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Gas Power Cycle

Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesela CycleStirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Contents: Carnot cycle Otto cycle Diesel cycle Stirling cycle Ericsson cycle Brayton cycle

Jet Gas Turbine

Gas Power Cycle Introduction


Gas power cycles Heat engines in which working fluid is gas

Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Heat source

QH
Heat engine

Sample applications

Wnet

QL

Heat sink

Internal Combustion Engines Gas Turbines

Gas Power Cycle

Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Carnot Cyle

Represents most efficient cycle that operates between two fixed temperatures TH and TL Efficiency of Carnot heat engine:

th,Carnot

TL = 1 TH

Not practical for real-life applications


Carnot

Acts as reference against which actual cycles can be compared.

Gas Power Cycle


Carnot Cyle

Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Processes in a Carnot cycle: 1 - 2 Isothermal heat addition 2 - 3 Isentropic expansion 3 - 4 Isothermal heat rejection 4 - 1 Isentropic compression

Enclosed area in T-s & P-v diagrams => net work done by the cycle

Gas Power Cycle


Reciprocating engines
Examples of gas power cycle applications that involve piston-cylinder units Types of reciprocating engine Combustion initiated by a spark Ideal process described by Otto cycle Combustion initiated by compression Ideal process described by Diesel cycle

Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Spark-ignition engine

Compression-ignition engine

Gas Power Cycle


Reciprocating engines
TDC BDC Stroke Bore : Top dead centre : Bottom dead centre : Distance between TDC and BDC : Diameter of the piston

Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Clearance volume : Minimum volume when piston at TDC r : Compression ratio

Vmax VBDC r= = Vmin VTDC

Gas Power Cycle


Reciprocating engines
MEP : Mean Effective Pressure : Fictitious pressure that if it acted on piston during entire power stroke would produce same amount of net work produced during actual cycle

Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

wnet MEP = Vmax Vmin

Gas Power Cycle


Otto cycle

Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Represents ideal cycle for spark-ignition (SI) engines Processes in 4-stroke engine cycle:
Otto: stroke by stroke

Air-fuel mixture is compressed

Spark plug ignite and combustion starts

High pressure gas drives piston down

Exhaust gas driven out by piston

Fresh airfuel mixture drawn in

Gas Power Cycle


Otto cycle

Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Differences between Otto and actual 4-stroke engines

Gas Power Cycle


4-stroke engine

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle Otto Cycle

Actual Cycle

1 - 2 1. Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC 2. Air-fuel mixture is compressed isentropically.

Isentropic compression (Compression stroke)

2 - 3 1. Spark plug fires and combustion takes place Constant-volume heat 2. Piston moves downward from TDC to BDC, addition (Power or expansion stroke) converting heat energy to work 3 - 4 1. Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC 2. Exhaust valve open and exhaust gas is removed 4 - 1 1. Piston moves downward from TDC to BDC 2. Intake valve open and air-fuel mixture drawn in Isentropic expansion (Exhaust stroke) Constant-volume heat rejection (Intake stroke)

Otto Cycle

Gas Power Cycle


2-stroke cycle

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

All four processes in take place in 2 strokes

Gas Power Cycle


2-stroke cycle

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Compression stroke: Air-fuel mixture drawn in,squeezed in combustion chamber

Power stroke: Combustion takes place, burned gas removed

Gas Power Cycle


2-stroke cycle

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

2-stroke engines generally less efficient than 4-stroke due to: incomplete expulsion of exhaust gases partial expulsion of fresh air-fuel mixture Advantages of 2-stroke engines: simple and inexpensive high power-to-weight and power-to-volume ratios => suitable for small size and light applications

Gas Power Cycle


1st. Law Analysis:
P 3 Qin 2 4 1 Qout v 2 1 Qin T

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

4 Qout s

For closed system:

q w = u qin = u3 u 2

qout = u4 u1 wnet = qin qout

th ,Otto

wnet = qin

Gas Power Cycle


1st. Law Analysis:

