel". 3. American Hot Dip Galvanizers Association, Inc.; Zinc Institute Inc.: "Inspection Manual for Hot Dip Galvanized Products". 4. Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC): "Surface Preparation Specifications".
5.
Exposed Structural Steel: All exposed structural steel is classified as Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel (AESS) as defined by AISC. Comply with AESS quality requirements for all exposed structural steel.
B. Qualifications for Welding Work 1. Qualify welding processes and welding operators in accordance with AWS Standards. 2. Provide certification that welders to be employed in the Work have satisfactorily passed AWS qualification tests to perform the type of welding within previous 12 months. C. Qualifications for Fabricator and Erector 1. Fabricator and erector of structural steel shall have not less than 3 years experience in fabrication and erection of structural steel. 2. Submit written description of ability. 1.3 TESTING SERVICES A. The Contractor shall employ a testing laboratory acceptable to Architect to perform the following tests: 1. Visual inspection of all welds according to AWS. 2. Magnetic particle inspection according to ASTM E709 for 10 percent of all shop and field welds. 3. Ultrasonic inspection according to ASTM E587 for all shop or field full penetration welds. 4. Inspection of field-assembled high-strength bolted connections. 5. Inspection of erected columns for plumbness within tolerances specified. 6. Inspection of headed studs. 7. Visual inspection of all erected steel for damage. B. Weld Inspector shall be certified in accordance with AWS. 1. Submit resumes of technicians who will perform work showing evidence of one year minimum experience on similar work. 1.4 SUBMITTALS A. General: Review of submittals will be for general consideration only. Compliance with requirements for materials, fabrication, erection and dimensioning of structural steel shall be Contractor's responsibility. B. Connections: Submit proposed connection types for review before preparing detailed shop drawings. C. Shop Drawings - Submit detailed drawings showing: (NOTE: Design drawings shall NOT be used as shop drawings) 1. Column layout plans. 2. Floor and roof framing plans.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Shop erection details including cuts, copes, connections, holes, bolts and other pertinent information. Welds with size, length and type. Anchor bolt locations. Location of shop welded masonry anchors. Coordinate with Division 4. Shop finishing information.
D. Material Data: Submit laboratory test reports and other data as required to show compliance with Specifications. Submit producer's or manufacturer's specifications and installation instructions for the following products. 1. Structural steel, including certified copies of mill reports covering chemical and physical properties. 2. High-strength bolts including nuts and washers. 3. Unfinished bolts and nuts. 4. Structural steel primer paint. 5. Welding electrodes. 1.5 JOB CONDITIONS A. B. C. D. Store material in horizontal position on supports above ground. Protect from elements and keep free of dirt and debris. Handle material carefully so as not to bend or mar. Repair or replace damaged materials.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS 2.1 MATERIALS A. Rolled Steel Plates, Angles, Channels, M shapes, HP shapes and Bars: ASTM A36. B. W Shapes: ASTM A992. C. HSS Steel Rectangular, Square and Round: ASTM A500, Grade B. D. Steel Pipe: ASTM A53 Grade B. E. Unfinished Bolts, Nuts and Washers: ASTM A307, Grade A. F. High-strength Bolts, Nuts and Washers: ASTM A325 or A490. G. Direct Tension Indicating Washers: ASTM F959-85. H. Headed Studs: ASTM A108, Grades 1015 1020, minimum field = 50 KSI. I. Anchor Rods, Nuts and Washers: ASTM F1554. J. Non-Shrink Bedding Mortar for Bearing and Base Plates: CRD-C 621, Type D Masterflow 713 from Master Builders (or equivalent). K. Neoprene Bearing Pads: ASTM D412; 70 Durometer Hardness, 2500 PSI Tensile. L. Weld Electrodes: E70XX and in accordance with AWS. M. Expansion Bolts: Diameter stainless steel with ultimate capacities in 4000 PSI concrete of 16,000 lbs. in shear and 16,000 lbs. in tension; minimum embedment of 6 Kwik Bolt II from Hilti Corp. (or equivalent).
N. Steel Primer Paint: Fabricator's standard rust-inhibitive primer. or None. Bare steel only except where exposed items to be primed are identified on Drawings. or Series 10-1009 grey primer by Tnemec or accepted equal. O. Hot Dipped Galvanizing: Hot-dip galvanize after fabrication in accordance with ASTM A123. Restraighten members after galvanizing, if necessary, to be square and true. P. Weld-on Masonry Anchors: No. 317 continuous weld-on anchor rod by Heckmann Building Products for columns and No. 315 anchor rod for beams, plain steel or accepted equal. Q. Below Grade Coating: #46H-413 coal tar epoxy by Tnemec or accepted equal. R. Cold Galvanizing: Galvilite Cold Galvanizing Compound by Z.R.C. Products Company or accepted equal. 2.2 FABRICATION A. Fabricate structural steel in strict accordance with reviewed shop drawings and referenced standards. B. Fabricate and assemble structural material in shop to greatest extent possible. C. Provide camber as indicated on Drawings. Where no camber is indicated, fabricate steel with mill camber up. D. Provide holes for securing other work to structural steel framing. Cut, drill or punch holes perpendicular to metal surfaces. Do not flame cut holes or enlarge holes by burning. Drill holes in base and bearing plates. E. Finish and weld column bases to column base plates. F. Anchor Rods: Furnish anchor rods, leveling plate and/or other devices necessary for setting anchoring rods required for securing structural steel to foundation, concrete or masonry. G. Hot dip galvanize all lintels in exterior masonry work or as noted on drawings. 2.3 SHOP PAINTING A. Shop paint only structural steel work which will be exposed to view and finish painted. Do not paint steel embedded in concrete or mortar or receive a spray on fireproofing. Do not paint surfaces which are to be
welded, including metal deck. Do not paint contact surfaces of highstrength bolted connections or finished bearing surfaces such as bearing plates and column base plates. B. For steel to be shop primed and not exposed to view, remove loose rust and mill scale by mechanical means in accordance with SSPC-SP3 "Power Tool Cleaning". For steel to be galvanized or primed and finish painted, remove all dirt, grease, rust and loose mill scale in accordance with SSPC-SP6 Commercial Blast Cleaning, unless recommended otherwise by paint manufacturer. C. Immediately after surface preparation, apply structural steel primer paint in accordance with manufacturer's instructions but not less than a uniform dry-film thickness of 2 mils. Use painting methods which will result in full coverage of joints, corners, edges and exposed surfaces. D. Apply below grade coating to column bases and columns to be placed below top of finished floor. E. Apply two coats of cold galvanizing compound to achieve a minimum dry-film thickness of 3 mils. in accordance with manufacturers recommendations. 2.4 CONNECTIONS A. Weld or bolt shop connections. B. Bolt field connections as shown on drawings. C. No one-sided or other eccentric connections will be permitted, unless shown on Drawings. D. Minimum Capacity of Beam Connections: For connections not detailed, provide connection capacity of the nominal full section shear capacity Vn for the given steel member as dictated in AISC Steel Construction Manual. A minimum factored shear capacity of 10 kips shall be provided for all secondary beams. For beam and girders with shear studs, provide a connection capacity of at least 125 percent of uniform load values unless indicated otherwise on drawings. E. Provide snug-tight unfinished threaded fasteners for bolted bearing connections of secondary framing members to primary members; including, but not limited to, girts, door framing systems, roof opening and other framing systems taking only nominal stresses and in no way reacting in stress on primary members. F. Provide high-strength fasteners for all principal bolted connections, unless otherwise indicated.
G. Provide bearing bolt (X) fastener for all structural connections. H. Use only connections which are published by AISC. Do not modify published connection details unless accepted by Engineer. I. Use AISC Single-Plate Shear Connections for beam connections to face of tubes and column flanges which have a width of 6 inches or less. Use AISC Framed Beam Connections for beam connections to face of tubes and column flanges which have a width greater than 6 inches, and for beam-to-beam connections.
J.
PART 3 - EXECUTION 3.1 INSPECTION A. Examine conditions under which work shall be erected. Do not proceed until all unsatisfactory conditions are corrected. 3.2 ERECTION A. Set structural frames accurately to lines and elevations indicated. Align and adjust various members forming part of a complete frame or structure before permanently fastening. B. Clean bearing surfaces and other surfaces before assembly that will be in permanent contact after assembly. C. Perform necessary adjustments to compensate for discrepancies in elevations and alignment. Level and plumb individual members of structure within specified tolerances. D. Splice members only where shown or specified. E. Maintain work in a stable condition during erection. F. The use of gas cutting torches in field to correct fabricating errors is prohibited. G. Tighten bearing bolt (X) connections to snug-tight condition. 3.3 TOLERANCES A. Tolerances shall be within limits in AISC "Code of Standard Practice". B. Fabrication and mill tolerance shall be within limits in AISC Standard Mill Practice.
3.4
TOUCH-UP PAINTING A. After erection is complete, touch-up paint damaged shop priming coats and welded areas. Remove weld slag before applying touch-up paint. B. Touch-up below grade coatings to all portions of structural steel embedded within concrete slabs on grades.
3.5
TEMPORARY SHORING AND BRACING A. Provide temporary shoring and bracing members as required, with connections of sufficient strength, to bear imposed loads. B. Remove temporary members and connections when permanent members are in place and final connections are made. C. Provide temporary guy lines to achieve proper alignment of structures as erection proceeds.
3.6
PROTECTION A. Do not use members for storage or working platforms until permanently secured. B. Do not exceed load capacity of members with construction loads. END OF SECTION
Lecture 18 Open Web Steel Joists

