COURSE No.___________ COURSE TITLE.

___Fluid Mechanics Laboratory DUE DATE: ____________ LABORATORY MEETING DAY: __________________ LABORATORY MEETING TIME: __________________ WENTWORTH INSTITUTE of TECHNOLOGY MECHANICAL / MANUFACTURING LABORATORIES EXPERIMENT No. ___#1______ EXPERIMENT TITLE:

VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT

INSTRUCTOR: _Robert Lind

GROUP MEMBERS: LEADER ____Paramveer Pabla____ Connor Hennessy Alexander Berry ________________ ________________ ________________ DIAGRAM: ___________________ WRITING CENTER FACILITY

GRADING:
ON TIME: ____________________ ABSTRACT: __________________ PROCEDURE: _________________ DATA: _______________________ SAMPLE CALCS: _____________ RESULTS: ____________________

CONSULTATION: _____________ GRAPHS: _____________________ DISCUSSION: _________________ CONCLUSIONS: ______________ DATE REPORT SUBMITTED: __________________ NEATNESS: __________________ COMPUTER WORK: __________

Objective
This lab was a good way of presenting our group with the properties of viscosity, to determine what effect temperature has on different liquids, as well as the units associated with viscosity.

Summary
This lab was straight forward so that our group could get a grasp of viscosity. After setting up the lab the group tested three different liquids at three temperature variations. The group recorded the time for each of the test variations and from there we were able to work with converting the consistent units into other possible units to read. The group was able to conclude that in cases of oil and other such fluids that as temperature raises the liquid will become less viscous, allowing it to flow quicker. This is due to the cohesive force between the molecules reduces. The Experiment write-up:

APPARATUS a) Koehler Saybolt Viscometer b) Three (3) stop watches c) Engine oil samples d) Hydrometers and graduated cylinders for measuring the densities of the oil samples e) Mineral spirit (paint thinner) f) 60 ml Saybolt flasks PROCEDURE 1. Examine all instruments carefully before starting. 2. Choose the three (3) Saybolt tubes for your experiment.Using the mineral spirit and clean all apparatus to be used particularly the viscometer tubes. Dispose of contaminated mixture in the waste disposal vessel as marked. Clean the receiving flasks in the same manner. 3. Obtain three (3) samples of oil of sufficient volume to fill three graduated cylinders. 4. Use a hydrometer to measure the specific gravities of the chosen oil samples. 5. Retain slightly more than 60 ml of each oil sample and return the excess oils to their respective containers. 6. Fasten the corks supplied to the bottom of each tube and pour each sample into the tube chosen. Sufficient liquid should be poured so that a slight overflow occurs and a meniscus is formed. 7. Record the room temperature and note the temperature of the oil bath (which will be assumed to be the temperature the oil samples are at) according to the digital dial display. 8. Pull each cork and start recording the time it takes to fill the vessel to the mark of 60 ml. 9. This time is known as Saybolt seconds and is the measure of the kinematic viscosity of the fluid at this temperature. Report the value below 200 Saybolt seconds to the nearest 0.1 s. Report values of 200 s of higher to the nearest whole second. 10. Once all samples have been measured at this temperature, replace the corks and pour the same sample oil back into their respective tube. 11. Use the temperature dial control to set a target temperature above the base temperature. The built-in heater will heat the oil bath until the desirable temperature is reached. Refer to the table below for suggested test temperatures. 12. Repeat steps 8 through 10. Repeat as often as the number of temperatures required for data collection.

Data: Table 1: Raw Data Liquid Label Sea 10W-40 Sea 10w-30 Sae 5w-30 F 80.6 80.6 80.6 Room Temperature c 27 27 27 Specific Gravity 0.865 0.881 0.858 saybolt 3 desity(Kg/m ) time 865 447.00 881 1116.00 858 658.00 saybolt time in ( seconds) saybolt time @ saybolt time @ 0 40 C 550C 299.00 154.00 693.00 315.00 394.00 235.00

Sample calculations (10w-40 using room temp #s): To find viscosity Conversions ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ( )( ) )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Absolute Viscosity ( ) ( )