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

If specific heat is considered constant (i.e. approximate method):

qin = u3 u 2 = cv ,av (T3 T2 ) qout = u 4 u1 = cv ,av (T4 T1 )


th,Otto = 1
1 r
k 1

r = compression ratio Cp k= Cv

Attention: *Use suitable method (exact or approximate) consistently*

Gas Power Cycle


Some notes:
Efficiency of Otto cycle increases with compression ratio and specific heat ratio At high compression ratio (above 8): further increase in efficiency is insignificant premature ignition occurs => engine knock. Reduced by antiknock agent, e.g. tetraethyl lead Typical efficiency of SI engines: 25 - 30%

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

th,Otto = 1

1 r k 1

Gas Power Cycle

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Diesel Cycle:
Represents ideal compressionignition (CI) engine Consists of 4 processes => Almost similar to Otto cycle Air compressed to pressure & temperature above self-ignition temperature of fuel Combustion starts on contact as fuel is injected to hot air

Gas Power Cycle

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

1st. Law analysis:


Exact method: variable specific heat

qin = h3 h2 , qout = U 4 U1 )
th , Diesel
wnet = qin

Approximate method: constant specific heat

qin = C p (T3 T2 ) , qout = Cv (T4 T1 )


th , Diesel
V3 v3 1 rck 1 = 1 k 1 = = cutoff ratio , rc = r k (rc 1) V2 v2

Gas Power Cycle


Some notes:
At same compression ratio, Otto has greater efficiency than Diesel engines Advantages of Diesel engines: able to operate at much higher compression ratio (12 to 24) i.e higher efficiency (35 - 40%) able to use cheaper fuel, because less constraint on premature ignition problem

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Gas Power Cycle


Stirling & Ericsson cycle:
Stirling: Two constantvolume regeneration Ericsson: Two constantpressure regeneration

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Robert Stirling

Gas Power Cycle


Stirling Engine

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Gas Power Cycle

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Advantages: Ideal Stirling and Ericsson cycles have Carnot cycle efficiency Combustion can be done externally => more choices of fuel types Disadvantages: Difficult to achieve in practice: - involve heat transfer through small temperature difference. - require very large heat transfer area and very long time.

Gas Power Cycle


Brayton cycle:

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Represents ideal gas-turbine engine cycle

Actual gas turbine operate on open cycle

Assumptions: Combustion process => const-pressure heat addition Exhaust process => const-pressure heat rejection

Gas Power Cycle


Made up of 4 processes: 1 - 2 Isentropic compression (compressor) 2 - 3 Const Pressure heat addition (heat exchanger) 3 - 4 Isentropic expansion (turbine) 4 - 1 Const Pressure heat removal (heat exchanger)

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Gas Power Cycle


1st law analysis:

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

qin = h3 h2 , qout = h4 h1

win = h2 h1 , wout = h3 h4

wout,net = wout win wout ,net = qin qout th,Brayton=


If specific heats are assumed constant (approximate method)

wout,net qin

th, Brayton = 1

1
(k 1) / k rp

P2 , rp = P 1

Gas Power Cycle


Deviation from ideal Brayton cycle, due to:

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

pressure drops during heat addition and rejection irreversibilities in compressor and turbine

compressor turbine

ws h1 h2 s = wa h1 h2 a

wa h3 h4 a = ws h3 h4 s

Gas Power Cycle


Main applications of Brayton cycle:

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

electricity generation => gas-turbine power plants aircrafts marine => jet propulsion engines => propeller prime mover

Efficiency of gasturbine power plant can be increased significantly by combining with steam power cycle => combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT)

Gas Power Cycle


Jet propulsion cycle: 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Air pressure increased slightly in diffuser Air is compressed in compressor Heat addition (combustion) process in burner at constant pressure Partial expansion of exhaust gas in turbine, producing just enough power to drive compressor and other auxiliaries 5 - 6 Gas expansion in the nozzle to ambient pressure at high velocity 6 - 1 Heat rejection to surrounding at constant pressure

Gas Power Cycle

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Gas Power Cycle

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Gas Power Cycle

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Turbofan engine

Turboprop engine

Gas Power Cycle

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Advanced Thermo-fluids Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Summary
Gas power cycles => Heat engines with gas as working fluid Otto cycle => spark ignition internal combustion engine Diesel cycle => compression ignition internal combustion engine P 3 Qin 2 4 1 T Qin Qout v 2 1 3 4 s

Qout

Brayton cycle => open cycle gas turbine

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