Open web steel joists, or Bar Joists are very efficient structural members commonly used to support roofs, and to a lesser degree, floors.
Roof construction of Clark Field House facility at SUNY Delhi Steel joists are NOT considered structural steel. As such, they are manufactured as proprietary structural members by various manufacturers. The Steel Joist Institute, SJI, is an organization founded in 1928 that was established to set standards for manufacture, design and construction of joists. It recognizes manufacturers who comply with their standards. Some of the larger SJI recognized manufacturers include Vulcraft, Canam Steel Corp. and SMI Joist Company.
K-Series Joists The most commonly-used joist style is the so-called K series. It has a depth ranging from 8 up to 30 and is used economically to span up to 60-0. A typical K series joist is as shown below:
A typical designation is 18K3 Actual depth in inches Section Number = Relative size of members K series
Steel joists are fastened to its supporting members usually by fieldwelding as shown below:
Unlike structural steel beams, steel joists must use bridging placed perpendicular to the span to obtain its stability. This bridging can be one of 2 types: Horizontal Bridging Diagonal Bridging
Bridging requirements are shown in the Vulcraft Joist Catalog p. 9 and 35 and is a function of the Section Number and span. Joists using horizontal bridging is shown below:
LH and DLH Series Joists The LH series joists have depths ranging between 18 and 48 and are suitable for spans up to 96-0. The DLH series joists have depths ranging between 52 and 72 and are suitable for spans up to 144-0. They are not as commonly used as K series joists, but provide an inexpensive alternative to spanning longer distances than the K series joists. One difference between K series joists is the required end bearing width and height are 6 and 5 respectively for the LH and DLH (vs. 4 and 2 for the K series).
A typical designation is 32LH10 Actual depth in inches Section Number = Relative size of members LH series
Joist Girders Joist girders are designed to carry the end reactions from equally-spaced joists applied to the panel points. Typical depths of joist girders range from 20 up to 96 with spans of 100-0 or more.
A typical joist girder connection to steel column is shown below:
Example 1 GIVEN: A roof framing bay is as shown below. The service loads are as follows: Service Dead Load = 16 PSF Service Roof Live Load = 25 PSF Service Snow Load = 35 PSF Service Wind Uplift = -12 PSF
REQUIRED: Design the K series joists assuming the maximum joist spacing = 6-0 (based on metal roof deck). Assume the joist + accessories weighs 10 PLF.
36-0
60-0
Step 1 Determine joist orientation and spacing: It is best to orient the joists in the short direction for strength. For economy, use a joist spacing = 6-0 giving 10 even spaces.
Step 2 Determine maximum uniformly distributed total service load: Utilizing the 6 allowable stress design load combinations from the IBC Section 1605.3.1: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) D D+L D + L + (Lr or S or R) D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R) 0.6D + W 0.6D + 0.7E where: D = Dead Load = 6(16 PSF) + 10 PLF = 106 PLF Lr = Roof Live Load = 6(25 PSF) = 150 PLF S = Snow Load = 6(35 PSF) = 210 PLF W = Wind Load = 6(-12 PSF) = -72 PLF Check all 6 load combinations and select worst case total load: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) D = 106 PLF D + L = 106 PLF D + L + (Lr or S or R) = 106 + 150 = 256 PLF
D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R) = 106 + 210 = 316 PLF
0.6D + W = 0.6(106) + (-72) = -8.4 PLF 0.6D + 0.7E = 0.6(106) = 64 PLF Use
Step 3 Select lightest joist from Vulcraft K series Load Table p. 12: Total Load = 316 PLF Live Load = Total Load Dead Load = 316 PLF 106 PLF = 210 PLF Span = 36-0
Possibilities:
Joist Size: 24K8 26K7 28K6 30K7 Total Load: 346 340 330 395 Live Load: 222 240 252 323 Wt/ft: 11.5 10.9 11.4 12.3
Select 26K7 joist as the lightest from the list above Step 4 Select lightest joist from Economical Joist Guide p. 109: For length = 36, start at the top of the list and read down until Total load > 316 PLF and Live load > 210 PLF Select 28K6 Total load = 330, Live load = 252
Use 28K6 Joist for Final Design

Step 5 Determine Bridging requirements, assume horizontal bridging: From Vulcraft p. 9 Section Number = 6 Joist spacing = 6-0 Use 1 x 7/64 equal leg angle bridging, good for up to joist spacing = 6-3
From Vulcraft p. 35 Section Number = 6 Span = Over 29 thru 39
Use 3 Rows of Bridging
Step 6 Draw Summary Sketch of Roof Framing Plan:
3 rows of L1x7/64 horizontal bridging equally spaced
28K6 @ 6-0
36-0
10 spaces @ 6-0 = 60-0
Example 2 GIVEN: The roof framing bay from Example 1. REQUIRED: Design the lightest weight 60-0 span joist girder.
Joist Girder
28K6 @ 6-0
36-0
10 spaces @ 6-0 = 60-0
Step 1 Determine 28K6 joist end reactions: Joist end reaction =
wL 2
(316 PLF )(36'0" ) 2
= 5688 LBS. = 5.7 KIPS USE 6 KIPS Step 2 Select joist girder depth from Vulcraft p. 87: Girder span = 60-0 Joist Spaces = 10N @ 6.00 Load on Each Panel Point = 6 KIPS Select 72 girder depth wt. = 35 PLF
Use 72G 10N 6.0K Joist Girder
Lecture 19 Steel Deck

Steel deck, or sometimes called metal deck is used in steel framed construction as an intermediate structural system to distribute floor and roof loads to supporting beams. Decking is typically fastened to the steel supporting members by either puddle welds or powder-actuated fasteners. Although made of steel, it is NOT considered to be structural steel. Decking is corrugated having a typical cross-section resembling:
Deck height
Top flute
Bottom flute Panel width = 24 36
The Steel Deck Institute, SDI, was established in 1939 in an effort to regulate the design, manufacture and installation of steel deck. Manufacturers complying with SDI specifications include Vulcraft, Canam Steel Corp. and United Steel Deck, Inc. Types of Steel Deck There are 3 general types of steel deck roof deck, non-composite floor deck and composite deck. 1. Roof Deck Roof deck is used primarily to carry lightweight roof construction. It is characterized by having relatively narrow bottom flutes so that there is a wider top flute to maximize the surface contact with rigid insulation. It comes in heights ranging from 1 up to 3 and in thicknesses ranging from 24 gage (thinnest) up to 16 gage (thickest). Depending on the section, roof decking can span as much as 15-0. Acoustical deck is available to control sound transmission through the decking. It is used for auditoriums, schools, etc., and is obtained by adding fiber sound-absorbing batts between the vertical webs of the decking. In addition, roof deck is available as cellular deck for use in placing electrical services or exposed underside. Data relating to roof deck may be found in the Vulcraft catalog p. 3 18.
Built-up roof membrane Rigid Insulation Roof Deck screwed or puddle-welded to top chord of steel joist
Roof Deck Fastened to Steel Bar Joist
2. Non-Composite Floor Deck This type of deck essentially acts as a form to carry the concrete slab. It offers no additional strength to the structural steel beam as composite construction would. It ranges in height from 5/8 up to 3 and thicknesses of 26 gage up to 16 gage with spans up to 15-0. It is also available as acoustical deck or as cellular deck. Data relating to roof deck may be found in the Vulcraft catalog p. 19 - 40.
Welded wire mesh in concrete slab
3. Composite Floor Deck Similar to non-composite deck, except composite deck is used for composite steel construction. Typically, the decking has built-in perforations that aids in the bonding to concrete.
Composite Floor Deck with headed shear studs welded to beams
Roof Deck Example GIVEN: A 1 Type F (intermediate rib) roof deck is to be used in a 3-span condition with a 7-0 span. The SERVIVE roof loads are as follows: SERVIVE roof Dead Load = 15 PSF SERVICE roof Live Load = 20 PSF SERVICE roof Snow Load = 40 PSF SERVICE roof Wind Load = -8 PSF (uplift)
REQUIRED: Design the lightest-weight 1 Type F roof deck using the Vulcraft catalog. Steel roof deck Steel support beams
7-0
7-0 3 spans (min.)
7-0
Step 1 Determine maximum unif. load on deck: Utilizing the 6 allowable stress design load combinations from the IBC Section 1605.3.1: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) D D+L D + L + (Lr or S or R) D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R) 0.6D + W 0.6D + 0.7E where: D = Dead Load = 15 PSF Lr = Roof Live Load = 20 PSF S = Snow Load = 40 PSF W = Wind Load = -8 PSF
Check all 6 load combinations and select worst case total load: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) D = 15 PSF D + L = 15 PSF D + L + (Lr or S or R) = 15 + 20 = 35 PSF
D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R) = 15 + 40 = 55 PSF
0.6D + W = 0.6(15) + (-8) = 1 PSF 0.6D + 0.7E = 0.6(15) = 9 PSF Use
Step 2 Refer to the Vulcraft Catalog page 4 for 1 Type F deck:
7-0 span
3 span
From Table above, use Vulcraft 1 Type F 19 Gage Roof Deck Allow. Load = 59 PSF > 55 PSF
Non-Composite Floor Deck Example GIVEN: A floor framing plan for an office building is as shown below. The slab is 5 normal-weight concrete over 2.0 C Conform non-composite 2 deck as manufactured by Vulcraft. The superimposed SERVICE live load = 50 PSF and a total superimposed SERVICE dead load (excluding slab weight) = 38 PSF. REQUIRED: Design the lightest weight 2.0 C Conform non-composite deck assuming 3-span condition.
4 @ 6-0 = 24-0 Step 1 Determine the uniform load on the decking: Utilizing the 6 allowable stress design load combinations from the IBC Section 1605.3.1: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) D D+L D + L + (Lr or S or R) D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R) 0.6D + W 0.6D + 0.7E where: D = Dead Load = Slab wt. + Superimposed Dead Load = 51 PSF + 38 PSF = 89 PSF L= FloorLive Load = 50 PSF Using Load Combination 2 from above: Total Uniform Load = D + L = 89 PSF + 50 PSF = 139 PSF
See Vulcraft catalog p. 28 for slab wt.
Step 2 Refer to Allowable Uniform Load table from Vulcraft p. 29: No. of Spans = 3 Clear Span = 6-0 Total Uniform Load = 139 PSF Use 2C20 Allowable unif. load = 173 PSF > 139 PSF
Step 3 Refer to Reinf. Conc. Slab Allow. Loads table Vulcraft p. 28: Total Slab Depth = 5 Clear Span = 6-0
Superimposed Unif. Load = Total Load Slab Wt. = 139 PSF 51 PSF = 88 PSF
Use 6x6-W2.1xW2.1 W.W.F. Allow. load = 107 PSF > 88 PSF
5 conc. slab over 2 - 20 Gage non-composite metal deck reinf. with 6x6-W2.1xW2.1 W.W.F.
Steel support beam
Lecture 21 Reinforced Concrete Properties

