Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesela CycleStirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Contents: Carnot cycle Otto cycle Diesel cycle Stirling cycle Ericsson cycle Brayton cycle
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Heat source
QH
Heat engine
Sample applications
Wnet
QL
Heat sink
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Carnot Cyle
Represents most efficient cycle that operates between two fixed temperatures TH and TL Efficiency of Carnot heat engine:
th,Carnot
TL = 1 TH
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Processes in a Carnot cycle: 1 - 2 Isothermal heat addition 2 - 3 Isentropic expansion 3 - 4 Isothermal heat rejection 4 - 1 Isentropic compression
Enclosed area in T-s & P-v diagrams => net work done by the cycle
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Spark-ignition engine
Compression-ignition engine
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Represents ideal cycle for spark-ignition (SI) engines Processes in 4-stroke engine cycle:
Otto: stroke by stroke
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
10
Carnot Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle Otto Cycle
Actual Cycle
1 - 2 1. Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC 2. Air-fuel mixture is compressed isentropically.
2 - 3 1. Spark plug fires and combustion takes place Constant-volume heat 2. Piston moves downward from TDC to BDC, addition (Power or expansion stroke) converting heat energy to work 3 - 4 1. Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC 2. Exhaust valve open and exhaust gas is removed 4 - 1 1. Piston moves downward from TDC to BDC 2. Intake valve open and air-fuel mixture drawn in Isentropic expansion (Exhaust stroke) Constant-volume heat rejection (Intake stroke)
Otto Cycle
11
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
12
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
13
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
2-stroke engines generally less efficient than 4-stroke due to: incomplete expulsion of exhaust gases partial expulsion of fresh air-fuel mixture Advantages of 2-stroke engines: simple and inexpensive high power-to-weight and power-to-volume ratios => suitable for small size and light applications
14
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
4 Qout s
q w = u qin = u3 u 2
th ,Otto
wnet = qin
15
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
r = compression ratio Cp k= Cv
16
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
th,Otto = 1
1 r k 1
17
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Diesel Cycle:
Represents ideal compressionignition (CI) engine Consists of 4 processes => Almost similar to Otto cycle Air compressed to pressure & temperature above self-ignition temperature of fuel Combustion starts on contact as fuel is injected to hot air
18
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
qin = h3 h2 , qout = U 4 U1 )
th , Diesel
wnet = qin
19
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
20
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Robert Stirling
21
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
22
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Advantages: Ideal Stirling and Ericsson cycles have Carnot cycle efficiency Combustion can be done externally => more choices of fuel types Disadvantages: Difficult to achieve in practice: - involve heat transfer through small temperature difference. - require very large heat transfer area and very long time.
23
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Assumptions: Combustion process => const-pressure heat addition Exhaust process => const-pressure heat rejection
24
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
25
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
qin = h3 h2 , qout = h4 h1
win = h2 h1 , wout = h3 h4
wout,net qin
th, Brayton = 1
1
(k 1) / k rp
P2 , rp = P 1
26
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
pressure drops during heat addition and rejection irreversibilities in compressor and turbine
compressor turbine
ws h1 h2 s = wa h1 h2 a
wa h3 h4 a = ws h3 h4 s
27
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
electricity generation => gas-turbine power plants aircrafts marine => jet propulsion engines => propeller prime mover
Efficiency of gasturbine power plant can be increased significantly by combining with steam power cycle => combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT)
28
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Air pressure increased slightly in diffuser Air is compressed in compressor Heat addition (combustion) process in burner at constant pressure Partial expansion of exhaust gas in turbine, producing just enough power to drive compressor and other auxiliaries 5 - 6 Gas expansion in the nozzle to ambient pressure at high velocity 6 - 1 Heat rejection to surrounding at constant pressure
29
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
30
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
31
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Turbofan engine
Turboprop engine
32
Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Summary
Gas power cycles => Heat engines with gas as working fluid Otto cycle => spark ignition internal combustion engine Diesel cycle => compression ignition internal combustion engine P 3 Qin 2 4 1 T Qin Qout v 2 1 3 4 s
Qout