Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Patient‐Reported Outcomes
Pediatric Trends 2009
Pamela S. Hinds, PhD, RN, FAAN
Director, Nursing Research
Children’s National Medical Center
Washington, D.C.
Objectives:
• describe the role of nurses in generating clinical
research questions as influenced by patient‐reports.
• analyze the evolution of a research program
centered around nurses’ responses to patient‐
reported outcomes
Amazing Collaborators
• Marilyn Hockenberry, PhD, RN, PNP,FAAN
• Heather Jones, MN
• Sue Zupanec, MN
• Ching‐Hon Pui, M.D.
• Mary Relling, PharmD
• Deo Kumar Srivastava, PhD
• Susan Clifton, RN
Amazing Collaborators
• Nancy K. West, BSN, CRA
• Michele Pritchard, PhD, PNP
• Kelly Vallance, M.D.
• Jami Gattuso, MSN
• Jia Yang, PhD
• Brett Loechelt, MD
• Jane Sande, MD
Patient‐Reported Outcomes
• What are they?
‘a measurement of any aspect of patient’s health
status that comes directly from the patient (i.e.,
without the interpretation of the patient’s
responses by physician or others)’
– FDA, 2006
PROs: why such interest?
• Provide clinically valuable information about
the patient’s experience with treatment or
disease‐related care
• Symptoms
• Toxicities
• Burden
• Benefits
PROs: Why such Interest?
• FDA Preference
– Guidance for Industry: Patient‐Reported Outcome
Measures, 2006
• NIH Involvement
– Instrumentation Funding Opportunities
• AHRQ Report
– Lorenz, Lynn, Hughes et al., 2006
PROs in Pediatrics
• Not always possible
– Disease or treatment factors
– Developmental status
– Family culture
• Reasonable reliance upon proxy reports
– Early involvement of proxies –not just at end of
life
PROs at End of Life
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Ineligible Patient Parent Staff Record Other
PROs Require
• Respect for the child’s voice
• Standardized ways to invite the child’s voice
• Action on behalf of the child’s report
From Pain to Sleep:
• Initial study in the pediatric intensive care unit
to study instruments by patient‐reported pain
• Compared scores and acceptability of
instruments to children ages 4 and older
• Faces Scale, Hester Poker Chips, VAS
• Cultural aspects for parents
• Child report: ‘you think pain is the worst… it’s
not.’
Fatigue
Distinguishing Fatigue in its Age‐
Related forms
• One of 10 monitored symptoms: Fatigue was rated
as most prevalent and distressing
• Two‐site Fatigue Scholars’ Program (Oncology
Nursing Society)
– Conceptual Definitions
– Instruments
What is fatigue?
• Cancer‐related fatigue (focus groups,
individual interviews, concept analysis)‐
– In 7 to 12 year olds: a profound sense of being weak or
tired, or of having difficulty with movement such as
arms or legs too heavy to life and eyes to heavy to open.
» Hinds, Hockenberry‐Eaton, Gilger et al., 1999
– In 13 to 18 year olds: a changing state of
exhaustion that is a physical condition, at other
times a mental state, and at other times a
combination of physical, emotional and mental
tiredness
» Hinds, Hockenberry‐Eaton, Gilger et al.,1999
Method Differences with
Adolescents
• Individual Interviews: Code for Sadness
• Focus groups: Code for Anger
– implications for measurement and clinical
assessment identified
– Education sheets created
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
• Lacking a schedule
• Interruptions in a
hospital environment + + +
+
FATIGUE
_ _ _ _
ALLEVIATING FACTORS
Measuring Fatigue and the
Derivation of Screening Items
• Instruments:
– Fatigue Scale – Child (10‐item; 7 day and 24‐hour versions; cut
score)
– Fatigue Scale – Adolescent (14‐item; 7 day and 24‐hour
versions)
– Fatigue Scale – Parent (17‐item; 7 day and 24‐hour versions)
– Fatigue Scale – Staff (9‐item; 7 day and 24‐hour versions)
– Symptom Distress Scale – Patient (10‐item; ‘this day’)
Instrumentation
Instrument Internal Construct Validity‐ Construct
Consistency Factor Analysis Validity ‐
Correlations
FS‐Child 0.84 Lack of energy 0.35/FS‐Parent
Can’t function 0.16/FS‐Staff
Altered mood 0.45/
Depression
• Child and Adolescent versions distinguished between
those experiencing anemia and those who were not.