Reinforced concrete structures are typified by their strength, beauty, bulk and longevity. It is the material of choice for many structures where these characteristics are required. Concrete-framed structures have many desirable advantages over other construction materials including: Concrete can be molded to form almost any imaginable shape The entire building can be made of concrete walls, floors, structure Concrete frames are inherently stable (vs. steel & wood) Concrete structures are heavy excellent for wind-prone areas Concrete is a readily-available material Concrete is very fire-resistant Weather-resistant (if built properly) Relatively inexpensive material
However, reinforced concrete structures have several shortcomings which may preclude it as a building material, including: Very labor-intensive Quality control Formwork Longer construction schedule due to curing time Much larger, heavier member sizes (vs. steel-framed) Poor insulation values
Concrete Materials: Concrete is a mixture of the following materials: 1. Portland Cement The active ingredient that glues the other materials together, conforming to ASTM C 150-99a. The raw materials used in portland cement consist mainly of limestone, and clays & shales. Different types of Portland cement include: a) Type I General purpose b) Type II Moderate sulfate protection and lower heat of hydration c) Type III High-early strength d) Type IV Low heat of hydration used for massive concrete structures such as dams e) Type V High sulfate resistance 2. Water Water is necessary to create the chemical reaction of hardening the cement called hydration. It should be clean and free from any impurities (i.e., potable). 3. Aggregates Fine (sand) and coarse (gravel). Conforming to ASTM C 33. 4. Admixtures Other ingredients added to enhance properties: a) Air Entrainment Tiny bubbles used to reduce cracking in concrete subject to freeze-thaw cycles. Conforming to ASTM C 260 with an air content of 4% - 8% by volume. b) Superplasticizers Also called High Range Water Reducers, used to increase concretes flow (workability) instead of adding water. Conforming to ASTM C 494 Type F. c) Retarders Used to slow the hydration process. Conforming to ASTM C494 Type D. d) Accelerators Used to speed-up the curing process, conforming to ASTM C494 Type C or E. e) Insulating beads Increases the R value, but diminishes strength. f) Fly Ash The byproduct of coal-burning electric generating plants. Used to decrease the amount of portland cement required. Conforming to ASTM C 618 Class F. g) Colors Can be mixed to produce any desirable color.
Reinforced Concrete Properties: 1) Compressive Strength The specified concrete compressive strength, fc, is actually a stress. It is the most important structural property of concrete and is VERY DEPENDENT upon the water-to-cement ratio. This is the ratio of the weight of water divided by the weight of cement. A low w/c ratio = high fc and high w/c ratio = low fc. A low w/c ratio is very stiff and difficult to work with, therefore necessitating the need for superplasticizers. Normal concrete has w/c ratios ranging from about 0.23 (very strong) up to a maximum of about 0.50 but preferably should not exceed 0.45. Values of fc are based on 28 days of curing. Typical ranges of fc are: fc = 3000 PSI (slab-on-grade, footings, foundation walls) = 3500 5000 PSI (beams, framed slabs) = 4000 14000 PSI (columns) The condition in which concrete cures affects the ultimate strength of the hardened concretes fc. Allowing the freshly-placed concrete to have continuous moisture applied will significantly increase the strength, fc. Conversely, subjecting the freshly-placed concrete to constant air will decrease the fc. See the graph below:
Affect of moist curing on concrete strength
2) Tensile Strength Concrete is a brittle material and has very small tensile strength (about 10% of fc). It is usually assumed that concrete has zero tensile strength. 3) Modulus of Elasticity Determined by formula below: Econc = 57000 f 'c
where fc = concrete specified compressive stress in PSI Example: GIVEN: Concrete with fc = 4000 PSI. REQUIRED: Determine Econc Econc = 57000 f 'c
= 57000 4000 PSI = 3,605,000 PSI Econc = 3605 KSI
4) Reinforcing Bars Used to carry ALL of the tension in a concrete member, as well as helping to carry shear and compression. The steel uses for bars is typically new billet steel having the usual modulus of elasticity E = 29,000 KSI. The size of a bar refers to its diameter in 1/8ths. For example a #5 bar is in diameter (see table below). Rebar should conform to ASTM A615 for deformed (ribbed) bars. Typical grades include: a) Grade 60 Has a yield stress Fy = 60 KSI, used for all bars b) Grade 40 Has a yield stress Fy = 40 KSI, used for low-strength applications only Bar Size: #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 Diameter: 1 1 1 1 Area (in2): 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.79 1.00 1.27 1.56
The following diagram shows the typical markings on a deformed reinforcing bar:
Epoxy-coated reinforcing bars are regular bars with a shopapplied coating of epoxy. These bars have exceptional resistance to corrosion and are used in situations where there is high water/salt exposure (such as road bridge decks, marine structures, etc.). They are smooth to the touch and usually green in color. Codes allow the placement of epoxy-coated bars to be closer to the surface than regular bars because of the increased resistance to corrosion. This usually results in a thinner, lighter concrete beam or slab. Unfortunately, the epoxy coating is often scratched or damaged during construction, leaving exposed bare steel. This exposed bare steel is ripe for allowing moisture and salt deposits to enter and actually INCREASING the propagation of corrosion. For this reason, many state Departments of Transportation do not allow epoxy-coated reinforcing bars for use in bridge decks.
Bridge deck constructed with epoxy-coated reinforcing bars
Reinforcing bars are placed a certain minimum distance away from the edge of the member to ensure that it will not be susceptible to water/salt infusion. This is referred to as cover distance. The cover distance requirements shown below are obtained from ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.
Required minimum cover distance
Concrete member Reinforcing bars
Required minimum cover distance
Minimum Concrete Cover Over Reinforcing Bars

Condition: Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth Concrete exposed to earth or No. 6 through No. 18 bars weather No. 5 and smaller bars Concrete NOT exposed to Slabs, walls No. 14 & earth or weather & joists No. 18 No. 11 and smaller Beams, Main reinf., columns stirrups, ties, spirals No. 6 and Shells, larger folded plates No. 5 and smaller Minimum cover: 3 2 1 1 1
5) Slump Fresh concrete uses a slump test to determine the workability of the concrete as per ASTM C 143. It is, however, not a very useful measure of the concretes strength. It is possible to get very workable concrete with high slump (i.e., very fluid) with the use of superplasticizers. The test involves taking a cone-shaped mold and pouring a sample of concrete into it. Next, the cone is removed upward and the vertical displacement of the concrete is measured.
Technicians performing a slump test on fresh concrete
Recommended Slumps for Various Types of Construction

Type of Concrete Member: Foundation walls & footings Beams and walls Columns Pavements and slabs Mass concrete Slump: Maximum Minimum 3 1 4 1 4 1 3 1 2 1
Lecture 22 Introduction to ACI 318-02

The American Concrete Institute (ACI) is the governing agency for all concrete construction in the U.S. It was established in 1904 to serve and represent user interests in the field of concrete. The ACI publishes many different standards, but the most commonly referenced standard used by architects and engineers is the ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. It is updated every 7 years and the latest version is ACI 318-02 updated in 2002. Almost all Building Codes, including the IBC, refer to ACI 318 as the basis for structural design of concrete members.
Contents: PART 1GENERAL CHAPTER 1GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................318-9 CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS........................................................................ 318-19 PART 2STANDARDS FOR TESTS AND MATERIALS CHAPTER 3MATERIALS.......................................................................... 318-27
PART 3CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS CHAPTER 4DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS............................................ 318-41 CHAPTER 5CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING .................318-47 CHAPTER 6FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES, AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS .............. 318-63 CHAPTER 7DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT........................................ 318-69 PART 4GENERAL REQUIREMENTS CHAPTER 8ANALYSIS AND DESIGN - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................318-85 CHAPTER 9STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS ...................................318-95 CHAPTER 10FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS............................................318-109 CHAPTER 11SHEAR AND TORSION....................................................... 318-139 CHAPTER 12DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT ..............................318-187 PART 5STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS CHAPTER 13TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS............................................ 318-213 CHAPTER 14WALLS.............................................................................. 318-233 CHAPTER 15FOOTINGS........................................................................ 318-241 CHAPTER 16PRECAST CONCRETE .................................................... 318-249 CHAPTER 17COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS ........ 318-257 CHAPTER 18PRESTRESSED CONCRETE........................................... 318-261 CHAPTER 19SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS...................... 318-289 PART 6SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER 20STRENGTH EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES.......................... 318-297 CHAPTER 21SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN................318-303 PART 7STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE CHAPTER 22STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE ....................................318-343 COMMENTARY REFERENCES......................................................318-353 APPENDIXES APPENDIX ASTRUT-AND-TIE MODELS ..................................................318-369 APPENDIX BALTERNATIVE PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLEXURAL AND COMPRESSION MEMBERS ..............................................318-385 APPENDIX CALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS................318-393 APPENDIX DANCHORING TO CONCRETE.................................................318-399 APPENDIX ENOTATION................................................................................318-427 APPENDIX FSTEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION ............................318-437 INDEX.................................................................................................................318-439
Analysis and Design General Considerations Design Basis: Similar to the LRFD method in steel, concrete is designed on the basis of Ultimate loading. This is often referred to as Strength design. Factors are applied to service loads in accordance with ACI 318 Section 9.2. These factored loads are used to determine maximum factored moments, shears and other effects which are then compared to the strength of the member. Strength of member is reduced by a strength reduction factor. Factored Load Effects < ()Member Strength Load Factors: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 1.4(D + F) 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H where: D = service dead loads L = service live load Lr = service roof live load S = snow loads W = wind loads R = rainwater loads E = earthquake loads F = fluid loads H = soil loads T = Temperature, creep, settlement, shrinkage loads
Strength Reduction Factors,

