FORWARD ARMING AND REFUELING POINTS FOR MECHANIZED INFANTRY AND ARMOR U N I T S

A t h e s i s presented t o t h e F a c u l t y o f t h e U.S. A r m y Command and G e n e r a l S t a f f C o l l e g e i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r the degree MASTER OF M I L I T A R Y ART AND SCIENCE

B.S.,

JARROLD M. REEVES, JR., C P T ( P ) , USA Presbyterian College, Clinton, South Carolina,

1982

F o r t Leavenworth, 1993

Kansas

Approved f o r public r e l e a s e ;

distribution i s unlimited.

MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND S C I E N C E THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Name o f c a n d i d a t e : T i t l e o f Thesis: CPT(P) J a r r o l d M. Reeves, J r .

Forward Arming and R e f u e l i n g P o i n t s f o r Mechanized I n f a n t r y and Armor u n i t s .

Approved by:

,
LTC Dennis Barba, M.A.

Thesis Committee Chairman

LTC ~ a r b yo o d w i h , M.A.
l i

L h ~& -b
Y

Member

,
ames C . ~ c ~ a u m o n Ph.D. ,

Member, C o n s u l t i n g F a c u l t y

Accepted t h i s 4 t h day o f June 1 9 9 3 by:

Philip

J.

,
Brookes, Ph.D.

D i r e c t o r , Graduate Degree Programs

The o p i n i o n s and c o n c l u s i o n s expressed h e r e i n a r e t h o s e o f t h e s t u d e n t a u t h o r and do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t t h e views o f t h e U . S . Army Command and General S t a f f C o l l e g e o r any o t h e r governmental agency.

ABSTRACT F O R W A R D ARMING AND REFUELING POINTS F O R MECHANIZED INFANTRY AND ARMOR UNITS by CPT(P) J a r r o l d M. Reeves, J r . , USA, 9 4 pages. T h i s s t u d y i n v e s t i g a t e s t h e use o f Forward Arming and R e f u e l i n g P o i n t s (FARP) i n s u p p o r t o f mechanized i n f a n t r y and I t a p p l i e s t h e concepts o f a v i a t i o n FARPs and armored u n i t s . maneuver u n i t s ' Refuel On Move (ROM) t o mechanized i n f a n t r y and t a n k u n i t s . The concept presented i s one t h a t p r o v i d e s f o r w a r d arming and r e f u e l i n g f o r mechanized i n f a n t r y and t a n k b a t t a l i o n s / t a s k f o r c e s and companies/teams. FARPs p r o v i d e a method f o r r a p i d l y arming and r e f u e l i n g u n i t s f o r w a r d o f t h e b r i g a d e s u p p o r t area. The proposed FARP i s organized using o n l y c u r r e n t a v a i l a b l e assets w i t h i n t h e heavy b a t t a l i o n . T h i s s t u d y emphasizes t h e need f o r a method f o r arming and r e f u e l i n g u n i t s c o n d u c t i n g o f f e n s i v e operations. The s t u d y e x p l a i n s t h e r a t i o n a l e behind t h e use o f FARP I t recommends a FARP d o c t r i n e as a sound means t o doctrine. r a p i d l y arm and r e f u e l u n i t s u s i n g c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e assets. T h i s d o c t r i n e i s necessary i n p r o v i d i n g commanders a sustainment g u i d e f o r m a i n t a i n i n g s u p e r i o r maneuver and firepower i n o f f e n s i v e operations.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Ig i v e s p e c i a l thanks t o m y t h e s i s committee, D r .

James McNaughton,

LTC Dennis Barba, and LTC Mary Goodwin More i m p o r t a n t l y , Second,

who p r o v i d e d me w i t h sound a d v i c e .

I
I owe

a p p r e c i a t e t h e i r encouragement and s u p p o r t . thanks t o m y family, Your l o v e , s u p p o r t ,

Mindy, Summer, Hannah, and M a l l o r y . and u n d e r s t a n d i n g k e p t me g o i n g .

F i n a l l y , again thanks f o r a l l t h e support from m y committee and m y family. Your s u p p o r t and encouragement p r o v i d e d t h e

f o u n d a t i o n and encouragement t h a t p r o v i d e d t h e f o u n d a t i o n for m y d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o see i t t o c o m p l e t i o n :

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

......................................... ii ABSTRACT ............................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... ................................ i v

APPROVAL PAGE CHAPTER

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

................................... 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................... 9 METHODOLOGY... ................................. 44 ANALYSIS....... ................................4 9 NATURE OF THE FARP .............................63
INTRODUCTION CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......

. . . . . . . . .75

APPENDIX

...........................7 7 B. FIGURES .......................................82 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................9 0 I N I T I A L D I S T R I B U T I O N L I S T . .............................9 4

A. GLOSSARY............

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Whether maneuvering in the desert of Southwest Asia as a part of Operation Desert Storm, or in the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California, the tank or mechanized infantry fighting vehicle is the main ground force effort. The high mobility, lethality, and combat flexibility of tanks or mechanized infantry make them the main effort on today's AirLand Battlefield. During

Operation Desert Storm, the tank and mechanized infantry battalions led the way in VII Corps' offensive plan. In an

offensive operation, the M I Abrams tank or the M 2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) moves continuously, and concentrates firepower quickly, to meet the needs of the maneuver commander. To accomplish their mission, tank or mechanized infantry units require substantial amounts of fuel and ammunition pushed forward.
A rapid means for rearming and

refueling maneuver units must exist forward of the Brigade Support Area (BSA) if units are to maintain continuous pressure on the enemy. The Forward Arming and Refueling

Point (FARP) allows the commander the flexibility to

p o s i t i o n c l a s s I11 ( f u e l ) and c l a s s V (ammunition) products forward t o s u s t a i n t h e u n i t s . J u s t as combat u n i t s must be f l e x i b l e , support u n i t s

must a l s o be f l e x i b l e t o meet the f l u i d s i t u a t i o n o f the AirLand B a t t l e f i e l d . The FARP must be austere, t r a n s i t o r y

i n nature, and responsive t o t h e needs o f s p e c i f i c mission o b j e c t i v e s . The F A R P should be mobile enough t o self-deploy by wheeled assets o r by a i r assets.
I t should be f l e x i b l e

enough t o be configured t o company, team, t a s k f o r c e , o r b a t t a l i o n configuration. The bottom l i n e i s t h a t i t

sustains t h e c l a s s I11 and V requirements o f t h e mission o f the force. The f u n c t i o n o f t h e F A R P i s t o p r o v i d e t h e commander w i t h t h e means t o r a p i d l y resupply h i s u n i t and a l l o w him t o continue t h e operation. When t h e resupply time f o r

c l a s s I11 and V a c t i v i t i e s i s reduced, t h e commander has more time t o apply continuous pressure on t h e enemy. general r u l e , FARPs can be employed when: a) The t a c t i c a l s i t u a t i o n i s such t h a t a r a p i d As a

means o f resupplying i s needed i n order t o maintain t h e o f f e n s i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f speed and f l e x i b i l i t y . b) The u n i t t r a i n s cannot keep pace w i t h t h e i r

u n i t ' s r a p i d advance. C) A n a l t e r n a t i v e method i s needed instead o f t h e

present system o f u n i t l o g i s t i c a l packages.

Purpose The primary purpose o f my t h e s i s i s t o determine i f

FARP d o c t r i n e and procedures can be used t o support the

c l a s s I11 and V needs o f an armored and mechanized i n f a n t r y force. M y t h e s i s concentrates on t h e procedures used

forward o f t h e BSA by t h e forward support b a t t a l i o n (FSB) and t h e tank o r mechanized i n f a n t r y b a t t a l i o n support platoon

.
Assumotions

Three assumptions must be made about t h e procedures f o r forward area arming and r e f u e l i n g operations. The

f i r s t assumption i s t h a t tank o r mechanized d o c t r i n e w i l l i n f l u e n c e t h e depth o f b a t t l e f i e l d . The second assumption

i s t h a t motor gasoline (MOGAS) requirements i n t h e forward area do n o t f a c t o r i n t o t h e f u e l i n g problem. The t h i r d and

most important i s t h a t t h e r e e x i s t s a need f o r a forward means o f arming and r e f u e l i n g mechanized i n f a n t r y and tank company teams and b a t t a l i o n task forces. D e f i n i t i o n o f Terms The terms Forward Arming and Refueling P o i n t (FARP) and Refuel O n t h e Move (ROM) must be defined because they form t h e foundation o f my research question. Branch wrote F i e l d Manual 1-104, The A v i a t i o n

Forward Arminq and

Refueling P o i n t s , t o d e f i n e and e x p l a i n t h e methodology o f

FARP d o c t r i n e and t h e operation o f a F A R P site.

The

Quartermaster Corps wrote a s e c t i o n on t h e procedures and t h e equipment needed f o r ROM o p e r a t i o n s i n F i e l d Manual 10-71, Petroleum Tank V e h i c l e O ~ e r a t i o n s . F i e l d Manual 1-104 d e f i n e s a FARP as a means f o r arming and r e f u e l i n g a t t a c k h e l i c o p t e r s i n f o r w a r d areas so u n i t s can m a i n t a i n continuous pressure on t h e enemy.
It i s

l o c a t e d as c l o s e t o t h e area o f o p e r a t i o n as t h e t a c t i c a l s i t u a t i o n permits. Usually,

i t i s l o c a t e d about e i g h t e e n

t o t w e n t y - f i v e k i l o m e t e r s behind t h e Forward L i n e O f Troops (FLOT). The twenty t o t h i r t y personnel from t h e c l a s s I 1 1

( f u e l ) and c l a s s V (ammunition) p l a t o o n operate t h e arming and r e f u e l i n g p o i n t . The equipment t o o p e r a t e t h e p o i n t

w i l l c o n s i s t o f t h e t r u c k s loaded w i t h t h e r e q u i r e
ammunition and t h e Forward Area R e f u e l i n g Equipment (FARE), which connects t o t h e f u e l supply o r source. The FARE

c o n s i s t s o f pumps, hoses, and nozzles which p r o v i d e multiple refuel points.

ROM i s a procedure f o r r e f u e l i n g combat v e h i c l e s

simultaneously from a f u e 1 supply o r source such as a 5,000 g a l l o n tanker. The l o c a t i o n i s u s u a l l y dependent on t h e b u t i t i s u s u a l l y between t h e d i v i s i o n I t can a l s o The

tactical situation,

r e a r boundary and t h e b r i g a d e r e a r boundary.

be used t o support u n i t movements i n t h e offense.

Combat S e r v i c e Support (CSS) u n i t s p r o v i d e Petroleum, O i l s , and L u b r i c a n t s (POL) o p e r a t o r s and guides. i s c a l l e d a ROM k i t . The equipment

The ROM k i t c o n s i s t s o f enough hose

4

connections, valves, and nozzles to operate four to twelve refuel points. Limitations This study is limited to applying the aviation FARP doctrine to mechanized infantry and armor unit sustainment efforts. These units have similar tactical employment and sustainment needs.

All these units are employed well

forward in the main battle area and defeat the enemy through firepower and maneuver.

All consume large quantities of

ammunition and fuel and need a steady, rapid resupply of class I11 and V in offensive operations. These similarities allow conclusions to be draw as to how FARP procedures can be used for mechanized infantry and armored resupply. Another limitation is the use of unit personnel and equipment as authorized by existing Table of Organization and Equipment (TO&E). The personnel and equipment for

arming and refueling exist on the TO&Es.

By using these

assets no additional personnel or equipment is needed. Another limitation of this study is the inability to actually setup and run a FARP. By setting up and running a

FARP for mechanized infantry and tank units, human performance data could be gathered and future technological advances could be incorporated and tested. Human

performance time line data could be collected for loading ammunition onto the maneuver units, uploading the weapon

systems, and r e f u e l i n g t h e maneuver elements.

T h i s study

r e l i e s on p a s t s t u d i e s d a t a and t h e d a t a from Army s t a f f p l a n n i n g manuals

.
Delimitations

The scope o f t h e study w i l l f o c u s on f u e l and ammunition support i n t h e f o r w a r d area f o r armored c a r r i e r s o f a t a n k b a t t a l i o n o r a mechanized i n f a n t r y b a t t a l i o n . T h i s study concentrates on d i e s e l f u e l o r JP-8 t h e main f u e l s used by armored c a r r i e r s . requirements,

As t h e Army

progresses t o one f u e l f o r t h e b a t t l e f i e l d ,

JP-8 w i l l

r e p l a c e d i e s e l f u e l as t h e main f u e l f o r t h e armored c a r r i e r s on t h e b a t t l e f i e l d .
MOGAS requirements a r e

considered t o o minimal t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e t h e proposed concept.

I t i s a l s o l i m i t e d t o sustainment o p e r a t i o n s f o r w a r d

o f t h e Brigade Support Area (BSA). The s t u d y addresses u n i t s i n v o l v e d i n mid and h i g h i n t e n s i t y c o n f l i c t o p e r a t i o n s . study p i c k s up a f t e r t h e p e r i o d o f t i m e addressed i n t h e Combat Systems Rearm/Refuel i n B a t t a l i o n (COSRRIB) study The COSRRIB study The

which addressed from 1976 through 1980.

and t h e t i m e p e r i o d s t u d i e d p r o v i d e s a f o u n d a t i o n and s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r t h i s study. S i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e Studv Maneuver commanders and l o g i s t i c i a n s need t o e v a l u a t e lessons learned from Operation Desert Storm, t h e

N a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g Center and t h e i r own f i e l d t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e s i n o r d e r t o develop a procedure f o r f o r w a r d area arming and r e f u e l i n g . By d e v e l o p i n g and implementing such a

procedure, u n i t s c o u l d b e t t e r f a c i l i t a t e these two c r i t i c a l sustainment f u n c t i o n s . T h i s procedure c o u l d p r o v i d e t h e

guidance and f o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e development o f d o c t r i n e and/or a T a c t i c s , Techniques, and Procedures (TTP).

Commanders and t h e i r s u p p o r t personnel c o u l d use t h i s improved sustainment d o c t r i n e o r TTP f o r f u t u r e o p e r a t i o n s . Commanders o f mechanized i n f a n t r y and armored u n i t s would t h e n have a d d i t i o n a l a g i l i t y and i n i t i a t i v e w i t h a r a p i d f o r w a r d arming and r e f u e l i n g procedure. and mechanized i n f a n t r y Today's armor

b a t t a l i o n s use almost 21,000

g a l l o n s o f f u e l a day and 15 s h o r t t o n s (STONs) o f ammunition t o s u s t a i n o f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s .