Conversion to lbfsec/ft2

% Difference

3. Results: Calculated from Data

Table 2: Calculations of Viscosity Room temp Kinematic Viscosity Absolute Viscosity m2/s* centistokes ft2/s Ns/m2* lbfsec/ft2 9.80E1.06E05 98.0380 03 0.0848 1.7385 2.45E2.65E04 245.3990 03 0.2162 4.4320 1.45E1.56E04 144.5548 03 0.1240 2.5426 @ 400C Kinematic Viscosity Absolute Viscosity m2/s* centistokes ft2/s Ns/m2* lbfsec/ft2 6.53E7.06E05 65.3285 04 0.0565 1.1584 1.52E1.64E04 152.2652 03 0.1341 2.7500 8.63E9.32E05 86.3374 04 0.0741 1.5186 @550C Absolute Viscosity ft2/s Ns/m2* lbfsec/ft2 3.56E04 0.0285 0.5852 7.44E04 0.0607 1.2439 5.52E04 0.0439 0.8992

Liquid Label Sea 10W-40 Sea 10w-30 Sae 5w-30

% Diff between room temp Temp( c) Sea 10W-40 Sea 10w-30 27 0.00% 0.00% 40 33.36% 37.95% 55 66.34% 71.93% Table 3:Diffrence between room temp calculations
o

Sae 5w-30 0.00% 40.27% 64.63%

Liquid Label Sea 10W-40 Sea 10w-30 Sae 5w-30

Liquid Label Sea 10W-40 Sea 10w-30

Kinematic Viscosity m2/s* centistokes 3.30E05 33.0034 6.89E05 68.8714 5.11E05 51.1255

0.2500

Temp vs Viscosity

0.2000

viscosity()

0.1500 Sea 10W-40 0.1000 Sea 10w-30 Sae 5w-30 0.0500

0.0000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Temp(c)
Figure 1: Graph representing how viscosity changes with temperature.

80.00% 70.00% 60.00% Percent change 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 0

Change (in percentage) of vs Temp

Sea 10W-40 Sea 10w-30 Sae 5w-30

10

20

30 Temp(c)

40

50

60

Figure 2: Graph representing the difference of viscosity at room temperature compered to higher temperatures.

Discussion of results: Three oils were used in this experiment: SAE 10W-40, 10W-30, and 5W-30. Contrary to common belief, the W nomenclature used in motor oils, as the ones experimented on were, does not mean weight. The W means Winter. The winter number signifies how viscous oil is when cold, while t he later number indicates how viscous the oil is when running hot. Motor oil needs to be within a specific range of viscosity I order for the engine to run properly. Judging the plots we were able to come up with, the lower these numbers are, the higher viscosity the oil attains in that temperature range. For example, the 10W-40 Behaved very similar to the 10W-30 oil when cold, but ended up dripping much faster (became less viscous) when running hot. Not surprisingly, the percentage in change (of viscosity) did not deviate much between the three oils. This is because in the grand scheme of things, all three do change when in the presence of higher or lower temperatures just at differing rates. The percentage in change should be relatively constant for the three, as it is. The viscosity of oils and the rate at which they change viscosity is enormously important especially when dealing with engines, two stroke in particular. Its not uncommon for 2-stroke motorcycle/moped oil to have a ratio, as one needs to mix the oil into the fuel. Depending on the amount of oil and its ability to lubricate the piston, one can change the engine characteristics drastically. Ideally, one would want a pretty lean mixture, as this would burn mostly gas giving a powerful stroke. If too lean, the friction of the piston can generate enough heat to actually weld itself to the piston due to the heat created from friction. This is not ideal as it destroys the cylinder and can harm someone if it happens while operating at high speeds. If one would to add too much oil, bike would run rich, not burning effectively, and creating a lot of smoke and burning a hole in the ozone layer something generally looked down upon in a society who heralds the advent of hybrid vehicles. To add to the dilemma, temperature then changes how this ratio of oil to fuel and if your dealing with the jetting of a carburetor, youre in for a real headache when trying to compensate your fuel mixture in minus 10 degree weather. With so many unknown or unexpected variables its immensely important to know how ones oil will behave. Conclusion: As stated earlier, 3 different motor oils were analyzed in this viscosity experiment. While all behaved differently, the overall viscosity behavior when changing temperature was shared: when heat is applied to a fluid, its viscosity comes down. The ultimate differences between oils were when this change in viscosity happened and how drastic the change was. For example, while the 10W-40 oil always dripped faster than its counterparts, but the change in speed was proportional across the board. These findings prove immensely important to engine characteristics especially when dealing with two stroke mechanics. The way an oil behaves can be the difference in a properly functioning engine and a failed piston.