Member Type: Tension member Compression member Spiral reinforced Tied reinforced Flexural members (beams) Shear and torsion Bearing 0.90 0.70 0.65 0.85 0.75 0.65
Example 1 GIVEN: The interior column of a 2-story concrete-framed building has the following applied service loads to the 1200 ft2 tributary area as shown: Roof live load = 20 PSF Snow load = 45 PSF Roof superimposed dead load (not including 8 thick slab) = 16 PSF Roof wind uplift = -8 PSF Floor live load = 100 PSF Floor superimposed dead load (not including 10 thick slab) = 42 PSF REQUIRED: Determine the maximum factored load, Pu, at the bottom of the 20 x 20 square column.
Trib. area = 1200 ft2
Step 1 Determine the total service loads on the roof: a) Service roof live load, Lr = Trib. area(Roof PSF) = 1200 ft2(20 PSF) = 24,000 lbs. = 24.0 KIPS b) Service snow load, S = Trib. area(Floor PSF) = 1200 ft2(45 PSF) = 54,000 lbs. = 54.0 KIPS c) Service wind uplift load, W = 1200 ft2(-8 PSF) = -9,600 lbs. = -9.6 KIPS d) Service roof dead load, Droof = (Superimposed loads) + (slab wt.) 8" = 1200 ft2(16 PSF) + 1200 ft2 (150 PCF )
12
= 19,200 lbs. + 120,000 lbs. = 139,200 lbs. = 139.2 KIPS Step 2 Determine the total service loads on the 2nd floor: a) Service floor live load, L = 1200 ft2(100 PSF) = 120,000 lbs. = 120.0 KIPS b) Service floor dead load, Dfloor = (Superimposed loads) + (slab wt.) 10" = 1200 ft2(42 PSF) + 1200 ft2 (150 PCF )
12
= 50,400 lbs. + 150,000 lbs. = 200,400 lbs. = 200.4 KIPS Step 3 Determine the total service dead load of the concrete column:
20" 20" 3 Column dead load, Dcolumn = (28 ft ) 150lb / ft 12 12 = 11,667 lbs. = 11.7 KIPS
Step 4 Sum all service dead loads together: Total service dead load, D = Droof + Dfloor + Dcolumn = 139.2 KIPS + 200.4 KIPS + 11.7 KIPS = 351.3 KIPS Step 5 Check all 7 load factors, select worst case: 1) 1.4(D + F) 1.4(351.3) = 491.8 KIPS 2) 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2(351.3) + 1.6(120.0) + 0.5(54.0) = 640.6 KIPS USE 3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) 1.2(351.3) + 1.6(54.0) + (1.0(120.0)) = 628.0 KIPS 4) 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2(351.3) + 1.6(-9.6) + 1.0(120.0) + 0.5(54) = 553.2 KIPS 5) 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S 1.2(351.3) + 1.0(120) + 0.2(54.0) = 552.4 KIPS 6) 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H 0.9(351.3) + 1.6(-9.6) = 300.8 KIPS 7) 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H 0.9(351.3) = 316.2 KIPS
From above, Pu = 640.6 KIPS
Example 2 GIVEN: The cantilevered floor balcony beam/slab as shown below. The service superimposed dead load (not including concrete) = 14 PSF and the superimposed service live load = 75 PSF. REQUIRED: Determine the maximum factored moment, Mu on the cantilevered beam.
14-0
18
5 slab 10 16-0 Beam
wu
14-0
Side view of cantilevered beam
Step 1 Determine service dead load, D acting on beam: Since there are 2 beams, each supports of the balcony: 5 slab
18
10 8-0 16-0
18 5 slab
Weight of concrete (shaded area) =
10" 13" 150lb 5" (8' )( ) + ( )( ) 3 12 12 12 ft = 635.4 PLF
Superimposed dead load on beam = 8(14 PSF) = 112 PLF Total dead load acting on beam, D = 635.4 PLF + 112 PLF = 747.4 PLF
Step 2 Determine service live load, L acting on beam: Live load acting on beam = 8(75 PSF) = 600 PLF Step 3 Determine factored uniform load on beam, wu: By inspection, use load factor 1.2D + 1.6L wu = 1.2(747.4 PLF) + 1.6(600 PLF) = 1857 PLF = 1.9 KLF Step 4 Determine maximum factored moment on beam, Mu: wu L2 For a cantilevered beam, Mmax = Mu = 2 = (1.9 KLF )(14'0" ) 2 2
Mu = 186.2 KIP-FT
Lecture 23 Flexural Members

Flexural members are those that experience primarily bending stresses, such as beams. A typical reinforced concrete beam is shown below:
Width b
Depth to steel d Section A-A

Hanger bars (#4 or #5 bars) Stirrup bars (used to prevent diag. tension cracks) spaced at d/2 apart
Concrete cover = 2 as per ACI reqmts.
Tension bars As
Height h
Sometimes, 2 (or more) rows of main tension bars are necessary. It is important to provide minimum adequate cover around all reinforcing bars so that these bars can properly bond with the concrete. ACI 318 dictates that the minimum spacing between bars is 1.5 times the maximum concrete aggregate size. Typical concrete batches use a maximum aggregate size of diameter, so then the minimum bar spacing = 1.5() = 1. Below is a sketch of a typical concrete beam with 2 rows of tension bars:
Depth to centroid of steel d Min. bar spacing Min. bar spacing

Tension bars As
Height h
As = Total cross-sectional area of all tension bars, in2 d = depth to center of tension bars, inches = h (concrete cover) (stirrup bar dia.) (tension bar dia.) fy = yield stress of reinforcing bars = 60 KSI for ASTM A615 Grade 60 bars = 40 KSI for ASTM A615 Grade 40 bars actual = actual ratio of tension steel to effective concrete area A = s bd min = minimum allowable ratio of tension steel per ACI 318 200 = where fy = PSI fy
Example 1 GIVEN: A rectangular concrete beam is similar to the one shown above. Use the following: Height h = 20 Width b = 12 Concrete fc = 4000 PSI Concrete cover = All bars are A615 Grade 60 (fy = 60 KSI) Stirrup bar = #3 4 - #7 Tension bars REQUIRED: 1) Determine total area of tension bars, As. 2) Determine depth to center of tension bars, d. A 200 3) Determine actual = s where min = and state if it is acceptable. bd fy Step 1 Determine area of tension bars, As: As = 4 bars(0.60 in2 per bar) As = 2.40 in2 Step 2 Determine depth to tension bars, d: d = depth to center of tension bars, inches = h (concrete cover) (stirrup bar dia.) (tension bar dia.) = 20 () d = 18.44 Step 3 Determine actual and min : actual =
As bd
See Lect. 21 notes
min =
200 fy
2.40in 2 (12" )(18.44" )
200 60000 PSI
actual = 0.0108
min = 0.0033
Since actual > min beam is acceptable
A basic understanding of beam mechanics is necessary to study concrete beam behavior. Consider a simply-supported homogeneous rectangular beam loaded by a uniformly-distributed load as shown below:
Applied loads
Span L
Taking a section through the beam at any place along the length reveals the following stress distribution about the cross-section of the beam:
Compression Neutral Axis The stress distribution varies linearly from zero stresses at the neutral axis, to a maximum tensile or compressive stress at the extreme edges.
Homogeneous Beam
Tension
In a reinforced concrete beam, the stress distribution is different. Above the neutral axis, the concrete carries all the compression, similar to the homogeneous beam. Below the neutral axis however, the concrete is incapable of resisting tension and must rely on the reinforcing bars to carry all the tension loads.
Compression Neutral Axis The actual stress distribution in the compression side varies non-linearly from zero stresses at the neutral axis, to a maximum compressive stress at the extreme edge.
Reinforced Concrete Beam Tension = T Reinforcing bars Looking at a side view of the stress distribution of the reinforced concrete beam: Whitney stress block
0.85fcb
C Neutral Axis
a = 1C
(a)
d
Moment arm = Z
T = Asfy Actual Stress Distribution
T = Asfy Idealized Stress Distribution
Assuming an idealized beam, tension equals compression: Tension = Compression Asfy = Area of Whitney stress block Asfy = 0.85fcab Solve for a: a= As f y 0.85 f ' c b = 1C
1 = 0.85 for fc < 4000 PSI = 0.80 for fc = 5000 PSI = 0.75 for fc > 6000 PSI C = depth to neutral axis from extreme compression edge Mn = Nominal moment capacity of concrete beam = Asfy(Moment arm) = AsfyZ a = Asfy(d - ) 2 Mu = Usable moment capacity of concrete beam = Mn = 0.9Mn a Mu = 0.9(Asfy(d - ) ) 2
act f y Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59 f' c
bal = balanced ratio of tension steel reinforcement 0.851 f ' c = fy 87,000 87,000 + f y where fy = PSI
max = maximum allowable ratio of tension steel reinforcement per ACI 318 = 0.75bal
Example 2 GIVEN: The concrete beam from Example 1 is used to support the loading as shown below. REQUIRED: 1. Determine the maximum factored applied moment, Mmax. 2. Determine the usable moment capacity of the beam, Mu, and determine if it is acceptable based on Mmax. 3. Determine if the beam is acceptable based on max.
Factored uniform load wu = 3000 PLF (incl. beam wt.)
20-0
Step 1 Determine maximum factored applied moment, Mmax: Mmax =
wu L2 8 (3KLF )(20'0" ) 2 8
Mmax = 150 KIP-FT Step 2 - Determine the usable moment capacity of the beam, Mu:
where act = 0.0108 (see Ex. 1)
(0.0108)(60 KSI ) = 0.9(2.40 in2)(60 KSI)(18.44)(1 - 0.59 ) 4 KSI

= 2161.4 KIP-IN Mu = 180.1 KIP-FT Since Mu = 180.1 KIP-FT > Mmax = 150 KIP-FT beam is acceptable
Step 3 Determine if the beam is acceptable based on max:
max = maximum allowable ratio of tension steel reinforcement per ACI 318 = 0.75bal bal = balanced ratio of tension steel reinforcement 0.851 f ' c = fy 87,000 87,000 + f y where fy = PSI
where 1 = 0.85 since fc = 4000 PSI
87,000 0.85(0.85)(4 KSI ) = 60 KSI 87,000 + 60000 PSI

= 0.0285
max = 0.75(0.0285) max = 0.0214 > act = 0.0108 beam is acceptable
Lecture 24 Flexural Members (cont.)