A procedure f o r

a responsive means o f rearming and r e f u e l i n g ground maneuver f o r c e s would p r o v i d e t h e commander w i t h t h e a g i l i t y and i n i t i a t i v e t o continue o f f e n s i v e operations. FARP o p e r a t i o n s c o u l d p r o v i d e t h a t responsiveness and more. FARP procedures c o u l d l e a d t o changes i n b a s i c ammunition r e s u p p l y procedures, and t h e

load configurations,

number o r s k i l l of t h e personnel assigned t o handle f u e l and ammunition. E s t a b l i s h i n g a s i m p l e , r a p i d means t o s u s t a i n

u n i t s f o r w a r d c o u l d reduce t h e q u a n t i t y o f f u e l and ammunition i n a u n i t o r v e h i c l e ' s b a s i c load. Ammunition

r e s u p p l y procedures f o r w a r d o f t h e b r i g a d e s u p p o r t area have

never really been refined.

Utilizing this procedure could

free up transportation and personnel for other sustainment missions. This procedure could help establish the necessary

personnel and equipment needed to rapidly rearm and refuel forward. This would lead to restructuring TO&Es and

possibly reducing personnel and equipment requirements.

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE T h i s c h a p t e r r e v i e w s t h e l i t e r a t u r e on f o r w a r d a r e a rearming and r e f u e l i n g . literature, Along w i t h t h e r e v i e w o f

i t p r o v i d e s b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on f o r w a r d a r e a

'rearming and r e f u e l i n g .

T h i s w i l l enable t h e r e a d e r t o

e a s i l y grasp t h e i d e a s and concepts which e x i s t i n t h i s f i e l d o f sustainment. The r e v i e w o f l i t e r a t u r e c h a p t e r

a1so s e r v e s as t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n used t o comp l e t h i s s t u d y . The reader s h o u l d a l s o understand t h a t t h e Army's d o c t i n e has changed.

I t went f r o m d e f e n s i v e i n n a t u r e t o

o f f e n s i v e w i t h t h e Army's a d o p t i o n o f A i r L a n d B a t t l e doctrine. F M 100-5, O ~ e r a t i o n s , s t a t e s t h a t AirLand B a t t l e

d o c t r i n e " i s based on s e c u r i n g o r r e t a i n i n g t h e i n i t i a t i v e and e x e r c i s i n g i t a g g r e s s i v e l y t o accomplish t h e mission."l S u s t a i n i n g A i r L a n d B a t t l e d o c t r i n e means we

must p r o v i d e f u e l and ammunition i n a t i m e l y manner i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n t h e i n i t i a t i v e and accomplish t h e mission.

A r a p i d means o f rearming and r e f u e l i n g would

p r o v i d e t h i s v i t a l sustainment t o t h e armor and mechanized infantry units. The A v i a t i o n Branch r e c o g n i z e d t h e need

and developed t h e FARP d o c t r i n e i n F i e l d Manual 1-104, Forward Arming and R e f u e l i n g P o i n t s , i n 1985. H i s t o r i c a l Perspective S u s t a i n i n g t h e ammunition and f u e l needs o f mechanized and armor f o r c e s has been a monumental c h a l l e n g e t o l o g i s t i c i a n s s i n c e General P a t t o n ' s T h i r d Army c r i s s c r o s s e d Europe i n p u r s u i t o f t h e r e t r e a t i n g Germany Armies.2 H i s T h i r d Army used over 350,000 g a l l o n s o f

f u e l and over 336 s h o r t tons o f ammunition every day. Support o f h i s p u r s u i t p r o v i d e s some lessons f o r our s u s t a i n e r s and commanders o f today. For P a t t o n t o m a i n t a i n t h e i n i t i a t i v e he needed a r a p i d means o f arming and r e f u e l i n g h i s f o r c e s . T h i s was

because T h i r d Army was immobilized l e s s from a l a c k o f c l a s s 111 and V s u p p l i e s than from an i n a b i l i t y t o d i s t r i b u t e it. Supplying f u e l by t h e f i v e - g a l l o n f u e l can Also,

was a process t o o slow t o r a p i d l y r e f u e l forward.

u n i t s had t h e problem o f keeping a c c o u n t a b i l i t y o f t h e cans t o r e f i l l them f o r resupply. As t h e l i n e s o f communication

grew, T h i r d Army k e p t i t s ammunition uploaded on t r u c k s , c r e a t i n g r o l l i n g ammunition supply p o i n t s . allowed f o r f a s t , forward rearming. T h i s procedure

During t h e Vietnam War w i t h t h e heavy r e l i a n c e on h e l i c o p t e r s , a need came f o r r a p i d l y rearming and r e f u e l i n g them. Recognizing t h i s need, t h e U.S. Army L o g i s t i c s

Center,

F o r t Lee, V i r g i n i a ;

t h e Modern Army S e l e c t Systems F o r t Hood, Texas; and t h e U. began work on

T e s t , E v a l u a t i o n , and Review,
S.

Army M a t e r i e l Command, Washington D. C.;

i n n o v a t i v e ways t o s i m u l t a n e o u s l y h o t rearm and r e f u e l helicopters. The p l a n o f a c t i o n was c a l l e d Forward Area

Rearming and R e f u e l i n g P o i n t s (FARRP); and i t reduced t h e t i m e needed t o rearm and r e f u e l f r o m 6 0 minutes t o 15 minutes. The new r e f u e l procedures l e d t o s e v e r a l o t h e r

s t u d i e s c o v e r i n g a l l aspects o f f o r w a r d a r e a arming and r e f u e l i n g such as: ( 1 ) who should e s t a b l i s h , o p e r a t e , and r e s u p p l y such a p o i n t ,

( 2 ) how s h o u l d i t be dep loyed,

( 3 ) how s h o u l d i t be equipped?

and

The c u l m i n a t i o n o f t h e o r i g i n a l p l a n o f a c t i o n was t h e development o f t h e Forward Arming and R e f u e l i n g P o i n t Doctrine explained i n F M 1-104, Forward Armina and

R e f u e l i n g P o i n t s , p u b l i s h e d i n 1985. A f t e r t h e Vietnam War, the m i l i t a r y focus returned

t o t h e S o v i e t Union and t h e containment o f Communism and t h e S o v i e t Army. Our emphasis s h i f t e d t o t h e defense o f

Europe t h r o u g h o u r "How t o F i g h t " d o c t r i n e o f A c t i v e Defense o p e r a t i o n s and a b u i l d up o f armored and mechanized i n f a n t r y u n i t s i n Europe. A c t i v e Defense o p e r a t i o n s and

t h e heavy u n i t s r e q u i r e d a l a r g e amount o f c l a s s I11 and

class V to defend against the Soviet Army's armored and mechanized infantry units. The Army recognized the requirement to sustain a large amount of ammunition and fuel. They conducted studies to improve forward area rearming and refueling in armor and mechanized units. The primary study done at the

battalion level was the Combat System Rearm/Refuel in Battalions Study (COSRRIB) completed in March, 1976. The COSRRIB abstract stated "This study was designed to develop a support concept that will optimize rearming and refueling of the principal weapons systems of Army ground units conducting Active Defense operations under' the 'How to Fight' tactical doctrine."J Its conclusion stated a need for establishing forward area rearming and refueling points using a service station type operation. These service station type operations should be located forward with the battalion or task force and use their vehicles.4 In 1982, the Army published its new manual, Field Manual 100-5, O~erations, which outlined a new doctrine of AirLand Battle. Our new doctrinal focus shifted from defensive to offensive in nature. It is based on securing

or retaining the initiative and exercising it aggressively to accomplish the mission. To execute the AirLand Battle

doctrine, the Army improved its key ground combat unit's weaponry and incorporated helicopters into the scheme of battle. This made the battlefield three-dimensional. The
12

improved weapons

t h e M I Abrams t a n k , M2 B r a d l e y i n f a n t r y

f i g h t i n g v e h i c l e , and Cobra a t t a c k h e l i c o p t e r q u a n t i t i e s o f f u e l and ammunition. Background L i t e r a t u r e

use l a r g e r

The A v i a t i o n Branch and Q u a r t e r m a s t e r Corps have conducted e x t e n s i v e t e s t s and e v a l u a t i o n s on f o r w a r d area arming and r e f u e l i n g and r e f u e l i n g on t h e move. The

A v i a t i o n Branch's research l e d t o t h e p u b l i s h i n g i n 1985 o f F i e l d Manual 1-104, Forward Arming and R e f u e l i n g P o i n t s .

T h i s manual e s t a b l i s h e s t h e d o c t r i n e f o r a v i a t i o n ' s Forward Arming and R e f u e l i n g P o i n t s (FARP). A v i a t i o n commanders

use t h i s manual as t h e i r d o c t r i n e f o r c o n d u c t i n g responsive sustainment o f f u e l and ammunition i n c o n t i n u o u s a t t a c k helicopter operations.

The Quartermaster Branch's research l e d t o a change t o F i e l d Manual 10-71, p u b l i s h e d i n 1990. Petroleum Tank V e h i c l e O ~ e r a t i o n s ,

T h i s change e s t a b l i s h e d a procedure and The

equipment f o r u n i t s t o Refuel on t h e Move (ROM).

procedures and equipment k i t a l l o w u n i t s t o dispense f u e l i n t o f o u r t o e i g h t combat v e h i c l e s and combat r e f u e l e r s simultaneously. Other sources o f research a r e from t h e Center f o r Army Lessons Learned, combat development d i r e c t o r a t e s , p r o f e s s i o n a l c i r c u l a r s , and s t u d i e s by t e s t and e v a l u a t i o n labs. The Center f o r Army Lessons Learned p r o v i d e d

i n f o r m a t i o n from p a s t REFORGERs, N a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g Center r o t a t i o n s , and o t h e r t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e s i n v o l v i n g armored o r mechanized i n f a n t r y f o r c e s . Another source o f research

was t h e combat development d i r e c t o r a t e s and h i s t o r i a n s o f t h e I n f a n t r y Branch, Armor Branch, and Quartermaster Corps f o r any p a s t , p r e s e n t , and f u t u r e s t u d i e s .
A review o f

p r o f e s s i o n a l c i r c u l a r s d a t i n g f r o m 1973 r e s u l t e d i n A v i a t i o n a r t i c l e s on FARP o p e r a t i o n s and F i e l d A r t i l l e r y and Armor a r t i c l e s on rearming and r e f u e l i n g . T e s t and

e v a l u a t i o n l a b s p r o v i d e d s e v e r a l p a s t s t u d i e s t o draw concl u s i ons from.

ROM S t u d i e s and D o c t r i n e

(see f i g u r e 1, ROM Diagram) R e f u e l i n g f o r w a r d became an i s s u e w i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f mechanized f o r c e s and a i r c r a f t i n t o t h e a r o f war. These v e h i c l e s and o p e r a t i o n a l concepts r e q u i r e d a

steady s u p p l y o f f u e l t o m a i n t a i n t h e i n i t i a t i v e o r momentum. developed. Procedures and equipment f o r f o r w a r d r e f u e l i n g o p e r a t i o n s were developed. Forward r e f u e l i n g procedures Forward area r e f u e l i n g procedures had t o be

c o u l d g e n e r a l l y be broken down i n t o two major c a t e g o r i e s o f r e f u e l i n g i n p o s i t i o n and t h e s e r v i c e s t a t i o n method. Equipment f o r f o r w a r d area r e f u e l i n g s l o w l y e v o l v e d f r o m

five-gallon cans to pumps and hoses connected to a 5,000 gal Ion tanker. During World War I1 and the Korean War, 2 1/2 ton trucks and trailers delivered fuel forward to mechanized elements in position by five gallon cans. Armored units

during the Korean War frequently refueled forward from 55-gallon drums. These procedures provided a rapid means

of supplying fuel forward to the vehicles, and units could maintain maximum combat posture during refueling. The

disadvantage was the exposure of the unprotected resupply vehicles in the battle positions and the manpower required to handle the cans or drums.5 During the Vietnam era and to the present, refueling operations have employed bulk fuel container vehicles for refueling. These bulk fuel containers, introduced in the mid to late 1970s, consisted of the 2,500 gallon GOER vehicle and/or two 600 gallon tanks with a pump unit mounted on the back of a 5-ton truck. These vehicles could

refuel vehicles in position or could set up a service station operation for units to move through to refuel. This method solved the problem of handling the cans or drums, but units still had to deal with unprotected resupply vehicle being exposed. Different from the two previous wars, the Vietnam era brought about the advent of the helicopter as an effective combat support vehicle. 15 This resulted in the

r a p i d expansion o f a i r m o b i l e o p e r a t i o n s i n t o war.

T h i s new

o p e r a t i o n a l concept r e q u i r e d procedures and equipment f o r r e f u e l i n g a i r c r a f t and ground v e h i c l e s i n extreme forward areas. From t h i s need t h e Army recommended t h e development The

o f t h e A i r Mobile A i r c r a f t R e f u e l i n g System (AMARS).

approval o f t h e recommendation r e s u l t e d i n t h e requiremeot f o r t h e development o f t h e concept and equipment f o r t h e

AMARS

.
The i n i t i a l AMARS equipment and o p e r a t i o n a l concept
CH-47,

c a l l e d f o r t h e conversion o f UH-1,

and CV-2

aircraft;

i n t o "bladder b i r d s " o r b u l k f u e l c a r r i e r s .

I n 1965, these

b u l k f u e l c a r r i e r s were shipped t o South Vietnam f o r operational evaluation. Concurrently,

AMARS underwent

e n g i n e e r i n g and s e r v i c e t e s t i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

These

t e s t and e v a l u a t i o n programs revealed many problems w i t h the i n i t i a l A M A R . S design.6 Due t o t h e many problems t h a t r e s u l t e d from t h e t e s t and e v a l u a t i o n s o f these b u l k f u e l c a r r i e r s , t h e concept o f Forward Area R e f u e l i n g Equipment (FARE) was developed. The

concept o f t h e FARE c a l l e d f o r an a i r t r a n s p o r t a b l e s e t o f equipment, which c o u l d be q u i c k l y emplaced t o dispense f u e l from a p r e p o s i t i o n e d b u l k f u e l source. The need f o r t h i s

type o f equipment had been demonstrated by t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f AMARS i n South Vietnam.. Continued t e s t and e v a l u a t i o n

o f FARE determined i t met t h e resuirements f o r AMASS.'

