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Coherence-Controlled mm-Wave Generation Using a Frequency-Shifting Recirculating Delay Line

Cibby Pulikkaseril, Student Member, IEEE, Stephen M. Hanham, Student Member, IEEE, Robert Shaw, Robert A. Minasian, Fellow, IEEE, Fellow, OSA, and Trevor S. Bird, Fellow, IEEE

AbstractA photonic technique based on optical heterodyning for the generation of microwave and millimeter-wave signals is presented in this paper. Coherence control of a comb of time-delayed and frequency-shifted optical signals is used to selectively beat multiple optical signals together to produce a stable, spectrally pure microwave, or millimeter-wave signal. This approach is demonstrated by generating signals at 11.25 and 30 GHz. The linewidth of the generated signal is independent of the linewidth of the optical source employed, and is shown to be less than 100 Hz with sideband suppression 30 dB. Index TermsMicrowave photonics, optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) generation.

I. INTRODUCTION HE generation of millimeter wave (mm-wave) and terahertz (THz) signals is of signicance for a diverse range of applications, including communications, spectroscopy, and radio astronomy. Frequency stable, narrow-linewidth signals are of particular interest for use as local oscillators and sources for high-resolution THz spectroscopy, as well as radio-over-ber (ROF) applications. Photonic techniques offer an attractive method for generating stable, narrow-linewidth mm-wave, and THz signals, and they have the advantage of allowing ease of distribution over optical ber prior to conversion into the electrical domain. A large range of techniques have been described in the literature for generating the suitable optical signals for heterodyning to produce a, mm-wave beat signal. Phase or injection locking of one or more lasers [1][3] can produce very narrow-linewidth signals with good suppression of unwanted tones. The disadvantage of these schemes is their complexity and cost. An alternate approach is the use of multimode or multiwavelength, DFB [4], [5], and ber lasers [6], [7].

There also exists a range of photonic techniques that use external amplitude [8], [9] or phase modulation [10], [11] of a single laser source. These techniques have the advantage of low complexity and cost, and are capable of producing a narrowlinewidth signal. A limitation can be the maximum frequency multiplication factor of the electronic source that is realizable. Kawanishi et al. overcame this problem by including a modulator inside a ber cavity, and used recirculation to enhance the sideband generation and increase the number of multiplications possible [8]. The interested reader can nd a review of these generation techniques in [12] and [13]. The objective of this paper is to present a new photonic technique for generating narrow-linewidth microwave and mm-wave signals, which has the advantage that the frequency of the generated signal can be readily recongured. It is based on the use of the concept of mutual coherence to control the beating of lines produced from a broadband optical source fed into an unbalanced MachZehnder interferometer (MZI), followed by a frequency-shifting recirculating delay line (FS-RDL) to produce a single narrow-linewidth mm-wave signal. In addition to offering a simple method for changing the frequency of the generated signal, this approach also enables the use of an inexpensive, broad-linewidth optical source. Results are presented that demonstrate the generation of stable microwave and mm-wave signals with a high sideband suppression ratio (SSR) and a narrow linewidth. This paper is organized as follows. The principle of operation and structure of the coherence-controlled signal generation technique is described in Section II. Section III presents a theoretical analysis of the predicted spectrum. Section IV presents the simulation results, and Section V describes the experimental results. Finally, the results are discussed in Section VI. II. COHERENCE-CONTROLLED MM-WAVE GENERATION The new structure for generating narrow-linewidth mm-wave signals, based on the concept of mutual coherence, is shown in Fig. 1. Light from a broadband optical source is passed into an unbalanced MZI, and is then fed into an FS-RDL. The output light is detected by a photodetector, which produces a beat signal at its output. The structure is similar to previously proposed structures used for coherence multiplexing [14][16], where multiple signals are differentiated using relative coherence and a frequency shifter is used to demultiplex them into frequency-separated signals. However, in this paper, we modify this to obtain a new concept for generating a single tone at a desired frequency. The unbalanced MZI formed by connecting two optical couplers with coupling coefcients of and has a path delay difference of between its two arms. This is followed by the

Manuscript received August 04, 2009; revised November 04, 2009. First published December 22, 2009; current version published March 05, 2010. This work was supported in part by the Australian Research Council and the Commonwealth Scientic and Industrial Research Organisation. C. Pulikkaseril and R. A. Minasian are with the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia (e-mail: cibby@ee.usyd.edu.au). S. M. Hanham is with the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia, and also with the Commonwealth Scientic and Industrial Research Organisation Information and Communication Technology Centre, Sydney, N.S.W. 1710, Australia. T. S. Bird and R. Shaw are with the Commonwealth Scientic and Industrial Research Organisation Information and Communication Technology Centre, Sydney, N.S.W. 1710, Australia. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/JLT.2009.2038725

0733-8724/$26.00 2010 IEEE

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results discussed in [18], which has used the FS-RDL to realize a high-resolution microwave photonic bandpass lter. In this paper, the phase-induced intensity noise of the FS-RDL has been analyzed, as well as the signal-spontaneous beat noise and the spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise. The rst case results in an output electric eld incident on the photodetector of

Fig. 1. General schematic of the device (PD = photodetector; FS = frequency shifter; and OA = optical amplier).