• Gender differences: females reporting more
symptoms of fatigue and higher intensity
• Age: adolescents reported more symptoms of fatigue
and higher intensity than did children
Clinical Screen Item:
• ‘Tired’ Item from the SDS:
Please put a circle around the number that most closely
measures how tired you are feeling today.
Could not feel I am not
more tired 5 4 3 2 1 tired at all
(score of 3 or higher invites a full fatigue assessment)
Clinical Screen Item
• NCCN Guidelines
Research Instruments to Measure Cancer‐related Fatigue
in Children and Adolescents
• Child Fatigue Scale (7‐to 12‐year olds)
– Hockenberry et al., 2003
• Adolescent Fatigue Scale (13‐to18‐ year olds)
– Hinds et al., 2007
• The Revised Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (7‐to 12‐year olds)
– Collins et al., 2002
• The Pediatric FACT Scale
– Lai et al., 2007
• PedsQL Fatigue Scale (8 to 12; 13 to 18 year olds)
– Varni et al., 2004
Incidence of Fatigue in Children and Adolescents
with Cancer “nearly universal”
• Distressing levels reported at:
– time of diagnosis (fatigue at diagnosis is predictive of fatigue during
treatment)
– Collins et al., 2002; Hinds et al., 1999
– During treatment (significantly increased during reinduction for ALL and
during hospitalizations)
– Hockenberry et al., 2003; Hinds et al., 1990; Hinds et al, 2007
– Up to 23 years following treatment (most distressing)
– Crom et al., 200x; Meeske et al., 2005
– During the last 30 days of life
– Wolfe et al., 2000
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
• Lacking a schedule
• Interruptions in a
hospital environment + + +
+
FATIGUE
_ _ _ _
ALLEVIATING FACTORS
Actigraph
• Sleep Parameters
– Sleep duration
– Sleep efficiency
– Nocturnal
awakenings
– Actual sleep minutes
– Total daily sleep
minutes
– Total daily nap
minutes
– Total nocturnal sleep
minutes
– Sleep latency
– Wake after sleep
onset
http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/rbo/lowres/rbon104l.jpg
Benefits of Actigraphy
American Academy of Sleep Medicine
Recommendations
Morgenthaler et al(2007)
The first Intervention
• Enhanced Activity in Hospitalized Children
with Cancer
• 2‐site, randomized pilot study
• 27 patients with a solid tumor or AML
diagnosis admitted for chemotherapy
• Peddling twice daily for 20 minutes
• Intervention successfully delivered 85.4% of
scheduled times
The first Intervention
• Trend towards the activity arm having better quality
sleep (more efficient) (F=4.17, p=0.053)
• Children experiencing 19 or more nocturnal
awakenings were significantly more fatigued the
next day
• Children with higher nocturnal awakenings had
longer sleep duration (F=6.35, p=0.0007)
Dexamethasone (DEX), Sleep and
Fatigue
• Examining treatment influences on fatigue
and sleep in children with ALL
• Study purpose:
– To assess the relationship between systemic
exposure to DEX and sleep quality and fatigue in
patients with ALL during continuation
DEX, Sleep and Fatigue
• Two hypotheses:
– 1. DEX contributes to changes in sleep efficiency,
actual sleep minutes, sleep duration, nocturnal
awakenings, total daily sleep minutes, and daily
nap minutes and to increased fatigue
– 2. patient age, sex and ALL risk category influence
the extent of change in sleep and fatigue
observed during DEX treatment
Study Design
10 Continuous
Days: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Blood Samples
Pre-DEX, 1,2,4,8 h
Actigraph worn
Actigraph Readings
1
2
3
Consecutive Days
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1200 1800 0000 0600 1200
Time (hours)
DEX Study Findings
• DEX does alter sleep parameters
– Increases sleep duration, total daily sleep minutes,
total nap minutes
– Diary reports: restless sleep, increased nap times,
increased tiredness and loss of energy
• DEX Increases Fatigue
– PATIENT REPORT—Day 5 on dex: significant increases
in fatigue in 7‐12 year olds and 13‐18 year olds
– PARENT REPORT—significant increases in fatigue
during the on dex period
• Age: teens were in bed less time on DEX and had
slept fewer minutes
• Risk group: significantly associated with sleep
efficiency, actual sleep minutes and nocturnal
awakenings, but not with fatigue (patient or parent
report)
– St Jude Standard risk received highest dose DEX (significantly lower
sleep efficiency)
• Gender : males had more nocturnal awakenings (and
lower sleep efficiency); females napped more
Fatigue in Children with Cancer
(2 separate studies and populations)
Daily Parent Report Diary
Sleep Onset Differences W1-D2 74 -44.03 94.48 -24.50 -555.00 111.0 -4.01 <.01
(Diary-Actigraph)
Morning Wake Differences W1-D2 74 35.62 81.49 7.50 -101.00 401.00 3.76 <.01
(Diary-Actigraph)
Consistent sleep onset and wake time
Consistency of wake time by
gender, weekday vs weekend,
and DEX vs. No Dex
Association of fatigue with consistent
wake time
• Multiple regression analysis: younger boys
with more consistent wake times had
lower fatigue scores
• May suggest that consistent morning wake times
for the younger child on ALL maintenance therapy
can help to minimize fatigue
Potential Biological Mechanisms of
Sleep Disturbance and of Fatigue
• What are the potential biological mechanisms?