The FARE consisted of a pump, hoses, and nozzles capable of pumping simultaneously. fuel through one or two nozzles

Fuel for the FARE would come from any Its intended purpose was to

available bulk fuel source.

primarily refuel helicopters in forward area operations. However, it could also provide a means for safe, rapid refueling of all Army aircraft, ground vehicles, and other equipment. The FARE equipment could not be used to convert aircraft to bulk fuel carriers. Due to the shortage of

aircraft, combat units were reluctant to convert them and utilize them as bulk fuel carriers. Additionally, units

expressed a preference for carrying fuel tanks as external sling loads rather than internal to the aircraft. The FARE concept and equipment provided the foundation on which the Refuel on the Move (ROM) concept was developed for the mechanized forces. ROM expanded the

FARE capability by providing a means to establish more refueling points and dispense fuel from any size bulk fuel carrier up to and including a 5,000 gallon tank semitrailer. ROM is the procedure for dispensing fuel from a
5,000 gallon tank semitrailer into four to eight combat

vehicles simultaneously. The ROM kit has enough hoses, connections, valves, and nozzles to transform the 5,000 gallon tank semitrailer into a four to eight point
17

dispensing

station.

The pump assembly i s s e l f - c o n t a i n e d

ROM procedures h e l p ensure t h a t a l l

on t h e s e m i t r a i l e r .

combat v e h i c l e and f u e l s e r v i c i n g v e h i c l e f u e l t a n k s can be r a p i d l y r e f u e l e d forward.

ROM procedures a r e becoming Standard O p e r a t i n g

Procedures (SOP) f o r maneuver u n i t s . Most u n i t s have e s t a b l i s h e d SOPS f o r u s i n g ROM procedures f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and t a c t i c a l moves i n v o l v i n g wheeled and track vehicles. D u r i n g O p e r a t i o n D e s e r t Storm, ROM

procedures were used e x t e n s i v e l y t o r e f u e l wheeled and track vehicles.

A t t h e N a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g Center (NTC), RO,Y

operations are a required, evaluated task. Ammunition D i s t r i b u t i o n D o c t r i n e Ever s i n c e t h e f i r s t t a n k was i n t r o d u c e d i n World War

I, ammunition has been r e s u p p l i e d i n t h e f o r w a r d area

The t a n k s would remain i n

a l l t h e way t o t h e v e h i c l e s .

p l a c e w h i l e t h e t r u c k h a u l i n g t h e ammunition would p u l l alongside. The t r u c k would drop t h e t a i l g a t e and t h e n The t r u c k would

t r a n s l o a d t h e ammunition o n t o t h e t a n k .

t h e n d r i v e up t o t h e n e x t t a n k ' s p o s i t i o n and a g a i n drop t h e t a i l g a t e and t r a n s l o a d what ammunition t h a t tank needed. T h i s process was v e r y slow and r e q u i r e d t r u c k s t o t r a n s i t t h e same t e r r a i n t h a t t h e t a n k had. From World War I t o today, r e s u p p l y i n g combat v e h i c l e s w i t h ammunition i n p o s i t i o n has been considered

acceptable or SOP.

Considering the location of tanks or

mechanized infantry vehicles to the enemy weapons on the front, the trucks are exposed to direct enemy fire when arming them in position. Also, valuable transportation Not

assets are tied up in this time-consuming process.

only i s the resupply vehicle being tied up in forward rearming operations, but the distance that these vehicles had to travel to pick up ammunition was excessive. It

exceeded transportation's doctrinal line haul distance of

90 miles a day.

The principal method of ammunition resupply of a task force or battalion is supply point distribution. method requires the task force or battalion trucks to travel back to the ammunition supply points
(ASP)

This

or to the

ammunition transfer point (ATP) to draw its ammunition. These trucks then return to the units trains location and remain uploaded. The ammunition may be called forward or

transloaded on to another vehicle for delivery to a consuming unit. The supply point method has two problem

areas: the distance a vehicle has to drive for ammunition and the configuration the ammunition arrives in is the same configuration that it was shipped in from the wholesale point. Another method, rearming in position, i s a very difficult and time-consuming operation. tank and the
M2

Both the

M1

Abrams

Bradley infantry fighting vehicle cannot

19

engage t a r g e t s and upload ammunition a t t h e same time.

The

t u r r e t on a tank must be t r a v e r s e d t o d i f f e r e n t angles t o stow main gun ammunition. The t u r r e t on t h e Bradley main

gun must be t r a v e r s e d t o a c e r t a i n angle t o l o a d t h e b e l t feed ammunition i n t h e ready box, and t h e r e s t i s s t o r e d through o u t t h e v e h i c l e . Consequently, rearming i n

p o s i t i o n should n o t be done on a r o u t i n e b a s i s . The s e r v i c e s t a t i o n method i s t h e p r e f e r r e d method. T h i s i s accomplished by u s i n g t h e e x i s t i n g t r u c k assets i n t h e support p l a t o o n as a mobile A S P o r ATP. The v e h i c l e s

a r e d r i v e n forward t o a designated p o i n t and t h e u n i t s needing ammunition d r i v e through and a r e rearmed. FARP S t u d i e s and D o c t r i n e The Vietnam War and i t s heavy r e l i a n c e on h e l i c o p t e r s l e d t o t h e FARE study.8 Ultimately, the

study caused the' research and development o f f o r w a r d area r e f u e l i n g equipment. The FARE n o t o n l y p r o v i d e d t h e

equipment f o r t h e f o r w a r d area r e f u e l i n g p o i n t f o r h e l i c o p t e r s , b u t . a l s o f o r ground equipment. I n 1 9 7 1 , t h e A i r Cavalry Combat Brigade (ACCB I ) Test determined t h a t r e f u e l i n g and rearming a r e e s s e n t i a l t o e f f e c t i v e t a c t i c a l operations. The study a l s o

determined t h a t t o s u s t a i n o p e r a t i o n s t h e rearming and r e f u e l i n g o f u n i t s must be done w i t h i n 15 k i l o m e t e r s o f t h e

line of contact. It examined the procedures, equipment, and organization.9 Techniques, equipment, and organization used in ACCB

I did not accomplish rearming and refueling within the time

limits for continual combat operations. The study also

concluded that the personnel and equipment available by the Table of Organization and Equipment (TO&E) did not provide adequate resources to accomplish the mission. shortfalls were noted: These

a need for multi-point refueling,

reconfiguring ammunition loads, and a TO&E for Forward Area Rearming and Refueling Points. Before these shortfalls

could be addressed the issue of rearming and refueling simultaneously had to be accepted. Commanders had to

evaluate the safety concerns and determine the risk. Realizing the minimum risk, commanders must train in peacetime as they would in wartime. The issue of simultaneous rearming and refueling was accepted and these problems and shortfalls were addressed in a subsequent study called Air Cavalry Combat Brigade I1 (ACCB 11). ACCB I1 redesigned the refueling equipment to

allow for multi-point refueling and reconfigured ammunition loads for improving rearming. These changes accomplished

the operation design of simultaneously refueling and rearming five aircraft. The results of ACCB I1 provided a

basis for further studies and test and evaluation of

equipment, techniques, and procedures to be used in FARP operations. One study initiated in 1977 was the Human Engineering Laboratory Aviation Supply Class III/V Material (HELAVS III/V) Field Test. The study's objective was to obtain human performance data. It addressed the effects of

crew size, day/night operations, and chemical/biological protective equipment on rearming and refueling. Another

objective was to measure staffing levels under Division 86 Tables of Organization and Equipment (TOE). The study

concTuded that crew size, day/night operations, and chemical/biological equipment did have significant impact on prolonging the operations. At this point the study

dealt with rearming and refueling procedures for only helicopters forward. In 1976, the Combat Systems Rearm/Refuel in Battalions study broke ground for the study of rearming and refueling the principal weapons systems of Army ground combat units. Combat Systems Rearm/Refuel In Battalions (COSRRIB) Stucly

In March 1976, the Training and Doctrine Command

directed the Logistics Center at Fort Lee to conduct a study to develop a support concept that would optimize the rearming and refueling of the principal weapon systems of the Army's heavy ground combat units. The study focused

on units conducting the Active Defense under the "How to Fight" tactical doctrine. The study also focused on tank

and mechanized infantry task forces and company teams and self-propelled, direct support artillery battalions operations. These units operated in the covering force area and the main battle area.

he

COSRRIB study examined

the organizations, doctrine, and equipment of these units. It proposed conceptual changes which could be developed, refined and written into doctrinal media and tables of organization and equipment (TO&E). The study made several valid conclusions. These

recommendations covered both arming and refueling. Some have been developed, refined, and written into today's doctrine. Some of the conclusions have been adopted into

today's doctrine and TO&Es. The rearming conclusions also covered all aspects of rearming of a battalion task force and company teams. The conclusions were: 1. that the doctrine for resupply of class V should stress the establishment of forward mobile ASPS utilizing the battalion and task force basic load vehicles,
2. that there existed a valid requirement for an

armored vehicle and recommended the M I 1 3 as the best available and capable,
3. that the need for additional ammunition handlers

and 5-ton trucks and trailers existed,

23

4.

t h a t t h e r e was a need f o r continued research and Army M a t e r i e l Command's and

development e f f o r t by t h e U.S.

Armament Command on ammunition packaging, s t o r i n g , shipping.

By implementing these c o n c l u s i o n s rearming

procedures would be o p t i m i z e d a t t h e weapons system f o r w a r d location. The r e f u e l i n g c o n c l u s i o n s covered a l l aspects o f r e f u e l i n g b a t t a l i o n t a s k f o r c e s and company teams. r e f u e l i n g c o n c l u s i o n s were:
1. t h a t r e f u e l i n g o f weapon systems from b u l k

The

c o n t a i n e r v e h i c l e s c o u l d b e s t be accomplished by t h e s e r v i c e s t a t i o n method.

2. t h a t t h e FARE o r ROM k i t p r o v i d e d u n i t s w i t h
multi-point r e f u e l i n g from a b u l k c o n t a i n e r t h a t can be

used w i t h t h e s e r v i c e s t a t i o n method.

3.
was sound,

t h a t r e f u e l i n g d o c t r i n e f o r t h e a c t i v e defense b u t establishment o f forward r e f u e l i n g p o i n t s

must be emphas ized.

4.

t h a t t h e r e was n o t a f u l l - t i m e

requirement f o r

armored r e f u e l i n g c a p a b i l i t y i n t h e f o r w a r d areas.'" C u r r e n t T a c t i c a l and Sustainment D o c t r i n e To b e t t e r understand t h e need f o r f o r w a r d arming and r e f u e l i n g , you must f i r s t understand our c u r r e n t d o c t r i n e . The Army's c u r r e n t t a c t i c a l d o c t r i n e i s o f f e n s i v e i n nature. To support t h e d o c t r i n e t h e Army has i d e n t i f i e d

s i x key sustainment f u n c t i o n s .

Arming and f u e l i n g

c o n s t i t u t e two o f t h e s e f u n c t i o n s . Offensive Tactical Doctrine According t o FM 100-5, Operations,

The o f f e n s i v e i s t h e d e c i s i v e f o r m o f war--the commander's u l t i m a t e means o f imposing h i s w i l l upon t h e enemy. D e f e a t o f an enemy f o r c e a t any l e v e l w i l l , sooner o r l a t e r r e q u i r e s h i f t i n g t o the offensive. Even i n t h e defense i t s e l f , s e i z u r e and r e t e n t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a t i v e w i l l r e q u i r e o f f e n s i v e operations. The more f l u i d t h e b a t t l e , t h e more t r u e t h i s w i l l be.11 O f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n a r e undertaken t o D e f e a t enemy f o r c e s Secure key o r d e c i s i v e t e r r a i n D e p r i v e t h e enemy o f resources Gain i n f o r m a t i o n Deceive and d i v e r t t h e enemy H o l d t h e enemy i n p o s i t i o n D i s r u p t an enemy attack.12 O f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s under AirLand B a t t l e d o c t r i n e seek t o q u i c k l y s e i z e t h e i n i t i a t i v e . To achieve t h i s

i n i t i a t i v e , o f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s have c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which make them s u c c e s s f u l . characteristics are surprise, flexibility, and a u d a c i t y . These

c o n c e n t r a t i o n , speed,

Through t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,

a commander can s e l e c t t h e t i m e and p l a c e t o c o n c e n t r a t e and s y n c h r o n i z e h i s combat elements t o overcome t h e enemy's defense; t o d e s t r o y h i s command, c o n t r o l , and

communications systems; and t o d e f e a t him i n d e t a i l . 1 3 Combat S e r v i c e Support (CSS) p r o v i d e s t h e commander w i t h t h e momentum t o m a i n t a i n and conduct s u c c e s s f u l offensive operations.
CSS a l s o p r o v i d e s commanders w i t h

t h e f l e x i b i l i t y t o maneuver o r t o mass f i r e s and t h e

25

capacity to prolong offensive operations.