Determining the usable moment capacity, Mu, of a rectangular reinforced concrete beam is accomplished by using the formula below: (see Lect. 23)
Designing a beam using the equation above is much more difficult. Assuming the material properties and dimensions are known, the equation above still has 2 unknown variables As and act. Therefore, design of steel reinforcement for a given beam is largely one of trial-and-error.
Beam Design
Design of concrete beam members is often one of trial-and-error. Its difficult to directly solve for all the variables in a reinforced concrete beam. Usually, material properties are known as well as maximum applied factored moment, Mmax. The following Table is useful to get a trial beam size: Minimum Suggested Thickness h of Concrete Beams & One-Way Slabs Member: End Conditions Simply One end Both ends Cantilever supported continuous continuous Solid one-way slab L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10 Beam L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8 Span length L = inches Beams are usually rectangular having the width typically narrower than the height. The diagram below shows typical beam aspect ratios: b
h 1.5b 2.5b
Beam Design Aid

It is still difficult to directly design a reinforced concrete beam even if dimensions and material properties are known. The use of design aids are commonly used to streamline the design process instead of laboriously using a trial-and-error approach.
Mu bd 2 are in units of PSI. It can be used to directly solve for act knowing factored actual moment Mu, fc, fy, b and d.
The design aid shown below is used for design or analysis. Values of
Table 1 - Concrete fc = 3000 PSI, Grade 60 Bars
Table 2 Concrete fc = 4000 PSI, Grade 60 Bars
Example 1 GIVEN: A rectangular concrete beam with dimensions is shown below (stirrup bars not shown). Use concrete fc = 4000 PSI and grade 60 bars. REQUIRED: 1) Determine the usable moment capacity Mu of the beam using formula. 2) Determine the usable moment capacity Mu of the beam using Table 2. b =12
d = 18
3 - # 7 bars
Step 1 Determine usable moment capacity Mu of the beam using formula: act =
As bd
3(0.60in 2 _ per _ bar ) (12" )(18" )
act = 0.0083 act f y Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59 f' c )
(0.0083)(60 KSI ) = 0.9(1.80 in2)(60 KSI)(18)(1 - 0.59 ) 4 KSI = 1621 KIP-IN Mu = 135 KIP-FT
Step 2 - Determine the usable moment capacity Mu of the beam using Table 2: From Table 2: At = 0.0083 Solving for Mu: Mu = 461.4 PSI(bd2) = 461.4 PSI[(0.9)(12)(18)2] = 1,614,531 LB-IN = 1615 KIP-IN Mu = 134.6 KIP-FT NOTE: This answer is the same as in Step 1.
Mu = 461.4 PSI bd 2
Example 2 GIVEN: The concrete beam below. Use the following: Concrete fc = 4000 PSI Steel grade 60 Concrete cover = #8 bars are to be used for main tension bars #3 stirrups
REQUIRED: Design the rectangular beam such that h 1.5b and act (max). wu = 2 KLF
28-0
Step 1 Determine maximum factored moment, Mmax: Mmax = wu L2 8 (2 KLF )(28'0" ) 2 8
Mmax = 196 KIP-FT = 2352 KIP-IN = 2,352,000 LB-IN
Step 2 Select values from Table 2: a) Select act = (max) = (0.0214) TRY act = 0.0107 b) At = 0.0107
Mu = 581.2 PSI bd 2
Step 3 Solve for b and d by substituting Mmax for Mu in above equation:

Mu = 581.2 PSI bd 2
where: Mu = Mmax = 2,352,000 LB-IN = 0.9 d = 1.5b
2352000 = 581.2 PSI (0.9)(b)(1.5b) 2

Solve for b:
2352000 = 581.2 PSI (0.9)(2.25b 3 )

b=3 2352000 (0.9)(2.25)(581.2)
b = 12.6 Use b = 12 d = 1.5b = 1.5(12) d 18
Step 4 Select beam dimensions: From above, use b = 12 and d 18 #3 stirrup bar dia. = 3/8 #8 main bar dia. = 1
h = d + conc. cover + stirrup bar dia. + (main bar dia.) = 18 + + 3/8 + (1) = 19.625 Use h = 20 Revised d = 20 (1) = 18.375 Step 5 Determine required area of main tension bars: From above, act = 0.0107 = Solve for As: As = 0.0107(b)(d) = 0.0107(12)(18.375) As = 2.36 in2 Step 6 Determine number of #8 main tension bars: No. of bars =
As bd
As Area _ of _ one _ bar
2.36in 2 = 0.79in 2 _ per _#8 _ bar

= 2.99 bars USE 3 - #8 bars
Step 7 Check beam height with Minimum Thickness of Beams Table: From Table: Member type = Beam End Condition = Simply-supported h
L 16
L 16
(28'0" )(12" / ft ) 16
h 21 which is approximately = 20 as designed Step 8 Draw Summary Sketch labeling all information necessary to build it:
12
2 - #4 hanger bars #3 stirrup bars @ 9 o.c. 20 3 - #8 main bars Section A-A Notes: 1) Concrete fc = 4000 PSI normal-weight 2) All bars ASTM A615 Grade 60
concrete cover
Lecture 25 T- Beams
Concrete beams are often poured integrally with the slab, forming a much stronger T shaped beam. These beams are very efficient because the slab portion carries the compressive loads and the reinforcing bars placed at the bottom of the stem carry the tension. A T-beam typically has a narrower stem than an ordinary rectangular beam. These stems are typically spaced from 4-0 apart to more than 12-0. The slab portion above the stem is designed as a one-way slab spanning between stems (see Lecture 26). Slab
Main tension bars at bottom of stem
A typical T-beam has the following dimensions and notations:
b = Effective flange width
hf = Slab thickness
Overhang width
bw
Clear distance
bw
NOTE: Stirrups in T-beam are required (not shown in this sketch)
Assuming T-beams are symmetrical, the following design dimensions are used: 8hf Overhang width = smaller or (Clear distance) (Beam span) b = smaller or (2 x overhang width) + bw
T-Beam Analysis
T-beams are analyzed similarly to rectangular beams, except the compression area is a narrow strip usually located in the slab. a = Effective conc. compressive thickness hf Z = (d Ac = Shaded area = Effective concrete compression area = (a)(b)
b = Effective flange width
a ) 2
bw
As = Total area of main tension bars
Mu = Usable moment capacity of T-beam = TZ where: = 0.9 T = Tension force developed in main bars = Asfy Ac = Effective concrete compression area T = 0.85 f ' c a = Effective concrete compressive thickness A = c b Z = Moment arm distance between center of compression to center of tension =d-
a 2
Example 1 GIVEN: A commercial building has T-beams spaced 6-6 (center-to-center) with a 4 concrete slab as shown in the framing plan and cross-section views below. Use the following information: Superimposed service floor dead load (NOT including conc. wt.) = 40 PSF Superimposed service floor live load = 100 PSF Concrete fc = 3000 PSI ASTM A615 Grade 60 bars
REQUIRED: 1) Determine the maximum factored moment, Mmax, on the T-beam. 2) Determine the usable moment capacity, Mu, for the T-beam.
T-beam
6-6 Perimeter girder Typ. Framing Plan Column
T-beam span = 20-0
6-6 4
16
2 - #9 bars Section A-A Thru T-Beams
Step 1 Determine maximum factored moment, Mmax, on T-beam: Determine area of T-beam = Slab area + Stem area = (6.5)(0.333) + (1)(0.666) = 2.83 ft2 Determine service weight of T-beam = Area of T-beam x Conc. unit wt. = 2.83 ft2(150 lb/ft3) = 425 PLF Det. factored uniform load on T-beam wu = 1.2D + 1.6L Service Dead Load Service Live Load
= 1.2[(6.5)(40 PSF) + 425 PLF] + 1.6[(6.5)(100 PSF)] = 822 PLF + 1040 PLF = 1862 PLF Use wu = 1.9 KLF Det. Maximum factored moment, Mmax = wu L2 8 (1.9 KLF )(20'0" ) 2 8
Mmax = 95 KIP-FT
Step 2 Determine effective concrete slab width b: 8hf = 8(4) = 32 USE Overhang width = smaller or (Clear distance) = (78 8) = 35
(Beam span) = (20-0 x 12/ft) = 60 USE b = smaller or (2 x overhang width) + bw = (2 x 32 + 8) = 72 Step 3 Determine effective conc. compression area Ac: T = Tension force developed in main bars = Asfy = 2 bars(1.00 in2 per #9 bar)(60 KSI) = 120 KIPS Ac = Effective concrete compression area = T 0.85 f ' c 120 KIPS 0.85(3KSI )
= 47.1 in2
Step 4 Determine usable moment capacity, Mu for the T-beam: a = Effective concrete compressive thickness A = c b = 47.1in 2 60"
a = 0.79 Z = Moment arm distance between center of compression to center of tension =d-
a 2 0.79" 2
= 16 Z = 15.6 Mu = TZ
= 0.9(120 KIPS)(15.6) = 1685 KIP-IN Mu = 140.4 KIP-FT NOTE: Since Mu = 140.4 KIP-FT > Mmax = 95 KIP-FT, Tbeam is ACCEPTABLE.
Heavily-Reinforced T-Beams
T-beams with a lot of tension reinforcement may have a portion of the effective concrete area located within the stem as shown below: b
hf d
Z Ac = Shaded area = Effective concrete compression area bw As
The location of the centroid of the effective concrete compression area is found by methods discussed in AECT 210 Structural Theory (see Lecture 5). After the location is found, analysis is exactly the same as ordinary T-beams. Similar to ordinary rectangular reinforced concrete beams, the ACI 318 limits the amount of tension steel in T-beams so that the steel will yield prior to concrete compression failure. The maximum area of steel, As is shown in the table below.
Maximum Tensile Steel Permitted in T-Beams