– Steroids?
– PK, PGN
– Albumin?
– Cytokines?
– Neuroanatomy or Neurophysiology?
– Neurochemicals?
Potential Biological Mechanisms of
Sleep Disturbance and of Fatigue
• Steroids contribute to altered sleep
disturbances and fatigue
– How?
• Pharmacokinetics
– Exposure to dexamethasone (AUC) increases with age and is higher
in standard care ALL risk compared to low risk groups
– Wake after sleep onset increases as AUC increases
– A decrease in time to attain threshold of 100 nM is significantly
associated with increased sleep efficiency
– No PK association with fatigue
– No association with clearance and sleep or fatigue
Potential Biological Mechanisms of
Sleep Disturbance and of Fatigue
• Steroids contribute to altered sleep
disturbances and fatigue
– How?
• Pharmacogenomics: SNP genotype and sleep and
fatigue
– AHSG/C>G exon 7 (sleep efficiency)
– CYP11B2/K1733R (sleep duration)
– IL6/IL6_C‐634‐G (sleep duration)
Potential Biological Mechanisms of
Sleep Disturbance and of Fatigue
• Albumin and dexamethasone
– Low albumin likely leads to higher and longer exposure to dexamethasone
– Relationship between albumin and fatigue established in adults (direct
relationship not mediated by a steroid)
• Wang et al., 2002, JCO
– albumin and dexamethasone associated during reinduction
• Yang, et al., 2008, JCO
– No relationship between albumin and dexamethasone PK during
continuation
Can we improve sleep and fatigue in
children with cancer?
• Increase daytime physical activity
• Modify the hospital sleep environment
• Use relaxation interventions
• Administer pharmacologic interventions
• Consider complimentary therapies
• Implement Educational interventions:
‐ preparing families for likely and fatigue changes
‐ share with families sleep hygiene principles and hours
of sleep needed for their child
Sleep Hygiene Principles
• consistent bed times and wake times
• making sure that your child receives enough sleep every
day to feel alert and well rested
• naps based on developmental age and stage
• limiting caffeine before bedtime
• child's bedroom at a comfortable temperature
• Child not going to bed hungry
• child's bed and bedroom are inviting and comfortable
• a regular bedtime ritual to help child prepare for nighttime
sleep
New Protocol: BTSLEP
• Sleep hygiene intervention (protected sleep
time)
• Assessing fatigue, sleep quality, cytokine
activity and polymorphisms, and
neurotransmitters
You will have to wear the Actigraph all the time you are in the hospital.
The Actigraph looks like a watch. It is a little computer.
It will tell us how well you sleep.
You will let us draw a little bit of extra blood for special tests.
This would be with morning labs.
What will we do?
The staff will try hard to go in and out of your room less at night.
They will come in if you want them to.
We will put up an extra window cover to keep light out of your room
when you are sleeping.
From Pain to Sleep: PROs
• Asking and then Listening to our patients
• Having a standardized way of asking
• Acting on patients’ reports
Reference List
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Cleeland CS, Bennett GJ, Dantzer R et al. Are the symptoms of cancer and cancer treatment due to a shared biologic mechanism? A cytokine‐
immunologic model of cancer symptoms. Cancer 2003;97:2919‐2925.
Hinds PS, Hockenberry‐Eaton M, Gilger E et al. Comparing patient, parent, and staff descriptions of fatigue in pediatric oncology patients.