Successful

operations are dependent on CSS to prevent the enemy from recovering and gaining the initiative, and mounting a counter attack. CSS must have a sustainment doctrine that

provides the commander with the class I11 and class V to maintain successful offensive operations. Class I11 (Bulk Fuel) and Class V (Ammunition) Sustai nment Doctrine Positioning of essential CSS assets such as ammun ition and fuel well forward, ensures successful offensive operations. methods. Battalions position supplies by twc

One method is to centralize all support in one Unit trains provide ease in The normal method

location called unit trains.

coordination and control and security.

is to echelon the support into company combat trains, battalion combat trains, and battalion field trains.
'

Company combat trains are located just to the rear of the companies. Battalion combat trains are located close

enough to the forward line of troops (FLOT) to be responsive to the forward units or companies. of direct-fire range of the enemy's weapons. They are obt The battalion

field trains are located in the brigade support area. All uploaded class I11 and class V is located in the battalion combat trains. Here the uploaded ammunition and

fuel can expect to move frequently to remain in supporting

d i s t a n c e o f t h e combat elements. and f u e l b a s i c loads f a r f o r w a r d ,

By h a v i n g t h e ammunition t h e b a t t a l i o n and

companies can be r e p l e n i s h e d i n a t i m e l y manner. O f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s i n c r e a s e f u e l consumption, t h u s r e q u i r i n g r a p i d resupply t o maintain t h e i n i t i a t i v e . Also,

o f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s a r e f a s t moving and can r e s u l t i n i n c r e a s i n g t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e ammunition s u p p l y p o i n t s and ammunition t r a n s f e r p o i n t s . By p o s i t i o n i n g t h e

uploaded ammunition and f u e l i n t h e b a t t a l i o n combat trains, t h e t r a i n s p r o v i d e some form o f f o r w a r d arming and

refueling. Class I11 ( B u l k F u e l ) Sustainment F u n c t i o n (see f i g u r e 2, Diagram Fuel Supply)

I n o f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s , v i c t o r y may depend on t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e sustainment system t o i n c r e a s e t h e f l o w o f f u e l and f o r w a r d s u p p l y f u e l . The armor and i n f a n t r y

b a t t a l i o n s o f today a l l o w f o r g r e a t m o b i l i t y , b u t they a l s o consume l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f f u e l . Today i t i s e s t i m a t e d

t h a t one armored d i v i s i o n equipped w i t h M I t a n k s w i l l consume over 600,000 g a l l o n s o f f u e l p e r day, more t h a n t w i c e t h e consumption o f P a t t o n ' s e n t i r e army.15 So how

i s a l l t h i s f u e l s u p p l i e d t o t h e maneuver b a t t a l i o n s ? The FSB r e c e i v e s i t s b u l k f u e l d i r e c t l y from t h e corps o r from t h e Main Support B a t t a l i o n (MSB). The

f o r w a r d s u p p o r t b a t t a l i o n ' s (FSB) s u p p o r t o p e r a t i o n s

o f f i c e r c o o r d i n a t e s t h e d e l i v e r i e s o f c l a s s 111 from t h e corps o r t h e MSB. The d e l i v e r e d f u e l i s t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m gallon s e m i t r a i l e r tanker i n t o the C o o r d i n a t i o n can be

t h e corps o r M S B 5,000

FSB's 5,000 g a l l o n s e m i t r a i l e r t a n k e r .

made f o r t r u c k d r i v e r s t o drop t h e f u l l s e m i t r a i l e r i n exchange f o r t h e empty one. Fuel i s p r o v i d e d t o t h e armor and mechanized i n f a n t r y b a t t a l i o n s by s u p p l y p o i n t d i s t r i b u t i o n . The

u n i t s supported by t h e FSB c o o r d i n a t e f o r t h e i r o r g a n i c v e h i c l e s t o be refue7ed a t a d e s i g n a t e d s u p p l y p o i n t . The

s u p p o r t p l a t o o n ' s heavy expanded m o b i l i t y t a c t i c a l t r u c k s (HEMTTs) and cargo t r u c k s mounted w i t h t a n k and pump u n i t (TPU) r e f u e l i n t h e B r i g a d e Support Area (BSA) a t t h e c l a s s

I11 s u p p l y p o i n t .

These v e h i c l e s r e t u r n t o t h e u n i t t r a i n s

o r t h e combat t r a i n s l o c a t i o n . The b a t t a l i o n s r e s u p p l y t h e companies w i t h c l a s s 111 by sending t h e HEMTTs o r TPUs o u t as p a r t o f a l o g i s t i c s LOGPACS a r e o r g a n i z e d

packages (LOGPACs) t o t h e companies.

i n t h e f i e l d t r a i n s by t h e HHC commander and t h e s u p p o r t platoon leader. The s u p p o r t p l a t o o n l e a d e r l e a d s t h e

LOGPACs f o r w a r d a l o n g a main s u p p l y r o u t e (MSR) i n a march u n i t t o t h e l o g i s t i c s r a l l y i n g p o i n t (LRP).

A t t h e LRP,

t h e f i r s t sergeant o r u n i t guide t a k e s c o n t r o l and conducts r e s u p p l y o f t h e company (See LOGPAC Diagram). Once t h e company has been r e s u p p l i e d , t h e s u p p l y s e r g e a n t b r i n g t h e vehicles, t o i n c l u d e t h e HEMTT o r TPU, back t o t h e f i e l d

28

trains usually located nears or in brigade support area. The vehicles are refueled and go forward to the battalion combat trains or stay in the unit trains.18 The petroleum section of the FSB can also set u p a mobile service station along an MSR. It consists of a TPU

and a trailer set up to issue small quantities of diesel and MOGAS. Units can get small quantities and fill up

five-gallon cans at this location. The FSB can also set up a tactical refueling point (see figure 3) forward to ensure combat vehicles deploy to the battle with a full tank. One technique uses the FSB's

5,000 gallon tankers along with the maneuver unit's HEMTTs

or TPUs.

One tanker is deployed with two HEMTTs or TPUs, If the

and it can refuel four combat vehicles at a time.

tankers are available and the tactical situation permits,

up to six sites can be set up.

These refuel sites can be

set up along MSRs in a single location or in split sites to stagger march elements and reduce traffic congestion. selection and security is the responsibility of the maneuver unit. The battalion S-4 coordinates the site and Sometimes the corps or Site

the fuel requirement with the FSB.

MSB tankers could be used to top off the FSB tankers at these sites. The primary benefit of this tactical

refueling site is speed.

Class V (Ammunition) Sustainment Function (see figure 4, Class V Supply Diagram) Today's weapons systems consume large amounts of ammunitions at differing rates of fire. From recent wars

and combat training center lessons learned, replenishing ammunition required different methods of supply. Additionally, the large variety of weapons and ammunition

in use and the expected fluid battle, arming the soldier

has become an even greater challenge. In periods of

intense combat, arming the fighting units will be the largest, most time-intensive task of the sustainment system.17 To accomplish the rearming of battalions, the FSB class V section operates one ammunition transfer point (ATP) in the BSA. The ammunition transloaded at the ATP is

in combat configured loads (CCL) as much as possible.

are predetermined ammunition packs based on mission

CCLs

requirement which make up 90 to 95 percent of the major user requirements. Requirements are expressed in the type

and number of CCLs and any additional single line items required by the battalion. configures the CCL. The corps storage area (CSA)

Then the corps ships it forward by its

organic transportation assets to the ammunition storage point (ASP) or the corps ATP in the division support area (DSA) and ATP in the BSA. Single line items, non-CCL, are

sent to the ASP. The BSA receives 75 percent of its

30

ammunition from the CSA and the other 25 percent from the ASP. The battalions receives its high-density ammunition from the ATP as CCLs. Maneuver battalion/brigade S4s may

submit proposed CCL configurations to the Division Ammunition Officer based on their type unit, task force, or weapon system. Division and corps reviews the requested

CCLs and establishes a set

OF

standard CCLs to support the These standard CCLs simplify

maneuver units of the corps.

planning and coordination of ammunition resupply.f8 Corps delivers these standard CCLs and single item ammunition loads to the ATPs by trailer. They also replenish these class V loads by trailer to the ATP. The

ATP is a trailer transfer point where drivers deliver a loaded trailer and remove an empty trailer. almost four times a day. The brigade
S-4

This is done

coordinates with the FSB to set up

schedules to draw their CCLs and single item ammunition. The supported unit requests its ammunition through the battalion S-4. The battalion's support platoon vehicles The

are sent to the BSA ATP to pick up the ammunition.

ammunition is transloaded from the loaded trailers to the support platoon vehicles using material handling equipment. If the unit's requested CCL was approved, then

the loadplan or configuration for each HEMTT or truck is simply. The support platoon vehicles then return to the
31

u n i t t r a i n s o r go f o r w a r d t o t h e b a t t a l i o n combat t r a i n s . From t h e t r a i n s , o f t h e LOGPACs t h e y a r e s e n t f o r w a r d t o t h e u n i t s as p a r t

.
I n April, 1984, t h e

The Armor School r e a l i z e d t h e need t o t r a i n i n t h e area o f f o r w a r d l o g i s t i c a l o p e r a t i o n s .

U n i t e d S t a t e s Armor School a t F o r t Knox, Kentucky, p u b l i s h e d F i e l d C i r c u l a r 71-1, Logistical Situational

T r a i n i n g E x e r c i s e s , p r o v i d i n g a s y s t e m a t i c method f o r t r a i n i n g u n i t s i n t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f combat s e r v i c e support.

I t p r o v i d e d a way t o t r a i n l o g i s t i c a l a s s e t s .

~ ~ ' 7 1 -and 2 FC 71-1 mention t h r e e o t h e r t y p e s o f

resupply forward. The f i r s t one i s t o r e s u p p l y f r o m t h e The

combat t r a i n s which c o n s i d e r emergency r e s u p p l y .

b a t t a l i o n S-4 m a i n t a i n s a l i m i t e d amount o f c l a s s I11 and c l a s s V and r e s u p p l i e s u n i t s f r o m t h e combat t r a i n s . method t i e s up v a l u a b l e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a s s e t s . l i m i t s p l a n n i n g and f o r e c a s t i n g . pre-stock This

It also

The second method i s t o

by p l a c i n g and c o n c e a l i n g s u p p l i e s on t h e T h i s method i s n o r m a l l y done i n t h e defense I n the

battlefield.

when you can f o r e c a s t your d e f e n s i v e p o s i t i o n s . offense, position. you c o u l d n o t p r e - s t o c k

ammunition f o r w a r d o f your

The t h i r d method i s m o b i l e p r e - s t o c k where

s u p p l i e s a r e p r e - s t o c k e d f o r w a r d b u t a r e k e p t m o b i l e by keeping t h e s u p p l i e s uploaded on t r u c k s o r t r a i l e r s . Again, you a r e t y i n g up your t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a s s e t s .

The different methods of resupply and the perceived need for a logistical situational training exercises circular point to the fact that units need a responsive means to resupply forwards. The battlefield of today

requires a responsive means of providing ammunition and fuel in the forward areas. Forward arming and refueling

points would provide a means to sustain the battlefield. These forward points can be established using existing MTO&E personnel, equipment, and transportation assets. establishing the organization and procedures to conduct FARPs, the commander is provided additional flexibility for maneuvering his force on the battlefield. Analysis of Doctrine, Caoabilities, and Reauirements In the COSRRIB study, fueling was not as significant a problem when compared to rearm requirements. One discovery that was surprising was that refueling could be accomplished every other day in many instances. While rearming was required more often, sometimes a unit would go through two or three basic loads before refueling.'$ An analysis of today's technology and doctrine points out a change. Today's units have a requirement for By

fuel replenishment more often then ammunition. They need to refuel two or three times before they need ammunition replenishment. Desert Storm was an example of this.
UII

Corps Assist Chief of Staff, G4, Colonel Wilson Rutherford

wrote an article that was published in March 1993's Military Review which discussed that VII Corps logistics support exceeded class I11 planning data, while much of the ammunition was not used.20 The changes in doctrine and technology can account for this reversal. The changes in doctrine from the active

defense to the offensive spirit of the AirLand Battle requires more maneuver and thus more fuel consumption. The

improvements in armored carriers from the MI13 to the M2 and the M60 to the M1 have greatly increased the fuel consumption of the tank and mechanized infantry battalions. The main weapon system on the M2 and MI are more accurate and lethal than the weapon systems on the MI13 personnel carrier and the M60 tank. accurate and lethal. Also the ammunition is more

These factors combined show that

rapid refueling is needed more often then ammunition replenishment for today's mission success. Lessons Learned From the National Trainina Center In 1982 at Fort Irwin, California, combined arms training for mechanized units began at the National Training Center (NTC). The center trained units on the new The training focused on

doctrine of AirLand Battle.

providing realistic multi-echeloned tactical and logistical training for combat and support units against,a Soviet force. By reviewing the lessons learned from units who

have t r a i n e d a t t h e NTC, we can e s t a b l i s h a framework t o understand a need t o i n d o c t r i n a t e o r s t a n d a r d i z e f o r w a r d area arming and r e f u e l i n g procedures. The NTC has recognized t h e importance o f f o r w a r d a r e a arming and r e f u e l i n g . Tank and mechanized i n f a n t r y

t a s k f o r c e s a r e r e q u i r e d t o p l a n and execute ROM o p e r a t i o n s and f o r w a r d a r e a arming. These u n i t s r e c e i v e feedback on

t h e i r p l a n n i n g and e x e c u t i o n o f t h e s e o p e r a t i o n t h r o u g h after-action reviews (AARs) and lessons l e a r n e d w r i t e ups.

Based on an a n a l y s i s o f two heavy b a t t a l i o n t a s k f o r c e s r o t a t i o n s and a t h e s i s on lessons l e a r n e d a t NTC, t h e b a t t a l i o n s g o i n g t h r o u g h an NTC r o t a t i o n s p r i m a r i l y r e s u p p l y by u s i n g LOGPACS. Ammunition and f u e l comprise

t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e r e s u p p l y needs o f t h e company/teams. These LOGPACs a r e pushed f o r w a r d once a day. They r e l y on

t h e company o r teams r e p o r t s and r e q u e s t t o c o n f i g u r e t h e what s u p p l i e s and what q u a n t i t i e s t o push forward. Throughout t h e r o t a t i o n s , r e s u p p l y by LOGPACs The LOGPACs d i d

presented s e v e r a l r e c u r r i n g d e f i c i e n c i e s .

n o t always p r o v i d e r e s p o n s i v e and t i m e l y r e s u p p l y t o t h e units. LOGPACs t i e d up v a l u a b l e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a s s e t s f o r The

extended p e r i o d s o f t i m e w h j l e u n i t s r e s u p p l i e d .

q u a n t i t i e s o f s u p p l i e s i n t h e LOGPACs were n o t always t a i l o r e d t o t h e u n i t ' s needs. The f i r s t r e o c c u r r i n g d e f i c i e n c y n o t e d o f LOGPACs was how and when t h e y were o r g a n i z e d and c o o r d i n a t e d for

d e l i v e r y a t a c e r t a i n t i m e each day.

I f u n i t s needed

s u p p l i e s o u t s i d e t h e predetermined window t h e y had t o r e l y on emergency r e s u p p l y f r o m t h e combat t r a i n s . To cover

emergency r e s u p p l y , a c e r t a i n amount o f ammunition and f u e l were k e p t f o r w a r d i n t h e combat t r a i n s f o r t h i s purpose. These s u p p l i e s were used t o r e s u p p l y t h e u n i t s when ammunition and f u e l i s needed b e f o r e t h e LOGPAC d e l i v e r i e s arrives. Another d e f i c i e n c y w i t h LOGPACs i s t h a t t h e y t i e up v a l u a b l e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n assets. V e h i c l e s a r e t i e d up f r o m

t h e t i m e t h e y a r e loaded t o t h e t i m e t h e y r e t u r n f r o m s u p p l y i n g t h e company. During t h e r o t a t i o n s , a large

amount o f t i m e was wasted w h i l e w a i t i n g f o r someone f r o m t h e company t o meet a t t h e l o g i s t i c s r e l e a s e p o i n t (LRP) and p i c k up t h e f u e l t r u c k s and s u p p l y t r u c k s f o r h i s company o r team. Then t h e t r u c k was t i e d up w i t h t h e u n i t

t i l l t h e y r e l e a s e d i t t o go back t o t h e f i e l d t r a i n s and
p i c k up more s u p p l i e s . Another d e f i c i e n c y w i t h LOGPACs i s t h a t i t does n o t always p r o v i d e t h e r i g h t q u a n t i t i e s o f f u e l and ammunition. Some u n i t s d u r i n g t h e i r r o t a t i o n c o o r d i n a t e d t h e LOGPAC i n t h e morning and d e l i v e r e d i t a t n i g h t . What happen d u r i n g

t h e day was n o t always i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e n i g h t LOGPAC delivery. Shortages r e s u l t e d . D u r i n g one u n i t m i s s i o n ,

t h e main e f f o r t d i d n o t r e c e i v e t h e needed ammunition and

fuel.