Concrete and Steel Properties: Concrete fc = 3000 PSI Steel fy = 40 KSI Concrete fc = 3000 PSI Steel fy = 60 KSI Concrete fc = 4000 PSI Steel fy = 40 KSI Concrete fc = 4000 PSI Steel fy = 60 KSI Formula (As = in2) As max = 0.0478[bhf + bw(0.582d hf)] As max = 0.0319[bhf + bw(0.503d hf)] As max = 0.0638[bhf + bw(0.582d hf)] As max = 0.0425[bhf + bw(0.503d hf)]
Example 2 GIVEN: The T-beam from Example 1. REQUIRED: Determine the maximum area of tension steel permitted, As max: Step 1 Determine As max: From Example 1: Concrete fc = 3000 PSI Steel fy = 60 KSI b = 60 hf = 4 bw = 8 As max = 0.0319[bhf + bw(0.503d hf)] = 0.0319[(60)(4) + 8(0.503(16) 4)] As max = 8.7 in2 NOTE: This area of tension steel As = 8.7 in2 is a LOT!! In order to supply this much steel the beam would require 9 - #9 bars, 15 - #7 bars or 20 - #6 bars! It would be far better to change the beam dimensions than to try to squeeze this many bars into the beam.
Lecture 27 Two-Way Slabs

Two-way slabs have tension reinforcing spanning in BOTH directions, and may take the general form of one of the following:
Types of Two-Way Slab Systems
The following Table may be used to determine minimum thickness of various twoway slabs based on deflection:
Minimum Suggested Thickness h for Two-Way Slabs

Two-Way Slab System: Minimum Thickness h: Flat plate Ln/30 Flat plate with spandrel beams Ln/33 Flat slab Ln/33 Flat slab with spandrel beams Ln/36 Two-way beam-supported slab Ln/33 Ln = clear distance in long direction Flat Plates Flat plates are the most common type of two-way slab system. It is commonly used in multi-story construction such as hotels, hospitals, offices and apartment buildings. It has several advantages: Easy formwork Simple bar placement Low floor-to-floor heights
Direct Design Method of Flat Plates per ACI 318-02 Two-way slabs are inherently difficult to analyze by conventional methods of statics because of the two-way bending occurring. Accurately determining the moments on a two-way slab is typically accomplished by finite element computer analysis.
Computer analysis of two-way slab
The ACI 318 code allows a direct design method that can be used in most typical situations. However, the following limitations apply: 1. Must have 3 or more continuous spans in each direction. 2. Slab panels must be rectangular with a ratio of the longer span to shorter span(measured as centerline-to-centerline of support) not greater than 2.0. 3. Successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than 1/3 of the longer span. 4. Columns must not be offset by more than 10% of the span (in direction of offset) from either axis between centerlines of successive columns. 5. Loads must be uniformly distributed, with the unfactored live load not more than 2 times the unfactored dead load (L/D < 2.0). Design Strips a) L1 > L2: L2 L2
Column (typ.)
Interior Column Strip
Exterior Column Strip
Middle Strip
Middle Strip
L1
L2/4 L2/4
L2/4
b) L2 > L1: L2 L2
Exterior Column Strip
Middle Strip
Middle Strip
L1
L1/4 L1/4
L1/4
Design Moment Coefficients for Flat Plate Supported Directly by Columns Slab End Span Interior Span Moments 1 2 3 4 5 Exterior Positive First Positive Interior Negative Interior Negative Negative Total 0.26Mo 0.52Mo 0.70Mo 0.35Mo 0.65Mo Moment Column 0.26Mo 0.31Mo 0.53Mo 0.21Mo 0.49Mo Strip Middle 0 0.21Mo 0.17Mo 0.14Mo 0.16Mo Strip Mo = Total factored moment per span
End Span 1
2
Interior Span 3 4 5
Mo =
wu L2 Ln 8
where Ln = clear span (face-to-face of cols.)in the direction of analysis

Bar Placement per ACI 318-02 The actual quantity of bars required is determined by analysis (see Example below). However, usage of the Direct Design Method prescribes bar placement as shown below:
Example 1 GIVEN: A two-way flat plate for an office building is shown below. Use the following: Column dimensions = 20 x 20 Superimposed service floor Dead load = 32 PSF (not including slab weight) Superimposed service floor Live load = 75 PSF Concrete fc = 4000 PSI #4 Grade 60 main tension bars Concrete cover =
REQUIRED: Use the Direct Design Method to design the two-way slab for the design strip in the direction shown.
L2 = 16-0
L2 = 16-0
L2 = 16-0
20-0
Ln
20-0
20-0
L2/4 L2/4 Middle strip = (16 Col. strip) Col. strip Design Strip = 16 Middle strip = (16 Col. strip)
Step 1 Determine slab thickness h: Since it is a flat plate, from Table above, use h =
Ln 30
where Ln = clear span in direction of analysis = (20-0 x 12/ft) 20 = 220 = 18.33 h= Column size
220" 30
= 7.333 Use 8 thick slab Step 2 Determine factored uniform load, wu on the slab: wu = 1.2D + 1.6L Slab weight
= 1.2[(32 PSF) + (8/12)(150 PCF)] + 1.6[(75 PSF)] = 278.4 PSF = 0.28 KSF Step 3 Check applicability of Direct Design Method: 1) Must have 3 or more continuous spans in each direction. YES 2) Slab panels must be rectangular with a ratio of the longer span to shorter span(measured as centerline-to-centerline of support) not greater than 2.0. YES 3) Successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than 1/3 of the longer span. YES 4) Columns must not be offset by more than 10% of the span (in direction of offset) from either axis between centerlines of successive columns. YES 5) Loads must be uniformly distributed, with the unfactored live load not more than 2 times the unfactored dead load (L/D < 2.0). YES
Step 4 Determine total factored moment per span, Mo: Mo =
wu L2 Ln 8
(0.28KSF )(16' )(18.33' ) 2 8
Mo = 188 KIP-FT
Step 5 Determine distribution of total factored moment into col. & middle strips:
Design Moment Coefficients for Flat Plate Supported Directly by Columns Slab End Span Interior Span Moments 1 2 3 4 5 Exterior Positive First Positive Interior Negative Interior Negative Negative 0.70M 0.26M = 48.9 0.52M = 97.8 0.35Mo = 65.8 0.65Mo = 122.2 o = 131.6 o o Total Moment 0.26Mo = 48.9 0.31Mo = 58.3 0.53Mo = 99.6 0.21Mo = 39.5 0.49Mo = 92.1 Column Strip 0 0.21Mo = 39.5 0.17Mo = 32.0 0.14Mo = 26.3 0.16Mo = 30.1 Middle Strip Mo = Total factored moment per span = 188 KIP-FT Step 6 Determine tension steel bars for col. & middle strips: a) Column strip for region 1 : Factored NEGATIVE moment = 48.9 KIP-FT (see Table above) = 586.8 KIP-IN = 586,800 LB-IN
b = 96 8
d = 8 conc. cover (bar dia.) = 8 (4/8) = 7
Mu 586,800 LB IN = 2 bd (0.9)(96" )(7" ) 2
= 138.6 PSI From Lecture 24 Table 2:
Use min = 0.0033 =

As bd
Solve for As: As = bd = (0.0033)(96)(7) = 2.22 in2 Number of bars required =

As As _ per _ bar
2.22in 2 0.20in 2 _ per _#4 _ bar
= 11.1 Use 12 - #4 TOP bars
b) Column strip for region 2 : Factored POSITIVE moment = 58.3 KIP-FT (see Table above) = 699,600 LB-IN b = 96 8 d

Mu 699,600 LB IN = 2 bd (0.9)(96" )(7" ) 2
= 165.2 PSI From Lecture 24 Table 2: Use = 0.0033 As = 2.22 in2 (see calcs. above) Use 12 - #4 BOTTOM bars
c) Middle strip for region
2 :
Factored POSITIVE moment = 39.5 KIP-FT (see Table above) = 474,000 LB-IN b = 96 8 d

Mu 474,000 LB IN = 2 bd (0.9)(96" )(7" ) 2
= 112.0 PSI From Lecture 24 Table 2: Use = 0.0033 As = 2.22 in2 (see calcs. above) Use 12 - #4 BOTTOM bars Use 6 - #4 Bottom bars at each Middle Strip
Step 7 Draw Summary Sketch plan view of bars:
16-0
16-0
16-0
Col. strip for region 1 12 - #4 TOP bars
Middle strip for region 2 6 - #4 BOTTOM bars
20-0
Col. strip for region 2 12 - #4 BOTTOM bars
20-0
20-0
4-0 Middle strip = 4-0
4-0 Middle strip = 4-0
Col. strip 16 0
Example 2 GIVEN: The two-way slab system from Example 1. REQUIRED: Design the steel tension bars for design strip shown (perpendicular to those in Example 1).
16-0
16-0
16-0
Middle strip = 6-0
20-0
20-0
Col. strip = 8-0
Middle strip = 6-0
20-0
20-0
Lecture 28 Shear in Beams