Cancer Nurs. 1999;22:277‐288.
Hinds PS, Schum L, Srivastava DK. Is clinical relevance sometimes lost in summative scores? West J.Nurs.Res. 2002;24:345‐353.
Hinds P, Scholes S, Gattuso J, Riggins M, Heffner B. Adaptation to illness in adolescents with cancer. J.Pediatr.Oncol.Nurs. 1990;7:64‐65.
Hinds PS, Hockenberry MJ, Gattuso JS et al. Dexamethasone alters sleep and fatigue in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Kurzrock R. The role of cytokines in cancer‐related fatigue. Cancer 2001;92:1684‐1688.
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Meeske KA, Siegel SE, Globe DR, Mack WJ, Bernstein L. Prevalence and correlates of fatigue in long‐term survivors of childhood leukemia.
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Vardy J, Chiew KS, Galica J, Pond GR, Tannock IF. Side effects associated with the use of dexamethasone for prophylaxis of delayed emesis
after moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Br.J.Cancer 2006;94:1011‐1015.
Wood LJ, Nail LM, Gilster A, Winters KA, Elsea CR. Cancer chemotherapy‐related symptoms: evidence to suggest a role for proinflammatory
cytokines. Oncol.Nurs.Forum 2006;33:535‐542.
References II
Belluco C, Olivieri F, Bonafe M et al. ‐174 G>C polymorphism of interleukin 6 gene promoter affects interleukin 6 serum level in
patients with colorectal cancer. Clin.Cancer Res. 2003;9:2173‐2176.
Fayad L, Cabanillas F, Talpaz M, McLaughlin P, Kurzrock R. High serum interleukin‐6 levels correlate with a shorter failure‐free
survival in indolent lymphoma. Leuk.Lymphoma 1998;30:563‐571.
Hong S, Mills PJ, Loredo JS, Adler KA, Dimsdale JE. The association between interleukin‐6, sleep, and demographic characteristics.
Brain Behav.Immun. 2005;19:165‐172.
Rich T, Innominato PF, Boerner J et al. Elevated serum cytokines correlated with altered behavior, serum cortisol rhythm, and
dampened 24‐hour rest‐activity patterns in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin.Cancer Res. 2005;11:1757‐1764.
Schiller JH, Storer BE, Witt PL et al. Biological and clinical effects of intravenous tumor necrosis factor‐alpha administered three
times weekly. Cancer Res. 1991;51:1651‐1658.
Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Lin HM et al. IL‐6 and its circadian secretion in humans. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2005;12:131‐140.
Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Bixler EO et al. Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and
inflammatory cytokines. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2004;89:2119‐2126.
Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Lin HM et al. Marked decrease in sleepiness in patients with sleep apnea by etanercept, a tumor
necrosis factor‐alpha antagonist. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2004;89:4409‐4413.
References
Kurzrock R. The role of cytokines in cancer‐related fatigue. Cancer 2001;92:1684‐1688.
Fayad L, Cabanillas F, Talpaz M, McLaughlin P, Kurzrock R. High serum interleukin‐6 levels correlate with a shorter failure‐free
survival in indolent lymphoma. Leuk.Lymphoma 1998;30:563‐571.
Rich T, Innominato PF, Boerner J et al. Elevated serum cytokines correlated with altered behavior, serum cortisol rhythm, and
dampened 24‐hour rest‐activity patterns in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin.Cancer Res. 2005;11:1757‐1764.
Belluco C, Olivieri F, Bonafe M et al. ‐174 G>C polymorphism of interleukin 6 gene promoter affects interleukin 6 serum level in
patients with colorectal cancer. Clin.Cancer Res. 2003;9:2173‐2176.
Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Lin HM et al. IL‐6 and its circadian secretion in humans. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2005;12:131‐140.
Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Bixler EO et al. Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and
inflammatory cytokines. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2004;89:2119‐2126.
Hong S, Mills PJ, Loredo JS, Adler KA, Dimsdale JE. The association between interleukin‐6, sleep, and demographic characteristics.
Brain Behav.Immun. 2005;19:165‐172.
Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Lin HM et al. Marked decrease in sleepiness in patients with sleep apnea by etanercept, a tumor
necrosis factor‐alpha antagonist. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2004;89:4409‐4413.
Schiller JH, Storer BE, Witt PL et al. Biological and clinical effects of intravenous tumor necrosis factor‐alpha administered three
times weekly. Cancer Res. 1991;51:1651‐1658.