I t had t o conduct i t s o p e r a t i o n s w i t h o u t a l l t h e

c l a s s I11 and V i t needed. These a r e r e c u r r i n g d e f i c i e n c i e s i n s u s t a i n i n g forward during N T C rotations. h i n d e r m i s s i o n performance. These d e f i c i e n c i e s can E s p e c i a l l y when i t h i n d e r s one

o f t h e two key sustainment needs i n t h e o f f e n s e ammunition and f u e l .

--

3rd I n f a n t r v Division's L o g i s t i c S O P Understanding t h e importance o f ammunition and f u e l i n s u s t a i n i n g , t h e 3 r d I n f a n t r y D i v i s i o n developed an appendix t o i t s d i v i s i o n l o g i s t i c s t a n d i n g o p e r a t i n g procedure (SOP). The S O P addresses ROM o p e r a t i o n s ,

LOGPAC

o p e r a t i o n s and ammunition r e s u p p l y .

By s t a n d a r d i z i n g

sustainment o p e r a t i o n t h e d i v i s i o n f e e l s i t can b e t t e r s u p p o r t t h e maneuver commanders. The ROM 'SOP p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n and a s s i g n s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e e x e c u t i o n o f ROM o p e r a t i o n s . The

general concept i s f o r t h e maneuver commander t o c o o r d i n a t e w i t h t h e FSB commander f o r a ROM s i t e t o s u p p o r t a l o n g move. The maneuver u n i t S-3 c o o r d i n a t e s w i t h t h e FSB's

s u p p o r t o p e r a t i o n o f f i c e r f o r t h e l o c a t i o n and o p e r a t i o n . The POL p l a t o o n l e a d e r f r o m t h e FSB chooses two s i t e s and p r o v i d e s t h e 5,000 g a l l o n t a n k e r and o p e r a t o r s .

The LOGPAC S O P p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n and a s s i g n s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e e x e c u t i o n o f LOGPAC o p e r a t i o n s . The

headquarters and headquarters company (HHC) commander has d i r e c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e task f o r c e / b a t t a l i o n s LOGPACs. The u n i t ' s supply sergeant organize them i n t h e Each company's L O G P A C consists o f a battalion P O L and ammunition

f i e l d t r a i n s location.

t h e company's supply t r u c k , truck,

and any a d d i t i o n a l v e h i c l e s c a r r y i n g a d d i t i o n a l The support p l a t o o n leader takes them forward t o Here t h e company's f i r s t

supplies.

t h e l o g i s t i c s release p o i n t .

sergeant p i c k s up t h e s u p p l i e s and r e t u r n s t o t h e u n i t ' s l o c a t i o n t o resupply t h e u n i t s . The ammunition resupply p o r t i o n o f t h e SOP c a l l s f o r d i v i s i o n t o e s t a b l i s h standard ammunition push packages. These packages are designed t o support armored u n i t s , mechanized i n f a n t r y u n i t s , o r teams combining armored and mechanized i n f a n t r y u n i t s .
By s t a n d a r d i z i n g the ammunition

push packages, u n i t s need o n l y t o request when t h e i r request exceeds t h e standard.

POL push packages have also

been e s t a b l i s h e d t o support armor, mechanized i n f a n t r y , or teams combining armor and mechanized i n f a n t r y . Lessons Learned From O ~ e r a t i o nDesert Storm I n January

March, 1991, t h e United States, as p a r t

o f a United Nations C o a l i t i o n , fought i n Operation Desert Storm, t h e l a r g e s t war i n v o l v i n g heavy forces t o date. The

lessons learned from t h i s war f u r t h e r e s t a b l i s h a framework

t o h e l p understand a need t o s t a n d a r d i z e a gu i d e t o r a p i d l y arm and r e f u e l forward. D e s e r t Storm served t o emphasis severa 1 l o g i s t i c s lessons l e a r n e d . F i r s t t h e need f o r combat s e r v i c e s u p p o r t

t o be a g i l e and m o b i l e enough t o keep up w i t h t h e u n i t s i t s support. Second t h e l a r g e amount o f s u p p l i e s e s p e c i a l l y

f u e l t h a t must be pushed f o r w a r d t o keep t o d a y ' s mechanized f o r c e s maneuvering. T h i r d the usefulness o f supplying

c l a s s V t o u n i t s i n t h e f r o n t w i t h CCLs i n s t e a d o f a s i n g l e item bulk load. Although t h e s e a p p l y t o t h e corps and

d i v i s i o n t h e y a r e j u s t as a p p l i c a b l e t o s u p p l y i n g u n i t s f o r w a r d o f t h e BSA.2' Conclusion As

I reviewed t h e l i t e r a t u r e on f o r w a r d arming and

r e f u e l i n g p o i n t s , I n o t i c e d t h a t d o c t r i n e and technology i s changing r a p i d l y , b u t t h e s u p p o r t d o c t r i n e i s behind. The

l a s t t r u e s t u d y o f arming and r e f u e l i n g i n t h e b a t t a l i o n s was i n 1976. That s t u d y made s e v e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s t h a t t h e The Army now uses t h e s e r v i c e s t a t i o n

Army a c t e d upon.

method and t h e ROM k i t t o r e f u e l combat b a t t a l i o n s f o r w a r d . Due t o t h e i n c r e a s e i n f u e l and ammunition usage and t h e r a p i d need f o r r e s u p p l y , t h e Army has i n c r e a s e d t h e number o f 5-ton t r u c k s f o r arming armor and i n f a n t r y b a t t a l i o n s and developed a l a r g e r , f a s t e r v e h i c l e , t h e HEMTT. The

HEMTT POL c a r r i e r c a r r i e s t w i c e t h e f u e l o f a 5-ton t r u c k w i t h tank and pump u n i t s . The POL HEMTT a l s o has two

39

discharge nozzles which pump faster than the one on the tank and pump units on a 5-ton truck. The cargo HEMTT has twice the payload for hauling ammunition and other supplies as the 5-ton cargo truck. The Army Material Command (AMC) is also researchins and developing other ideas. One idea i s the Armored Another idea i s a

Forward Area Rearm Vehicle (AFARVS).

better methods of storing and shipping ammunition forward through the palletized load system (PLS). to develop along with the equipment. Current doctrine covers how to supply class I11 and Doctrine needs

V forward to the forward support battalion in the BSA but

not to the maneuver units. The only mention of resupply to Neither

the units is through logistic packages (LOGPACS).

the combat arms or the combat service support community have developed a doctrine or a tactic, technique, or procedure (TTP) for LOGPACS.

A doctrine or TTP could

provide needed guidelines for forward area rearming and refueling. FARPs should be studied for publishing as a support, doctrine and/or a tactics, techniques, and procedures ( T T P ) for battalion S-4s and support platoon leaders. By

studying and publishing these ideas and concepts, others can review and utilized them. Commanders would be better

served if this lack of doctrine or TTP for arming and refueling forward of the BSA was resolved.
40

It is causing

t h e s u p p o r t d o c t r i n e t o f a l l behind.

T h e r e f o r e sustainment "How t o F i g h t "

d o c t r i n e i s n o t keeping pace w i t h t h e Army's doctrine.

Endnotes
1. U.S. Army, F M 100-5,.0perations Department o f t h e Army, 19861, 14.

(Washington:

2. Anthony H. K r a l , " S u s t a i n i n g P a t t o n ' s P u r s u i t , " A r m y L o g i s t i c i a n (July-August 1 9 9 2 1 , 28-29.

3. U.S. Army L o g i s t i c s Center, Combat System Rearm/Refuel i n B a t t a l i o n s Study (COSRRIB) ( F o r t Lee: Department o f t h e Army, 19761, i v .

4.

Ibid.,

10.

5. W i l l i a m Ross and Charles Romanus, The Quartermaster Corps. Operations i n t h e War Against Germany Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1965) 159. (Washington D.C.:
6. Wayne Studebaker and James C h r i s t o p h e r , Forward Area R e f u e l i n g E q u i ~ m e n t(FARE) ( F o r t B e l v o i r , . V A : U.S. A r m y M o b i l i t y Equipment Research and Development Center) 1-6.

7.

Ibid.,

4-6.

8. George M e r k l i n g e r , " H i s What i s Hot t o T r o t ? H i s FARRP, Man!" U n i t e d S t a t e s A r m y A v i a t i o n D i g e s t Volume 21 ( J u l y 1975): 8-9.

9. Major Edmond R. York, Forward Area R e f u e l i n n z@$ Rearmino P o i n t (FARRP) Test Report, ( F o r t Hood, Texas: Modern Army Selected Systems Test, E v a l u a t i o n , and Review, June 1973, 1-1.
10. U.S. Army L o g i s t i c s Center, Combat System Rearm/Refuel i n B a t t a l i o n s Study (COSRRIB) ( F o r t Lee: Department o f t h e Army, 19761, 4-1.

U.S. Army, F M 71-2 The Tank and Mechanized 13. I n f a n t r y B a t t a l i o n Task Force (Washington: Department o f t h e A r m y , 1988) 7-12.

18. U.S. Army, F M 9-6 M u n i t i o n s S u p p o r t i n t h e T h e a t e r o f O p e r a t i o n s (Washington: Department o f t h e Army, 1989), 2 - 7 . 19. Combat System R e a r d R e f u e l i n B a t t a l i o n s Study (CORSRRIB) ( 1 9 7 6 ) , 4-1.

20. W i l s o n R u t h e r f o r d 111, " B r u t e F o r c e L o g i s t i c s , " M i l i t a r y Review (March 1993): 68.

21.

Ibid.,

68-69.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH M E T H O D O L O G Y I n t h e p r e v i o u s chapter,

I reviewed t h e l i t e r a t u r e
I a l s o reviewed t h e

on f o r w a r d area arming and r e f u e l i n g .

p r e s e n t sustainment d o c t r i n e f o r t o d a y ' s o f f e n s i v e operations. T h i s l i t e r a t u r e analyzed and recommended

s o l u t i o n s f o r t h e need f o r r a p i d arming and r e f u e l i n g as f a r f o r w a r d as p o s s i b l e . The c o n c l u s i o n from t h e review o f

l i t e r a t u r e s t a t e d a need f o r a d o c t r i n e o r TTP f o r arming and r e f u e l i n g f o r w a r d o f t h e BSA. T h i s would h e l p t h e

sustainment d o c t r i n e t o keep pace w i t h t h e t a c t i c a l doctrine. My research methodology f o r a d o c t r i n e o r TTP r e v o l v e d around a n a l y z i n g p u b l i s h e d s t u d i e s , d o c t r i n e and lessons learned. F i r s t , I researched e x i s t i n g s t u d i e s and

l i t e r a t u r e t o f i n d a d o c t r i n e which c o u l d serve as a guide. Then w i t h a guide o r framework, I t r i e d t o f i n d

methods f o r arming and r e f u e l i n g f o r w a r d t h a t c o u l d be a p p l i e d t o t h e armor and mechanized i n f a n t r y u n i t s . s t u d i e d these methods, As

I l i m i t e d my study t o u s i n g e x i s t i n g
Then, I compared t h e

TO&E personnel and equipment.

c a p a b i l i t i e s t o t h e arming and f u e l i n g requirements as

stated in Field Manual 101-10-1,

Staff Officers Manual, for

planning and consumption factors. The Guide or Framework Field Manual 1-104, Forward Arming and Refuelins

Points, provided the overall guide to my research and analyses. It established Forward Arming and Refueling It

Point (FARP) doctrine for the aviation community.

evolved from the extensive studies and test conducted by the aviation community. developing an It provide a proven framework for

arming and refueling point for armor and

mechanized infantry units in the .forward area. Methods of Forward Area Armina and Refueling Using Field Manual 1-104, Forward Arming and

Refueling Points (FARP), doctrine as a guide or framework, I reviewed and analyzed the published studies, literature, and lessons learned. It established the organization,

operation, and employment of forward area arming and refueling points. From this doctrine, I could establish an

arming and refueling point organization, operation, and employment framework for mechanized infantry and armored units. First, I reviewed and analyzed the literature and studies done by the aviation community. The aviation

community has done extensive studies on this subject. They realized a need for forward area arming and refueling with
45

the heavy reliance on the helicopter during the Vietnam War. During this war, the helicopter proved its worth for

combat service support and for combat or fire support. These past studies analyzed and recommended solutions to the need for rapidly arming and refueling as far forward in order to maintain combat effectiveness. Continuing to use the FARP doctrine as a guide, I reviewed the mechanized and armor communities' studies and literature. Included in this review was the lessons

learned from Operation Desert Storm and from the National Training Center and the Standard Operating Procedures for the Third Infantry Division (Mechanized). I reviewed the

methods used for forward area arming and refueling for their advantages and shortcomings in the framework of organization, operation, and employment. Also I looked to

see if the aviation FARP doctrine could be applied in a modified form. Table of Organization and Eauipment Next, I reviewed the TO&E for the class 111 and class V platoon of an aviation unit and the support platoon of a mechanize infantry and armor units. The class 111 and

class V platoon has the responsible for employing and executing FARP doctrine. From this information, I compared the capabilities and requirements of the platoons. This

review allowed me to establish a framework for providing

t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o execute t h e arming and r e f u e l i n g p o i n t u s i n g e x i s t i n g TO& personnel and equipment. Requirements Once t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s were reviewed and analyzed, then had t o compare them a g a i n s t t h e requirements.

I use

t h e consumption t a b l e f o r c l a s s I11 and c l a s s V i n F M

101-10-1,

S t a f f O f f i c e r Manual, t o determine t h e ammunition The t a b l e s p r o v i d e d p l a n n i n g

and f u e l requirements.

f a c t o r s and t h e requirements f o r o f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s . Worst c a s i n g t h e s c e n a r i o ,

I used t h e c l a s s

V consumption

r a t e s f o r heavy o r i n t e n s e o p e r a t i o n s . For computing t h e f u e l requirement, I a l s o w o r s t cased t h e s c e n a r i o . t h e c l a s s I11 p l a n n i n g f a c t o r s f o r o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e European Theater, which a r e t h e h i g h e s t consumption r a t e s . Conclusion M y research methodology proved sound due t o t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s o f t h e a v i a t i o n and mechanized o r armor units. Aviation, mechanized i n f a n t r y and armored u n i t s

I used

a l l move r a p i d l y and c o n c e n t r a t e f i r e p o w e r q u i c k l y t o meet t h e needs o f t h e maneuver commander. t h e f o r w a r d i n t h e main b a t t l e area. platoons authorized t o They a l l operate from They a l l have

accomplish t h e i r need and

requirement f o r a r a p i d means o f arming and r e f u e l i n g forward.