Heavy loads on concrete beams produce diagonal shear cracks as shown below:
Shear cracks in areas of high shear
Column (typ.)
Cracking in beams is normal and indicates the tension bars are actually working. Excessive cracking needs to be controlled by additional bars called stirrups placed perpendicular to the cracks as shown below:
Stirrup bars spanning crack Stirrup bar spacing, s
Stirrups may take the shape of the following typical configurations:
Design for Shear in Concrete Beams Vertical shear is carried by the concrete shear capacity and the shear capacity provided by the stirrups. In other words: Vu (from shear diagram) < Vc + Vs where: Vu = factored vertical shear determined at a distance d away from the face of support = 0.75 Vc = shear strength of concrete = 2 f ' c bw d fc = concrete strength, PSI bw = width of beam Vs = shear strength provided by stirrups bars =
Vu Vc
If Vs < 4 f ' c bw d then Max. stirrup spacing smax = smaller of
d 2
or 24
If 4 f ' c bw d < Vs < 8 f ' c bw d then Max. stirrup spacing smax = smaller of
d 4
or
Stirrups are required when Vu > (Vc) If stirrups are required, s=
12
Av f y d Vs
< Smax
where: Av = area of stirrup bars crossing crack fy = yield strength of stirrup bar (i.e., 60 KSI) d = depth to center of tension bars
Example GIVEN: A simply-supported concrete beam having the following: (Assume the beam is adequate based on flexure)
Concrete fc = 4000 PSI #3 Grade 60 U-shaped stirrup bars
REQUIRED: Determine stirrup requirements along the length of the beam.
wu = 5.6 KLF (includes beam wt.) Conc. column
12 x 20 concrete beam 20-0
12
#3 U-shaped stirrup bars
d = 18
h = 20
Beam Cross-Section
Step 1 Determine maximum factored shear Vu at d away from face of support:
Simply-supported beam end reaction =
wu L 2
(5.6 KLF )(20'0" ) 2

d = 18 = 1.5
= 56 KIPS
Vu at distance d from face of support = 56 KIPS 1.5(5.6 KLF) = 47.6 KIPS
wu = 5.6 KLF
Vu = 47.6 KIPS
56 KIPS
0 d = 1.5
Shear Diagram
Step 2 Determine shear strength of concrete Vc:
Vc = 0.75( 2 f ' c bw d )
= 0.75( 2 4000 PSI (12" )(18" ) = 20,492 Lbs. = 20.5 KIPS
Step 3 Determine range where stirrups are required: Stirrups are required when Vu > (Vc) (Vc) = (20.5 KIPS) = 10.25 KIPS wu = 5.6 KLF
Vu = 47.6 KIPS
56 KIPS
(Vc) = 10.25 KIPS 0 -10.25 KIPS d = 1.5

Stirrups required Stirrups not required Stirrups required
0 -47.6 KIPS d = 1.5
Step 4 Determine shear strength provided by stirrups, Vs: Vs = shear strength provided by stirrups bars =
Vu Vc
47.6 KIPS 20.5KIPS 0.75
Vs = 36.1 KIPS
Step 5 Determine stirrup spacing, s: a) Check if Vs < 4 f ' c bw d 36.1 KIPS < 4 4000 PSI (12" )(18" ) 36.1 KIPS < 54,644 Lbs. YES Then: Max. stirrup spacing smax = smaller of or 24 b) Check spacing requirement: s=
Assumed shear crack
d 18" = = 9 2 2
Av f y d Vs
< Smax
Av = 2(0.11 in2 per #3 bar) = 0.22 in2
2 - #3 bars spanning crack
(0.22in 2 )(60 KSI )(18" ) 36.1KIPS
= 6.6 round down to 6 o.c. 6 < 9 Use #3 Stirrup bars spaced 6 o.c.
Step 6 Determine number of stirrups assuming only ONE spacing: wu = 5.6 KLF
Vu = 47.6 KIPS
56 KIPS
(Vc) = 10.25 KIPS 0 -10.25 KIPS d = 1.5

Stirrups required Stirrups not required Stirrups required
0 -47.6 KIPS d = 1.5
Dis tan ce _ where _ stirrups _ required Number of stirrups required = +1 Stirrup _ spacing
47.6 KIPS 10.25KIPS 12" / ft 5.6 KLF +1 = 6" o.c.
= 14.3 stirrups round up to 15 stirrups Use 15 - #3 U-shaped stirrups @ 6 o.c. ea. end of beam
20-0
15 - #3 U-shaped stirrups at ea. end of beam Stirrup bar spacing = 6 o.c. 12
15 - #3 Grade 60 Ushaped stirrup bars @ 6 o.c. at each end of beam
20
Beam Cross-Section
Lecture 29 Shear in Beams (cont.)

As a continuation of our discussion of shear in concrete beams, lets look at an example of a concrete girder with point loads. Example GIVEN: The 20 x 34 concrete girder as shown below. Use the following: Concrete fc = 4000 PSI #3 Grade 60 U-shaped stirrups
REQUIRED: Determine the stirrup bar requirements. Assume only one spacing for the beam.
25 KIPS 25 KIPS 25 KIPS 25 KIPS
wu = 1.2 KLF
Conc. column
8-0
8-0
8-0 40-0
8-0
8-0
20
d = 32
h = 34
Beam Cross-Section
Step 1 Draw shear diagram:

25 KIPS 25 KIPS 25 KIPS 25 KIPS
wu = 1.2 KLF
Conc. column
8-0
8-0
8-0 40-0
8-0
8-0
74
64.4 29.8 4.8 -4.8 -29.8 -29.8 -39.4 -74
39.4
NOTE: All loads are in Kips
Step 2 Determine Vu at distance d from face of support: Vu = 74 KIPS = 70.8 KIPS Step 3 Determine shear capacity of concrete Vc: Vc = 0.75( 2 f ' c bw d ) = 0.75( 2 4000 PSI (20" )(32" )) = 60,716 Lbs. Vc = 60.7 KIPS 32" (1.2 KLF ) 12" / ft
Step 4 Determine range where stirrups are required: Stirrups are required when Vu > (Vc) (Vc) = (60.7 KIPS) = 30.4 KIPS
25 KIPS
25 KIPS
25 KIPS
25 KIPS
wu = 1.2 KLF
8-0
8-0
8-0
8-0
8-0
Vu = 70.8 74 64.4 39.4 (Vc) = 30.4 29.8 4.8 -4.8 32
Shear Diagram
-29.8 -39.4 -74
-29.8
Stirrups reqd.
Because of symmetry Same condition on right side of beam as left side of beam Distance X =
39.4kips 30.4kips 1.2kips _ per _ foot
= 7.5 feet = 90
Step 5 Determine shear strength provided by stirrups, Vs: Vs = shear strength provided by stirrups bars =
Vu Vc
70.8KIPS 60.7 KIPS 0.75
Vs = 13.5 KIPS Step 6 Determine stirrup spacing, s: a) Check if Vs < 4 f ' c bw d 13.5 KIPS < 4 4000 PSI (20" )(32" ) 13.5 KIPS < 161,900 Lbs. YES Then: Max. stirrup spacing smax = smaller of or 24 Use
d 32" = = 16 2 2
b) Check spacing requirement: s=
Av f y d Vs
Assumed shear crack
< Smax
Av = 2(0.11 in2 per #3 bar) = 0.22 in2
2 - #3 bars spanning crack
(0.22in 2 )(60 KSI )(32" ) 13.5KIPS
= 31.3 > 16 Use #3 Stirrup bars spaced 16 o.c. Step 7 Determine number of stirrups required:
Dis tan ce _ where _ stirrups _ required Number of stirrups required = +1 Stirrup _ spacing (96"32" ) + ( Dis tan ce _" X " ) = +1 16" o.c.
See shear diagram
(96"32" ) + 90" = +1 16" o.c.
= 10.625 stirrups round up to 11 stirrups Use 11 - #3 U-shaped stirrups @ 16 o.c. ea. end of beam
40-0
11 - #3 U-shaped stirrups at ea. end of beam Stirrup bar spacing = 16 o.c. 20
11 - #3 Grade 60 Ushaped stirrup bars @ 16 o.c. at each end of beam
34
Beam Cross-Section
Lecture 30 Development of Reinforcement, Splices, Hooks

Reinforcing bars must be embedded a minimum distance into the concrete in order to achieve the full tensile capacity, T of the bar. This length is referred to as Development Length, Ld.
Concrete Rebar T = Asfy
Ld
The development length is based upon the BOND between the rebar and the concrete. Factors affecting this bond include the following: Type of ribbing on the bar Presence of epoxy (or other ) coating Concrete quality Distance between bar and edge of concrete Type of end anchorage into the concrete
Determining Ld for Tension Bars: a) #6 and smaller bars:

Ld = d b f y 25 f ' c
b) #7 and larger bars:

Ld = d b f y 20 f ' c
where: db = diameter of bar fy = yield strength of bar, PSI fc = specified concrete compressive strength, PSI = alpha = Bar location factor = 1.3 for top reinforcement = 1.0 for all other locations = beta = Coating factor = 1.5 for epoxy coated bars = 1.0 for uncoated bars = lambda = Lightweight aggregate factor = 1.3 for lightweight aggregate = 1.0 for normal weight aggregate
Example 1 GIVEN: A #6 rebar under tension force. Assume the following conditions: Concrete fc = 4000 PSI Normal weight concrete ( = 1.0) ASTM A615 Grade 60 rebar #6 rebar ( = 0.8) Uncoated bar ( = 1.0) Bar location is bottom of beam ( = 1.0)
REQUIRED: Determine the development length, Ld to achieve full tensile strength of the bar. Step 1 Use the formula above to determine Ld:
Ld = d b f y 25 f ' c
6 (60,000 PSI )(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) 8 Ld = 25 4000 PSI Ld = 28.5
Concrete #6 Rebar
Ld = 28.5
Assuming normal conditions, the following table may be used to determine development lengths of bars in tension:
Development Length Ld of Grade 60 bottom bars in normal weight concrete
Condition
Clear spacing of bars > db, clear cover > db
Concrete fc 3000 PSI 4000 PSI 5000 PSI 3000 PSI 4000 PSI 5000 PSI
All other cases
No. 6 and smaller bars 44db 38db 34db 66db 57db 51db
No. 7 and larger bars 55db 47db 42db 82db 71db 64db
Example 2 GIVEN: The same information as Example 1. REQUIRED: Using the table above, determine the Ld for a #6 bar. Step 1 Use table above to determine Ld: Concrete fc = 4000 PSI
Clear spacing of bars > db, clear cover > db
Ld = 38db = 38(6/8) Ld = 28.5
Determining Ld for Compression Bars: The development length of bars in compression is not as large as the development length in tension because of the absence of tension cracking in the concrete. Ldc = Development length in compression Ldc = 0.02 = larger of
db f y f 'c
or Ldc = 0.0003dbfy
Example 3 GIVEN: A #6 bar in compression. Use fc = 4000 PSI and Grade 60 bars. REQUIRED: Determine the Ldc for the bar. Ldc = Development length in compression 6 (60,000 PSI ) 8 = 0.02 = 14.2 Use 4000 PSI
Ldc = 0.02 = larger of
db f y f 'c
or Ldc = 0.0003dbfy = 0.0003(6/8)(60,000 PSI) = 13.5
Ldc = 14.2
Lap Splices of Bars