Due to these units' similarities, FARP doctrine provides an excellent guide or framework to work from. Working from this framework, I could then correlate the mechanized infantry and armor studies and literature to the aviation studies and literature. Correlating the capabilities was done by comparing the personnel and equipment of the aviation class I11 and class V platoon and the mechanized infantry and armor's support platoons.

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS The p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s s t r e s s e d t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h i s thesis, reviewed p a s t s t u d i e s and l i t e r a t u r e , and M y

e s t a b l i s h e d t h e g u i d e o r framework f o r m y research.

r e v i e w i d e n t i f i e d t h e problem o f t h e l a c k o f any c l e a r guidance on arming and r e f u e l i n g f o r w a r d o f t h e B r i g a d e Support Area (BSA). As discussed i n Chapter Two, o u r

c u r r e n t sustainment d o c t r i n e p r o v i d e s an adequate means t o push t h e c r i t i c a l s u p p l i e s o f ammunition and f u e l from t h e c o r p s t o t h e BSA.

A t t h i s p o i n t t h e d o c t r i n e i s vague.

U n i t s r e l y on a l o o s e l y s t r u c t u r e d system o f sending l o g i s t i c s packages f o r w a r d c a l l e d LOGPACs. LOGPACs a r e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e i n n a t u r e and do n o t f u l f i l l t h e needs o f t h e commander. They a r e o r g a n i z e d i n

t h e f i e l d t r a i n s and moved f o r w a r d n o r m a l l y once a day. S p e c i a l LOGPACs a r e o r g a n i z e d as r e q u i r e d . always meet t h e maneuver u n i t s need. T h i s does n o t

The maneuver

b a t t a l i o n s need a b e t t e r means t o r a p i d l y arm and r e f u e l i n o f f e n s i v e operations. The FARP d o c t r i n e i s a framework f o r them t o work from. F i e l d Manual 1-104, Forward Armina and R e f u e l i n g

P o i n t s , d e s c r i b e s t h e purpose, o r g a n i z a t i o n ,

personnel, ano

the planning factors f o r establishing the a v i a t i o n u n i t ' s

FARP.

Mechanized i n f a n t r y and armor u n i t s can use t h i s

f i e l d manual as a guide f o r t h e i r f o r w a r d area arming and r e f u e l i n g needs i n o f f e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s .

F i e l d Manual 1-104 s t a t e s "The f u n c t i o n o f t h e FARP i s t o p r o v i d e t h e commander w i t h t h e means t o i n c r e a s e h i s t i m e on s t a t i o n . When t h e t u r n a r o u n d t i m e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

c l a s s 111 and V a c t i v i t i e s a r e reduced t h e n t h e commander has more t i m e t o a p p l y c o n t i n u o u s p r e s s u r e on t h e enemy."' The same f u n c t i o n and need f o r a q u i c k

t u r n a r o u n d a p p l i e s t o t h e ground maneuver f o r c e s . Chapter One d e s c r i b e d t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e mechanized i n f a n t r y and armored FARP, and how i t p r o v i d e s t h e commander w i t h t h e means t o arm and r e f u e l q u i c k l y so he can c o n t i n u e o p e r a t i o n s . F i e l d Manual 71-2 states

The m i s s i o n s o f t h e mechanized i n f a n t r y and b a t t a l i o n s i n t h e i r p u r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n are-(1) The m i s s i o n o f t h e mechanized i n f a n t r y b a t t a l i o n i s t o c l o s e w i t h t h e enemy by means of f i r e and maneuver i n o r d e r t o d e s t r o y o r c a p t u r e him, o r t o r e p e l h i s a s s a u l t by f i r e , c l o s e combat, and c o u n t e r a t t a c k . (2) The m i s s i o n o f t h e t a n k b a t t a l i o n i s t o c l o s e w i t h and d e s t r o y enemy f o r c e s u s i n g f i r e , maneuver, and shock e f f e c t , o r t o r e p e l h i s a s s a u l t by f i r e and c o u n t e r a t t a c k . *

To accomplish t h e i r m i s s i o n t a s k o f f i r e and maneuver, they need t o r a p i d l y rearm and r e f u e l f o r w a r d FARP d o c t r i n e can s u p p o r t these m i s s i o n s . Lessons l e a r n e d from Desert Storm and NTC r e i n f o r c e t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e FARP. Successful sustainment o f t h e

arming and f u e l i n g f u n c t i o n can p r e d i c a t e a maneuver commander's success. U n i t must have a p l a n f o r and execute

c l a s s I11 and V r e p l e n i s h m e n t f o r t h e maneuver elements. D u r i n g Desert Storm, t h e l e f t hook by t h e V I I Corps

c o u l d n o t have happened w i t h o u t t h e p r e p o s i t i o n i n g o f f o r w a r d l o g i s t i c s bases f o r t h e u n i t s t o move t h r o u g h and resupp1y.J

By p l a n n i n g and e x e c u t i n g t h e s e f o r w a r d
V I I Corps had t h e means t o s u s t a i n These same sustainment

l o g i s t i c s bases,

continuous o f f e n s i v e operations.

needs e x i s t f o r u n i t commanders a t t h e b a t t a l i o n and company l e v e l . A t NTC u n i t s which d i d n o t adequately p l a n f o r r e s u p p l y reduced t h e i r u n i t s ' a b i l i t y t o m a i n t a i n c o n t i n u o u s p r e s s u r e on t h e enemy. Even worse, some u n i t s

had t o c o n t i n u e o p e r a t i o n w i t h o u t t h e ammunition and f u e l t o support t h e i r operations. prevented t h i s from occurring. A FARP d o c t r i n e c o u l d have

F M 1-104 a l s o s t a t e s under t h e FARP's purpose t h a t ,

As a general r u l e , FARPs a r e employed whena. The t a c t i c a l s i t u a t i o n i s such t h a t t h e turnaround time t o t h e u n i t t r a i n s i s t o o long. b. Time i n s t a t i o n must be o p t i m i z e d . c. A r a p i d advance i s b e i n g conducted and t h e u n i t s t r a i n s cannot keep pace.4

Logistical support for VII Corps during Operation Desert Storm identified the need for agile and mobile sustainment for a heavy mechanized force. Class I11 and V

must be pushed to units as fast as they need it.5 Oraani zation The personnel and equipment Co rapidly refuel and replenish ammunition forward exist under current and future Tables of Organization and Equipment in the battalion support platoons and forward support battalions. The

support platoons of both the armor battalion and a mechanize infantry battalion are divided into four company III/V squads whose function it is to transport ammunition and fuel to the companies. These squads are similar in

design and function to the III/V platoon of an attack helicopter battalion. Each support platoon also has a

transportation section with the function of transporting ammunition, fuel, and other supplies to the battalion units.

In the forward support battalion the supply company

has a class V (ATP) section whose function it is to transfer ammunition from corps transportation to supported units' vehicles. The supply company also has a POL section whose function is to provide mobile storage and issue of bulk class I11 to brigade units. The mechanized infantry support platoon is authorized 35 enlisted personnel to handle the

transportation of and issuing of fuel and ammunition. tank battalion is authorized 34 enlisted personnel to handle the transportation and issuing of fuel for the battalions.

The

The forward support battalion's class V (ATP)

and class I11 section consist of 10 ammunition specialist and 14 petroleum specialist, respectively. The enlisted

personnel's military occupational specialties range from petroleum specialist (77F) and transportation specialist (88M) to ammunition specialist (558). Each battalion's support platoon has the equipment and the capability to transport and distribute to the battalion's units their ammunition and fuel needs. infantry battalion support platoon can transport and distribute over a 143 tons of ammunition using its thirteen cargo HEMMTs and 20,000 gallons of bulk fuel using its eight fuel HEMMTs. An armor battalion support platoon can An

transport and distribute 88 tons with its eight cargo HEMMTs and 30,000 gallons of fuel with its twelve fuel HEMMTs

.
These personnel and this equipment are established

by the Army's Table of Organization and Equipment to provide transportation and class I11 and all elements of the battalions.
V

support to the

By colocating the fuel and

cargo HEMMTs at a ROM site, the support'platoons provide the capability to establish a Forward Arming and Refueling Point (FARP). The FARP has the capability to sustain the
53

u n i t s o f f e n s i v e m i s s i o n requirements.

The FARP can p r o v i d e

support throughout t h e b a t t l e f i e l d i n a l l c o n d i t i o n s . Arming O p e r a t i o n Summary FARP o p e r a t i o n s can be d i v i d e d i n t o t h e two sustainment f u n c t i o n s o f arming and f u e l i n g . These two

f u n c t i o n s a l l o w a good d i v i s i o n f o r a n a l y z i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s and r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g a FARP. analyze t h e arming o p e r a t i o n o f t h e FARP. The Army's d o c t r i n e has i d e n t i f i e d arming as one o f t h e s i x key sustainment f u n c t i o n s . The Army c o n t i n u e s t o F i r s t , we w i l l

study t o determine t h e b e s t method f o r rearming u n i t s as d o c t r i n a l changes occur and as new equipment emerges. H i s t o r i c a l examples and l e s s o n s l e a r n e d f r o m one o f o u r premier t r a i n i n g c e n t e r s , t h e N a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g Center

(NTC), shows a need t o p r o v i d e a more r a p i d and r e s p o n s i v e f o r w a r d arming c a p a b i l i t y . By a n a l y z i n g c u r r e n t

o r g a n i z a t i o n one can see t h a t t h e personnel and equipment e x i s t t o f o r m a FARP. The TO& p r o v i d e s c l a s s III/V squads i n each maneuver b a t t a l i o n . These squads handle t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f ammunition and f u e l t o t h e l i n e companies. They a l s o p r o v i d e t h e resources f o r company

By a n a l y z i n g how t h e a v i a t i o n u n i t s

LOGPAC o p e r a t i o n s .

e s t a b l i s h e s a FARP and comparing c a p a b i l i t i e s w i t h t h e company LOGPAC, one can see t h a t t h e i r e x i s t a s i m p l e means

to inject into the doctrine a way to rapidly rearm and refuel forward. This method will provide a forward rearm and refuel procedure for the sustainment of offensive tactical operations. First the sustainer must determine what the ammunition requirement i s for the units and what is their transportation capability. Using the planning factors for

ammunition consumption from FM 101-10-1, the mounted and dismounted elements of a M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle needs a total of about .5 tons or 47.8 cubic feet of ammunition resupplied when.engaged in heavy offensive contact the first day operation. The HEMTT can haul up to By colocating

1 1 tons or 427.5 cubic feet of ammunition.

a HEMTT from the class III/V squad loaded with ammunition at the ROM refuel point, units could be armed and refueled forward. The HEMTT could provided enough ammunition to

rearm up to about 9 M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicles and dismounted elements. More Bradleys could be rearmed if

the units did not require the larger items such as TOW and Dragon missiles which causes the HEMTT to cube out before it weights out Using the same planning factors, the MI Abrams Tank requires about 1.7 tons or 54.8 cubic feet of ammunition. Tank battalion support platoons resupply units using the HEMTT. The HEMTT could carry enough ammunition to rearm Again, the HEMTT cubes out before it

about eight tanks.

weights out.

Since the main gun rounds cause the HEMTT tc

cube out, the ammunition load cannot be adjusted to allow for additional ammunition. As the offensive operation continues to day 2 and beyond, the amount of ammunition used decreases. Statistical data and a review information on Operation Desert Storm substantiate this. During Operation Desert

Storm, much of the ammunition that was pushed forward was not consumed.6

s the One of the reasons for this i

The

technology of today's weapons systems and ammunition. high tech sights and range finders on today's infantry

fighting vehicle and tank assure a high percentage of first time hits and kills. Refueling Ooeration Summary The FARP also sustains the fuel function of mechanized infantry and armor units. The fueling function
s considered critical during offensive of sustainment i

operations.

As discussed previously the Quartermaster

School designed a Refuel on the Move (ROM) kit which allows units to refuel from 4 to 24 vehicles rapidly during offensive or defensive operations. Heavy divisions such as the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) have developed SOPS on the conduct of ROM operations. At the National Training

Centers, armor and mechanized infantry battalions are required to conducted ROM operations as an evaluated task.

P r e s e n t l y t h e u n i t r e q u e s t i n g t h e ROM s i t e c o o r d i n a t e s w i t h t h e FSB. s e t u p o f t h e ROM SITE. The FSB i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e

The c l a s s I11 p l a t o o n l e a d e r

p r o v i d e s t h e 5,000 thousand g a l l o n t a n k e r has t h e f u e l source. The hoses and 350 g a l l o n p e r m i n u t e pump i s

connected and f r o m f o u r t o e i g h t p o i n t s r e f u e l i n g p o i n t s a r e setup. point. Another s i m i l a r method o f r e f u e l i n g i s t o h o t r e f u e l (see f i g u r e 5, h o t r e f u e l i n g diagram). Hot r e f u e l i n g t a k e s

I t can pump up t o 44 g a l l o n s a minute a t each

advantage o f t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e HEMTTs found i n armor and mechanized i n f a n t r y s u p p o r t p l a t o o n s . i s p a r t o f t h e u n i t s TO&E. T h i s equipment

Each HEMTT has a 2,500 g a l l o n

t a n k and a 300 g a l l o n p e r minute c e n t r i f u g e pump and two hose r e e l s each equipped w i t h 50 f o o t o f hose. h o s e l i n e s can pump up t o 50 g a l l o n s p e r minute. E i t h e r o r b o t h o f t h e s e methods can p r o v i d e t h e r e f u e l i n g p o i n t f o r t h e FARP. F i r s t , t h e p l a n n e r must The f u e l Each

understand what t h e f u e l requirements a r e .

consumption f a c t o r s f o r an M I and M 2 must be computed. Using t h e p l a n n i n g f i g u r e s f r o m F M 101-10-1, environment t h e M 1 uses 645.1 165.5 g a l l o n s a day. i n a European

g a l l o n s a day and t h e M 2 uses

The t o t a l c a p a c i t y f o r t h e M I and M 2

i s 504 g a l l o n s and 175 g a l l o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y . These p l a n n i n g f i g u r e s f o r f u e l consumption a r e t h e maximum consumption figures. They most c l o s e l y r e l a t e t o t h e consumption 57

figures for NTC or Operation Desert Storm.

The MI daily

consumption figures exceeds its total vehicle storage capacity, so the sustainer should plan to refuel the MI tank more than once a day. By combining the ROM and/or hot refuel procedures with a established battalion ammunition combat configured load a Forward Arming and Refueling Point (FARP) can be established. According to METT-T, the supporting unit

could establish a battalion or task force FARP or smaller. Times Analysis Time as a part of METT-T is a key factor in planning for the FARP site. must be determined. First the class TI1 and
V

requirements

Then the capabilities must be planned Time determines which capability

against the requirements.

is best suited for the requirement. Fueling operations are determined by the amount of fuel needed and the equipment used. In the support It can

platoons, the primary refuel vehicle is the HEMTT.

pump from its organic pump at a rate of 50 gallons per minute at two separate nozzles. A HEMTT could refuel two vehicles simultaneously at a rate of 50 gallons per minute. So each HEMTT could refuel 150 gallons for two

vehicles from the task force or team every three minutes. The number of refuel points can be increased by using additional HEMTTs or by using the ROM concept with a

5,000

gallon tanker from the forward support battalion.

ROM equipment allows dispensing from four to eight points at a rate of 44 gallons per minute. Using the above

example, ROM provides the capability to refuel up to eight vehicles simultaneously in a little over three minutes. Arming operations are determined by the amount of ammunition needed. In the support platoon, the cargo HEMTT The loading of

hauls the CCL for the units from the ATP.

the ammunition from the HEMTT on to the maneuver vehicles is done by the support platoon personnel and the using units personnel

.
As mentioned earlier, the These CCLs are

The time required to load is a function of how much ammunition has been expended.

ammunition comes to the ATP in CCLs.

configured so units are receiving ammunition in case lots. This allows the majority of the ammunition resupply to be done by transferring cases from HEMTT to the maneuver units vehicles. The exception are TOW or Dragon miss ile and 120

mm tank rounds. The majority of the ammunition is in cases

which are transferred on to the using units veh icles. These cases can be loaded on to the vehicle while it is refueling and within the time it takes to refuel. In offensive operation fuel consumption normally exceeds ammunition consumption. The time to refuel will normally dictate the amount of time the units spend in the FARP site. With the majority of the ammunition configured
59

i n cases t h e arming t i m e should f a l l w i t h i n t h e r e f u e l i n g time. Forward Arminn and R e f u e l i n g P o i n t s FARPs c o u l d arm and r e f u e l any s i z e f o r c e from a company o r team t o a b a t t a l i o n o r t a s k f o r c e . They c o u l d

be augmented w i t h o t h e r supply v e h i c l e s t o perform some o f t h e same f u n c t i o n o f t h e LOGPACs. The number o f f u e l

p o i n t s and ammunition t r u c k s would be determined by METT-1.

A company o r team s i z e FARP can be s e t up u s i n g t h e

class I I I / V

squad from t h e support p l a t o o n .

I f ammunition

o r f u e l consumption exceeded t h e squad's c a p a b i l i t y , then a d d i t i o n a l f u e l o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n assets can be requested from t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f t h e support p l a t o o n . The POL HEMTTs c o u l d s e t up s i m i l a r t o a h o t r e f u e l p o i n t w i t h from two t o e i g h t p o i n t s w i t h an ammunition HEMTT c o l o c a t e d w i t h them. These ammunition HEMTT would have As v e h i c l e s

preplanned CCL o f t h e h i g h d e n s i t y ammunition.

moved through t o r a p i d l y r e f u e l , they c o u l d a l s o r e p l e n i s h expended ammunition. Other supply f u n c t i o n s n o r m a l l y

handled through LOGPAC o p e r a t i o n c o u l d be done, m i s s i o n and time p e r m i t t i n g . The f i r s t sergeant o r supply sergeant

c o u l d hand o u t m a i l , r a t i o n s , o r o t h e r s u p p l i e s . Conclusion Given t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e b a t t a l i o n ' s support p l a t o o n s and t h e requirement o f t h e maneuver u n i t s and

60

based on my analysis, F A R P doctrine can meet the need for forward area arming and refueling. A single FARP consisting of one class I11 and V squad can arm and refuel up to
200

gallons per vehicle for a company/team in less The time can be further reduced by adding This can be

than 30 minutes.

additional arming and refueling points.

accomplished by colocating additional POL and ammunition HEMTTs from the class I11 and V squads or by establishing a
ROM augmented with ammunition HEMTTs.

Based on the

requirements in FM

101-10-1

and the capabilities in the

support platoons, the FARP procedures described in my thesis can meet the needs of the force and support the maneuver commander.

Endnotes Army, FM 1-104. Forward Arming and (Washington: D e ~ a r t m e n to f t h e Army, 1985),

2. U.S. Army, F M 71-2. The Tank and Mechanized I n f a n t r y B a t t a l i o n Task F o r c e (Washington: Department o f t h e Army, 1988), 1-2.

3. Wilson Rutherford 1 1 1 , " B r u t e Force L o g i s t i c s , " M i l i t a r y Review (March 9 3 ) : 65-66.

4.

FM 1-104

(1985),

3.
69.

5.

R u t h e r f o r d 111, " B r u t e F o r c e L o g i s t i c s , "

CHAPTER 5 NATURE O F THE FARP The e a r l i e r c h a p t e r s e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t t h e mechanized i n f a n t r y and armor b a t t a l i o n s accomplish t h e i r m i s s i o n s t h r o u g h s u p e r i o r maneuver and f i r e p o w e r . Through t a s k

o r g a n i z a t i o n , tank and mechanized i n f a n t r y b a t t a l i o n s increase t h e i r c a p a b i l i t y . Key t o a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h e i r

m i s s i o n s i s t h e i n t e g r a t i o n and s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n o f combat s u p p o r t and combat s e r v i c e s u p p o r t (CSS) combat multipliers. The FARP p r o v i d e s t h a t CSS combat m u l t i p l i e r . "The FARP s h o u l d be

F i e l d Manual 1-104 s t a t e s ,

operated and o r g a n i z e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f a c t o r s o f METT-T," and these same f a c t o r s a p p l y t o t h e mechanized and armored u n i t ' s FARP.

I t s h o u l d a v o i d t h e enemy w h i l e meeting t h e

m i s s i o n requirements o f t h e mechanized i n f a n t r y and t a n k battalions. Mechanized I n f a n t r y and t a n k b a t t a l i o n m i s s i o n

may change o r v a r y b u t METT-T p r o v i d e s a s t a n d a r d base f o r FARP employment.' FARP o p e r a t i o n s s h o u l d be planned as p a r t o f t h e u n i t ' s o v e r a l l concept o f s u p p o r t .

It s h o u l d s u p p o r t t h e

u n i t ' s o v e r a l l concept o f o p e r a t i o n s and scheme of maneuver. The FARP w i l l meet t h e sustainment requirements

of the tank or mechanized infantry units throughout the battlefield.

A s dicussed in Chapter Four, the TO&Es provides the

majority of the personnel and equipment authorization based on the unit's mission requirements. The only augmentation

is the ROM kit at the battalion level to enhance and expand refueling capability. Under the current structure the tank Mission

and mechanized infantry units have like equipment.

will dictate how the equipment and personnel of the FARP are employed. FARP operations will become more supportable as other equipment such as the armored forward area rearming vehicle (AFARV) and the palletized loading system are developed and fielded by the Combat Service Support Command at Fort Lee, Virginia. FSB and battalion support platoons

or other similar units will have the equipment necessary to establish a FARP. Still, the use of the equipment i s

dictated by the situation and the unit's mission.2 Location (see FARP Supply Diagram) Field Manual 1-104 provide guidance on location of the FARP that is applicable to mechanized and armored units. It states, "The FARP should be located as close to

the area of operation as the tactical situation permits."J This same principle applies to mechanized

i n f a n t r y and t a n k b a t t a l i o n s .

L o c a t i n g t h e FARP f o r w a r d o f

t h e BSA i s e s s e n t i a l t o p r o v i d i n g t h e c l a s s I11 and V s u p p o r t t h e mechanized i n f a n t r y and armored u n i t s need i n o f f e n s i v e operations. I t s l o c a t i o n should be proposed by t h e S-4 c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h t h e S-3. in

The FARP s h o u l d be l o c a t e d 5 t o

10 k i l o m e t e r s behind t h e Forward L i n e o f Troops (FLOT) and

f o r w a r d o f t h e B r i g a d e Support Area.

T h i s keeps t h e The FARP i s

l o c a t i o n o f t h e FARP o u t o f s m a l l arms range.

forward o f the B S A and can be e a s i l y r e s u p p l i e d from t h e 1 1 point. BSA's ATP and c l a s s 1 The d i s t a n c e a l s o reduces

t h e d i s t a n c e and t i m e t h a t combat u n i t s t r a v e l and spend rearming and r e f u e l i n g . W h i l e l o c a t i o n i s i m p o r t a n t , so i s c o v e r and concealment.

I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o p r e v e n t t h e FARP from

d e t e c t i o n f r o m enemy ground and a i r t h r e a t . 4 vegetation,

Treelines,

shadows and b u i l t - u p areas s h o u l d be used t o Use o f t e r r a i n f o l d s and r e v e r s e

conceal FARP o p e r a t i o n s .

s l o p e s p r o v i d e a mask f r o m enemy o b s e r v a t i o n . Masking p r e v e n t s t h e enemy f r o m t a r g e t i n g t h e FARP t h r o u g h v i s u a l o r e l e c t r o n i c means. Concealment must a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d

and accomplished by t a c t i c a l d i s p e r s i o n o f v e h i c l e s and s u p p o r t equipment.=

Time Reouirement The time available to arm and refuel a unit, whe~her it is a battalion task force or a company team, is a function of METT-T. The commander must determine using

METT-T if he has time to partially rearm and refuel or to completely replenish the basic load of ammunition and top-off the vehicles with fuel. The commander must

determine the risk he is willing to take by pulling a unit out in order to replenish it. Planning for the FARP site should be part of the Operation Plan (OPLAN). After the S-3 has wargamed his
S-4

concept of operation, the requirement.

then determines the support

He uses the consumption factors in FM

101-10-1, Staff Officer Planninq Manual, or historical data to predict the requirements for class I 1 1 and V. He then

determines what capabilities are needed to fulfill the requirement. Considering the requirements and the

capabilities, he approximates the amount of time involved

in conducting the FARP operations.

The support platoon leader uses the time involved in conducting FARP operations to determine the length of time each vehicle spends at an arming and refueling point. He

should have each fuel point operator maintain a stopwatch to keep up with the amount of time a maneuver vehicle spends at the point.

If a vehicle needs 150 gallons of

fuel, then the vehicle should spend no more than three

66

minutes at the rearm and refuel point.

The ammunition

loading should fall within the time allotted for refueling given the ammunition is configured in cases for distribution. This assumes that the ammunition consumption

is normal for offensive operations. Task Force SuDport Packages Today's units fight as battalion task forces or as company teams. These units are formed when units are

cross-attached. Usually a tank company will be cross-attached to a mechanized infantry battalion or the other way around. When units are cross-attached, the necessary combat service support slice should go with it. (See Service Support Diagram) This ensures the gaining unit can support The class 111 and V assets in the

the cross-attachment.

support package would ensure the gaining unit maintained its ability to establish a FARP. Units cross-attaching This

should always come with a service support package.

would prevent it from degrading the task force's support capabi 1 i ty. Emplacement The FARP should be mobile enough to be transported and emplaced by the organic ground transportation assets of the support platoon or forward support battalion. Consideration should be given to the unit's mission and the
67

FARP's expected time to be operational. The FARP should be designed so that it can be quickly emplaced into operation. The support platoon personnel and forward support battalion personnel should be trained and ready to set up the FARP and to pack it up and move without leaving behind debris, fuel, ammunition, or equipment. FARP emplacement

procedures, operations and pack-up procedures need to be collective tasks that the units train on periodically.6 The ground vehicles that carry the bulk fuel and ammunition should also transport the equipment and personnel for emplacing the FARP. The advantages stated in

FM 1-104 state it best that:

1.

"Ground mobility offers the advantages of

responsive organic FARP moblity and the ability to carry large amounts of bulk POL. " 7
2. "Ground vehicles are the primary means to

displace and resupply the FARP."a

3. Ground transport maintains it mobility in

inclement weather as compared to air transport.

4. Ground transport can set up and support from

terrain that air transport cannot land at. Ground transport does have disadvantages that must be considered prior to emplacement. One is that it is subject to road and traffic conditions. The second

disadvantage is that the resupply vehicles are normally the same vehicles that transport the FARP and the bulk fuel and
68

ammunition. the s i t e .

The t h i r d disadvantage i s t h e a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f With t h e l i m i t e d number o f r e s u p p l y v e h i c l e s and

equipment i n t h e b a t t a l i o n , FARP o p e r a t i o n s can be h i n d e r e d o r j e o p a r d i z e d by a l o s s o f these v e h i c l e s and t h e equipment and s u p p l i e s on t h e v e h i c l e s . 9 FARP R e l o c a t i o n F i e l d manual 1-104 p o v i d e s a r e f e r e n c e f o r mechanized and armored u n i t s t o use i n b a s i n g t h e r e l o c a t i o n o f t h e FARP. FARPs l o c a t i o n s a r e temporary. As

f l u i d as t h e b a t t l e f i e l d i s , t h e FARPs s h o u l d be ready t o move o f t e n . They may move due t o t h e p o s i t i o n b e i n g

compromised o r when t h e s u p p o r t i s complete. The l a s t u n i t t o go t h r o u g h t h e FARP s h o u l d n o t i f y t h e FARP o f o r d e r s t o r e l o c a t e o r t h e r e a r command p o s t c o u l d c o n t a c t t h e FARP.

A s i m p l e message i n a fragment

o r d e r (FRAGO) f o r m a t s h o u l d be used. contain the a. b. c. d. e. following:

The message s h o u l d

G r i d l o c a t i o n o f new and a l t e r n a t e s i t e . Time t o be o p e r a t i o n a l . Ammunition and f u e l requirements. U n i t t o be supported and march t a b l e . Enemy s i t u a t i o n .