Bars are generally fabricated to lengths of about 60-0, but transportation, workability and other concerns often require bars to be less than about 40-0 long. For long walls, beams, slabs and other situations requiring long lengths of bars, lap splicing is commonly used. It is good practice to place laps at regions of small tension, i.e., low moment.
Concrete
Ls
Ls = Length of lap splice = 1.0Ld for Class A splice if the area of reinforcement provided through the splice > twice that required by analysis and not more than 50% of the total reinforcement is spliced within the lap length = 1.3Ld for Class B splice if reinforcement does not meet Class A requirements
Hooked and Bent Bars

Hooks are used in concrete members where there is not sufficient straight length to achieve the full development length Ld. The following is a diagram showing the required lengths of bends and hooks:
Ldh = Lhb
Where: Lhb = Basic development length of hook in tension = 1200
db f 'c
= 1.0 unless otherwise specified below: fy if using other than Grade 60 bars = 60,000 = 0.7 if side concrete cover > 2 or end cover > 2 = 0.8 if ties or stirrups spacing < 3db = 1.3 if lightweight concrete =
Re quired _ As Pr ovided _ As
Example 4 GIVEN: A #5 Grade 40 bar is in tension as shown below. Use LIGHTWEIGHT concrete with fc = 4000 PSI. REQUIRED: Determine the min. required hook dimensions X, Y and Z.
Z = Ldh Side cover = 1
End cover = 1
Critical section
Step 1 Determine dimension X: X = 12db = 12(5/8) X = 7
Step 2 Determine dimension Y: Y = 4db since it is a #6 bar = 4(5/8) Y = 2 Step 3 Determine length of hooked bar, Lhb: Lhb = 1200
db f 'c
5 8" = 1200 4000 PSI

= 11.9 Step 4 Determine total development length, Z = Ldh: Ldh = Lhb Where: = 1.0 since side cover = 1 < 2 = 1.3 since lightweight concrete =
fy 60000 PSI
40000 PSI = 0.67 60000 PSI
Ldh = Lhb = 11.9(1.0)(1.3)(0.67) Ldh = 10.4
Lecture 31 Serviceability
Serviceability refers to the structural performance of the finished building under service loads. Beam deflection Lateral drift Vibration
We will be focusing our discussion on beam deflection. The ACI 318-02 Code dictates that the deflections be checked on the basis of effective moment of inertia, Ie, under service loads. Before we can determine the value of the effective moment of inertia, we must first have an understanding of the gross moment of inertia, Ig, and the cracked moment of inertia, Icr. Gross Moment of Inertia Ig: The gross moment of inertia is not appropriate for reinforced concrete beams because the concrete under the neutral axis is in tension and is ineffective. Since tension is carried by the steel rebar, the beam becomes composite and therefore must be analyzed as such (See AECT 210 Lecture 6). The calculated value of gross moment of inertia is higher than what is actually present. b
Ig = Gross moment of Inertia

=
bh 3 12
Cracked Moment of Inertia Icr: The cracked moment of inertia takes into consideration the composite action between the concrete and steel rebar. This assumes that the concrete in the tension zone is totally ineffective, which is overly conservative. However, the cracked moment of inertia is far closer to predicting the actual moment of inertia of a reinforced concrete beam than the gross moment of inertia. b
y N.A. d
nAs
Icr =
by 3 + nAs (d y ) 2 3
Where: n = Modular ratio E 29,000,000 PSI = steel = E conc 57,000 f ' c As = Area of steel rebar in tension, in2
bd nAs 1 + 2 1 nAs y= b
Effective Moment of Inertia, Ie: The effective moment of inertia is typically used to determine the section property of the member at a specific point along the moment diagram. In most cases, the effective moment of inertia is used to determine the actual deflection of the member when comparing to Code-dictated maximums.
M cr Ie = M a
3 M cr 1 + I g M a
I cr I g
where: Mcr = moment that would initially crack the section fr I g = yt fr = modulus of rupture for the concrete = 7.5 f ' c yt = dist. from N.A. of uncracked cross-section to extreme tension fiber =
h 2
Ma = maximum unfactored moment at specific location along the moment diagram
Ig = gross moment of inertia Icr = cracked moment of inertia
Example 1 GIVEN: A simply-supported rectangular beam is shown below. The loads indicated are SERVICE loads. Use concrete fc = 4000 PSI and grade 60 bars. REQUIRED: 1) Determine the gross moment of inertia Ig of the beam. 2) Determine the cracked moment of inertia Icr of the beam. 3) Determine the maximum allowable mid-span deflection of the beam assuming allow = L/360. 4) Determine the actual mid-span deflection of the beam using Ie.
Wservice = 1500 PLF
25-0
12
2 - #4 hanger bars #3 stirrup bars @ 9 o.c. 20 3 - #8 main bars Section A-A d = h conc. cover stirrup bar dia. (main tension bar dia.) = 20 (8/8) = 18.375
concrete cover
Step 1 Determine gross moment of inertia Ig:
bh 3 Ig = 12
=
(12" )(20) 3 12
Ig =8000 in4 Step 2 Determine cracked moment of inertia Icr:
Icr =
by 3 + nAs (d y ) 2 3
Where: n = Modular ratio E 29,000,000 PSI 29,000,000 PSI = = steel = E conc 57,000 f ' c 57,000 4000 PSI = 8.04 As = Area of steel rebar in tension, in2 = 3 bars(0.79 in2 per #8 bar) = 2.37 in2
bd nAs 1 + 2 1 nAs y= b (12" )(18.375" ) 1 (8.04)(2.37in 2 ) 1 + 2 2 (8.04)(2.37in ) = 12"

= 6.2
Icr =
by 3 + nAs (d y ) 2 3 (12" )(6.2" ) 3 + 8.04(2.37in 2 )(18.375"6.2" ) 2 3
Icr = 2904 in4 Step 3 - Determine the maximum allowable mid-span deflection of the beam assuming allow = L/360:
allow =
L 360 (25'0" )12" / ft 360
allow = 0.83
Step 4 - Determine the effective moment of inertia Ie: fr = modulus of rupture for the concrete = 7.5 f ' c = 7.5 4000 PSI = 474.3 PSI Mcr = moment that would initially crack the section fr I g = yt =
(474.3PSI )(8000 PSI ) 20" 2
= 379,473 Lb-In = 379.4 KIP-In = 31.6 KIP-FT
Ma = maximum unfactored moment at specific location along the moment diagram =
wL2 8 (1.5KLF )(25'0" ) 2 8
Ma = 117.2 KIP-FT
M cr Ie = M a
3 M cr 1 I + g M a
I cr
3 31.6 3 31.6 4 4 = ( 8000 in ) + (2904in ) I g 1 117.2 117.2
Ie = 3004 in4 Step 5 Determine actual mid-span deflection using Ie:
5wL4 act = 384 E conc I e

1500 PLF 4 5 (25'0" x12" / ft ) 12 = 384(57000 4000 PSI )(3004in 4 )
act = 1.22
Since act = 1.22 > allow = 0.83 member is NOT acceptable

Design of Structural Members

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Design of Structural Members

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Lecture 10 Column Base Plates

Concrete resistance to crushing

See AISC p. 14-5

tmin = minimum base plate thickness per AISC p. 14-6:

Pu = factored axial load, kips m L = larger of n =

Fy = base plate steel yield stress

Pa = service axial load, kips m L = larger of n

Fy = base plate steel yield stress

cPp = Design bearing strength of concrete = 0.6Pp = 0.6(0.85fcA1)

700 KIPS 0.6(0.85(3KSI ))

A1 = 457.5 in2 Step 2 Determine Optimized base plate dimensions:

0.95d 0.8b f 2 0.95(14.3" ) 0.8(10.1" ) 2

d and bf from properties p. 1-22

Step 3 Determine m and n: m=

= 5.96 Step 4 Determine minimum base plate thickness, tmin:

where: Pu = factored axial load, kips = 700 Kips

700 Kips = 1.46 KSI (20" )(24" )

L = larger of n = 5.96 use

2(1.46 KSI ) 0.9(36 KSI )

Base plate yield stress

= 1.79 use 1 thick plate

Step 5 Draw Summary Sketch:

W14x82 A992 col. centered on plate

7 1 " thick A36 steel base plate 8

Lecture 12 Bolted Connections

Bolt shear failure

Edge Distance failure

Net section failure

See AISC Table J3.3 p. 16.1-105 for hole dimensions

dia. A325-N bolt

Lecture 13 Bolted Connections (cont.)

1.6 KLF (30'0" ) 2

Step 2 Use AISC Table 10-1 All-Bolted Double-Angle Connections, p. 10-22:

See Step 3 See Step 9 W16x40 Beam

See Step 7 See Step 5

5 " from AISC p. 1-18 16

W16x40 beam Kdet = 1

3 " from AISC p. 1-20 16

Lecture 15 Welded Connections (cont.)

Minimum Web thickness

L2x2x erection angle shop-welded to col. flange 2 L3x3x3/8 connection angles

Step 1 Refer to AISC Table 10-3 p. 10-48 for design info:

See Step 2 See Step 5 See Step 4

Step 7 Draw summary sketch: W21x44 Girder 1 12

L2x2x erection angle shop-welded to col. flange 2 L3x3x3/8 connection angles

Concentric Load on Weld Group

Eccentric Load on Weld Group

Step 1 Refer to AISC Table 8-5 p. 8-72:

See Step 3 See Step 2

Step 5 Determine maximum permissible Pu: From Table above Lmin =

ERROR in AISC Manual!!!

= (8)(0.75)(0.821)(1.0)(4) Pu = 19.7 KIPS < 25 KIPS UNACCEPTABLE

Lecture 16 AISC Code of Standard Practice

Lecture 17 Structural Steel Specifications

Section 05100 Structural Steel

Lecture 18 Open Web Steel Joists

A typical joist girder connection to steel column is shown below:

Use 28K6 Joist for Final Design

From Vulcraft p. 35 Section Number = 6 Span = Over 29 thru 39

Use 3 Rows of Bridging

Step 6 Draw Summary Sketch of Roof Framing Plan:

3 rows of L1x7/64 horizontal bridging equally spaced

10 spaces @ 6-0 = 60-0