The FARP r e l o c a t i o n s h o u l d be an o r d e r l y movement. F i r s t , t h e advanced p a r t y s h o u l d breakdown and The advanced p a r t y s h o u l d have t h e

prepare t o move f i r s t .

capability to do a limited amount of arming and refueling. Then the advanced party should reconnoiter the route and new site. It should establish limited security and ground

guides, determine traffic flow, and arming and refueling points. The advance party should then establish a class

I11 and V point with the limited amount of arming and refueling assets. The remaining F A R P elements should break down and relocate when called forward by the advanced party. The

remaining elements should use the route reconnoitered by the advanced party. At the new location, the ground guides Then the

should guide elements into the new position.

remaining elements should set up the arming and refueling points. Once the point is fully operational it should

notify the rear command post . l o Command and Control Command and control is essential to the FARP. The

battalion's support platoon leader should move forward and provide command and control for a FARP. He is the officer

in charge of transporting and resupplying the battalion

with class 111 and
V.

The majority if not a11 the assets He

to establish the F A R P come from the support platoon.

also has dual net capability for use in controlling the

FARP.

This capabi7ity also allows him to coordinate u n i t ! ;

with moving through the FARP site and with field trains.

Having the support platoon leader in charge with his communication assets has several advantages. He could

request and coordinate for FARP resupply of ammunition and fuel. Also he can provide situation reports if tha FARP He could then notify the field trains

came under attack.

of the status of the FARP's damage snd ability to complete the mission. He could comunicate between the FARP and the

field trains as to ralocations, changes in operations, and completed operations. Internal control of the FARP can be provided through radios in the platoon leader's vehicle or through one of the additional PRC-77 in the platoon's TO&E. As a back up,

the unit being resupplied will have communication assets. These can be used for external and internal communications. These radio transmissions should only be made when necessary. The enemy's capability to target and engage

electronic emission locations requires that radio transmission be kept to a minimum. Fewer transmissions

will allow the enemy less of a chance to pinpoint the FARP location and attack it. Securi tv Besides radio transmissions other means of providing security are required. Security should be planned such

that it does not hinder the movement and operation of the

FARP.

Yet the security must be enough to meet the

anticipated level of threat. The security of the FARP must be coordinated and planned. plan. The support platoon leader should have a security

Then he needs to coordinate with the unit being The location should

resupplied for security of the site.

be tied into an air defense umbrella to protect it from aerial attack. On the ground, listening posts (LP) or

observation posts (OP) along with quick reaction squad provide limited security. Nuclear, Biological, and

Chemical (NBC) monitoring equipment should be placed upwind to provide early warning. devices should be used.1' If available, early warning

Mu1 ti ple FARP Operations

The ability to establish multiple FARP operations would allow for uninterrupted support. Multiple FARP

operations would provide uninterrupted support to attacking elements during the FARP resupply and/or relocation. If

possible the planner should divide up assets or coordinate external assets to provide operating, relocating, and reserve FARPs. By providing the battalion's support platoon with ROM kits allows them to set up multiple FARP sites. These The

FARP o~erationscould be tailored to the units needs.

l i m i t i n g f a c t o r would be t h e number o f ammunition t r u c k s needed by t h e r e q u e s t i n g u n i t . Conclusiz

FARP p r o v i d e s t h e combat s e r v i c e s u p p o r t f o r

mechanized and armor u n i t s t o accomp l i s h t h e i r m i s s i o n s . By u s i n g t h e personnel and equipment o r g a n i c t o t h e s u p p o r t p l a t o o n s , u n i t s have t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o command, c o n t r o l , operate, and secure a FARP s i t e . The s i t e can s u p p o r t a

company team o r a b a t t a l i o n t a s k f o r c e .

Endnotes 1. U.S. Army, FM 1-104, Forward Arming and R e f u e l i n q P o i n t (Washington: Department o f t h e Army, 1 9 8 5 ) , 4.
2.
3.

Ibid Ibid. Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid., Ibid.,
7
4.

4.

5.
6.

7.
8.

9.

10. 11.
12.

7.
5.

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Forward Arming and R e f u e l i n g P o i n t s can p r o v i d e a r e s p o n s i v e means t o s u s t a i n heavy d i v i s i o n s ' maneuver units.

A heavy d i v i s i o n maneuver f o r c e ' s consumption r a t e s

and p l a n n i n g f a c t o r s p r o v i d e t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e s e points.. A v i a t i o n FARP d o c t r i n e p r o v i d e s a base f o r t h e

mechanized u n i t s t o use i n o r g a n i z i n g and o p e r a t i n g a f o r w a r d a r e a arming and r e f u e l i n g p o i n t . The s u p p o r t p l a t o o n s have t h e resources t o man and e q u i p these mechanized i n f a n t r y and armored FARPs. I f the battalions'

s u p p o r t p l a t o o n s a r e p r o v i d e d w i t h ROM k i t s , t h e y c o u l d i n c r e a s e t h e y r e f u e l i n g c a p a c i t y by i n c r e a s i n g t h e number of r e f u e l p o i n t s a v a i l a b l e a t t h e FARP. T h i s would

i n c r e a s e t h e speed a t which t h e y c o u l d r e f u e l t h e battalion. As a backup, t h e FARP o p e r a t i o n s c o u l d be

augmented by t h e personnel and equipment o f t h e f o r w a r d support b a t t a l i o n . Recommendation

I recommend t h e Army p u b l i s h a f i e l d manual

o u t l i n i n g FARP d o c t r i n e , o p e r a t i o n s , and procedures f o r Also, the infantry

mechanized i n f a n t r y and armored f o r c e s .

75

branch and armor branch should follow the aviation branch and conduct additional studies. These studies should be done to determining human engineering information, procedures and uploading times for ammunition to the weapon systems. These studies could result in reconfiguring the

basic loads and preplanning of the combat configured loads.

FARP doctrine and these studies will result in a

better sustained force.

GLOSSARY

AB

a v i a t i o n brigade

BSA

b r i g a d e support area

alog
A0 AR ASL ASP ATP

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and logistics
C2 CCL

area o f o p e r a t i o n s Army r e g u l a t i o n a u t h o r i z e d stockage 1i s t ammunition supply point ammunition t r a n s f e r point

command and c o n t r o l combat-configures 1 oad

cdr co

- commander - company

COSCOM CP

corps support command

autmv - automotive
AVIM

command p o s t c o r p s - s t o r a g e area

CSA

aviation intermediate maintenance aviation

CSCC CSR

combat s t r e s s control coordinator c o n t r o l l e d supply rate combat s e r v i c e support common t a b l e o f a1 lowances center

avn
AVM

aviation u n i t maintenance
CSS CTA

BCOC

base c l u s t e r operations center ctr brigade b a t t l e damage r e p a i r

bde
BDR

bn br

battalion branch

DA

Department o f t h e A r m y

DAO DD

d i v i s i o n ammunition officer ~ e p a r t m e n to f Defense

FM

f i e l d manual, frequency modulated

F R A G O FSB

framentary order

DISCOM

d i v i s i o n support command fwd

forward support battalion forward

dist div

distribution division

FARE

Forward area r e f u e l i n g equipment

DMMC

d i v i s i o n materiel management center

DODAC

Department o f Defense Ammunition Code

GI 62

A s s i s t a n t Chief o f S t a f f , ' G I (Personnel ) A s s i s t a n t Chief of Staff, G 2 (Intelligence) A s s i s t a n t Chief o f Staff, G 3 (Operations and Plans) A s s i s t a n t Chief o f Staff, G 4 (Logistics) A s s i s t a n t Chief o f S t a f f , 65 ( C i v i l Affairs)

DS DSA

d i r e c t support

d i v i s i o n Support area d i v i s i o n transportation officer

G 3

DTO

G 4 G 5 engagement area echelons above corps engineer

EA

EAC

eng F
FARP

HEMTT

heavy expanded mobility tactical truck

forward arming and refueling point forward area support team field forward l i n e o f own troops

HET
HHC

heavy equipment transporter headquarters and headquarters company headquarters and headquarters detachment

FAST

fld

HHD

FLOT

HQ

headquarters

hvy

heavy

maint - maintenance mat

ID

MCO

materiel movement control officer maintenance collection point maintenance control section, maneuver control system

identification

inf
IPB

infantry intelligence preparation of the battlefield

MCP MCS

mech
JP-4
JP-8

mechanized, mechanic medical

jet propulsion fuel, type 4 jet propulsion fuel, type 8

med

METT-T

mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time available

mgt

ldr

MHE

management materials-hand1 ing equipment

leader large extension node 1 ight infantry division liaison officer

MLRS MMC

LEN
LID LO

multiple-launch rocket system materiel management center

MOGAS

motor gasoline

LOC

line of communication logistics

MOS MP

military occupation specialty military police meal, ready-to-eat

log

LOGPAC LP

logistics package
MRE MRO

listening post logistics release point

MSB

LRP

- materiel release order

main support battal ion

MSR

main supply r o u t e

POL

petroleum, o i l s and lubricants preparation f o r overseas movement

P O M
NBC NCO

nuclear, b i o l o g i c a l chemical

R
noncommissioned officer number rds rec rep

no 0 obj

rounds recovery

objective

OCOKA

- repair R F - reaction force R P - release p o i n t

RSR

observation, concealment and cover, o b s t a c l e s , key t e r r a i n , and avenues o f approach.

r e q u i r e d supply r a t e

RSSP r a t i o n supplement s u n d r i e s pack

off

- officer OIC - officer op - o p e r a t o r

O P

S1

i n charge S2 S3

A d j u t a n t (US ~ r m y ) Intelligence Officer (US Army) Operations and T r a i n i n g O f f i c e r (US Army Supply O f f i c e r (US Army

observation post

O P C O N OPLAN OPORD
P

operational control S4 operation plan operations order

S&S

supply and s e r v i c e s sergeant standing operating procedure specialist s t a r t point

sgt

petrl pkg plt

POC

S O P petroleum sp
SP

packaged platoon ~ o i no t f contact

spt

support

sptd ,sqd

- supported
ULC

- squad sup - supply supv - s u p e r v i s o r svc - s e r v i c e

STON

unit level computer unit-level system logistics

ULLS US

United States

short ton

v
VA

Virginia

ton

V H F

very h i g h frequency

tad TCP

tactical

W
t r a f f i c control point task force
X

w h

wheeled

TF
tm

team XO t e c h n i c a l manual transportation motor t r a n s p o r t t a c t i c a l operations center table o f o r g a n i z a t i o n and equi pment tube-launched, o p t i c a l l y tracked, wire-guided tank and pump u n i t

executive o f f i c e r

TM
TMT

TOC

TOE

TOW

TPU trkd

tracked

t r m t - treatment

APPENDIX B

FIGURES

Typical refuel-on-the-move site layout

Figure 1. ROM Diagram

TO COSCOM 4 MMC

Al7ACHEO

MANEUVER
)

FROM CORPS SUPPORT. UNIT

LEGEND:

Figure 2.

Fuel Supply Diagram

Figwe 3 .

LQGPAC Operations

Figure 4.

Tactical Refueling Point

TO COSCOM, MMC

PARENT

Figure 5 .

Ammunition Supply Diagram

~~etuelkog:~wayrbo~Vpfhr~
Figure 6 .
HOT Refueling Diagrams

Figure 7.

P.4ZP Supply Diagram

Figure 8. Support Package Diagram

BIBLIOGRAPHY Standard O o e r a t i n g Procedures 3 r d I n f a n t r y D i v i s i o n (Mechanized) L o g i s t i c a l Standard O p e r a t i n g Procedures, Wurzburg, Federal R e p u b l i c o f Germany, ROM Procedures A f t e r A c t i o n Reviews Center f o r Army Lessons Learned, F o r t Leavenworth, Kansas A f t e r - A c t i o n Review f o r two N a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g Center Rotations Government P u b l i c a t i o n s Anderson, Johnny M., A Comparative Study o f t h e Best Method o f Resupolying Conventional Class V i n A Manuever US Army L o g i s t i c s Center, 1981. Battalion. F o r t Lee: F i s h , Major R., and C a p t a i n W i l d y F. B e r r y , Forward Area f u e l i n g and Rearming P o i n t . F o r t Hood: Modern Army S e l e c t e d Systems T e s t , E v a l u a t i o n , and Review, 1975. F i e l d s , Major R., and C a p t a i n O t t o A. von O e t t i n g e n , Armored Forward Area Rearm V e h i c l e (AFARV) Concept E v a l u a t i o n Program T e s t . F o r t Knox: US Armor and Engineer Board, 1982. G a r r e t , J r . , Paul F., A l a n M. Poston, W i l l i a m B . D e b e l l i s , H a r r y J. Reed, and John M. G a r t h l i n t h e r , Human E n g i n e e r i n g L a b o r a t o r y A v i a t i o n Suooly C l a s s I I I / V M a t e r i a l (HELAVS I I I / V ) F i e l d T e s t . Aberdeen P r o v i n g Ground: US Army Human E n g i n e e r i n g L a b o r a t o r y , 1982. Greer, C a p t a i n John, To Determine t h e Best Method o f Resuoplying c o n v e n t i o n a l Class V (Ammunition) t o a Heavy D i v i s i o n U n i t s . F o r t Lee: Defense L o g i s t i c s S t u d i e s I n f o r m a t i o n Exchange, 1982. Poston, A . M . Forward Arming and R e f u e l i n g P o i n t O p e r a t i o n s i n a Chemical, B i o l o g i c a l (CB) Environment. Maryland: Human E n g i n e e r i n g Lab, 1985.

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Articles Allgood, Colonel C., and Colonel George M e r k l i n g e r , "What H i s FARRP, Man!" US A r m y A v i a t i o n D i g e s t . ( J u l y 1975): 8-1 0. Dempsey, Major M., and Captain A l f r e d C. Tanner, "Hot R e f u e l : . P a r t o f t h e A g i l i t y Equation," Armor, May-June 1989. House, Captain John, "Rearming and R e f u e l i n g , " F i e l d A r t i l l e r y J o u r n a l , Volumn 5 1 , 4, (July-August 1983): 46-51

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I N I T I A L DISTRIBUTION LIST 1. Cobined Arms Research L i b r a r y U.S. Army Command and General S t a f f C o l l e g e F o r t Leavenworth, KS 66027-6900 Defense T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t e r Cameron S t a t i o n A l e x a n d r i a , VA 22314 LTC D e n n i s Barba Department o f Supply and Resource O p e r a t i o n s USACGSC F o r t Leavenworth, KS 66027-6900 LTC Mary Goodwin Department o f Supply and Resource O p e r a t i o n s USACGSC F o r t Leavenworth, KS 66027-6900 James C. McNaughton, PhD Defense Language I n s t i t u t e F o r i e g n Language C e n t e r Attn: ATFL-MH P r e s i d i o o f Monterey, CA 93944-5006 Commander Combat S e r v i c e S u p p o r t Command F t . Lee, VA 23801 Commander U.S. Army I n f a n t r y C e n t e r and School F t Benning, GA

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