FS-RDL, comprising a loop formed by using an optical couand having an optical frepler with a coupling coefcient of quency shifter inside the loop. The FS-RDL produces a time for each recirculation and also a xed optical fredelay of , for each recirculation. An optical amplier is quency shift, used to compensate for the losses in the loop, thus providing an overall loop gain . The principle of operation is based on designing multiple light paths in the structure, so that only selected light paths with a determined frequency offset beat coherently at the photodetector while all other light paths beat incoherently. This is realized by designing the unbalanced MZI delay time, , to be an exact integer multiple, , of the FS-RDL loop delay time, , i.e., . Additionally, the delays, and , are selected for both be much longer than the coherence time of the optical source, i.e., . Under the condition that , light that has passed through the delayed branch in the MZI and has recirculated times will arrive at the photodetector at exactly the same time as light passing through the short arm of the loop, but has recirculated times in the FS-RDL. These will beat coherently at the photodetector to produce a single tone with frequency at the photodetector output. In practice, if they do not arrive at exactly the same time, as long as the signals arrive within the coherence time of the optical source, they will beat coherently [17], producing a delta function spectrum. Moreover, the condition guarantees that all other combinations of light paths beat incoherently, producing a noise spectrum at a level below the coherent beat tone. III. POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY ANALYSIS The spectrum analyzer displays the spectral density of the output current from the photodetector. We can predict the spectral characteristics of this photocurrent by considering the following two cases. Case 1): Light from the short arm of the MZI recirculates times in the FS-RDL and beats with light that was delayed by in the long arm of the MZI, and recirculates times in the FS-RDL. Case 2): Light from the same arm of the MZI recirculates and times in the FS-RDL and beats together at the photodetector. Mutual coherence only occurs in case 1) and only when , producing a narrow tone at ; when , the two beating signals are incoherent. The second case produces the same spectrum as the FS-RDL phase-induced intensity noise spectrum (PIIN) with a broad-linewidth source, similar to the

(1) is the input electric eld amplitude, is the angular where is the angular freoptical frequency of the input, quency shift in the loop, is the time-varying random phase is given by of the optical source, and (2) with

and is the net gain of the FS-RDL, which is the loop losses subtracted from the amplier gain. The photodetector responds to the output optical intensity of the device, which is given by

where

(3)

and is the intensity of the optical source. To derive an expression for the power spectral density of this current, we study the autocorrelation of the output optical intensity, where we assume that the only random process is the time-varying optical phase, which can be assumed to be a WienerLevy process [17]. The autocorrelation for case 1) is given by

(4)

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where denotes convolution, lations in the FS-RDL

is the total number of recircu-

(5)

with

(6) (7) (8)

The total power spectral density of the device is given by the sum of the power spectral densities of the two cases 1) and 2) as follows: (9) The WienerKhinchine theorem is used to obtain the power spectral density from the autocorrelation function. Applying this theorem, the power spectral density of case 1), which occurs when pairs of signals that have traveled through different MZI paths beat at the photodetector, can be expressed as

Fig. 2. Term F

(!) plotted for M = 38; 39; 40; and 41.

However, it should be noted that this analysis neglects the contribution of amplied spontaneous emission (ASE) noise from the FS-RDL optical amplier, as has also been done previously [16], [19]. The reason is that since the structure produces incoherent beat noise at all frequencies, the PIIN spectrum is considered to dominate over both signal-spontaneous and spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise spectra [20]. IV. SIMULATION RESULTS Using the expressions that were derived in the previous section, simulations were carried out to predict the power spectral density of the coherence-controlled mm-wave signal generator. As an example, we consider the generation of a 30 GHz tone. Using a frequency shift of 750 MHz inside the loop, we design the MZI length difference to be 40 times the FS-RDL loop length. Fig. 2 depicts the phenomenon of mutual coherence. is plotted for Using (11), the term and 41, given a source linewidth of MHz, and for m, m, and MHz. Fig. 2 shows that , a sharp delta signal is produced at 30 GHz. It for is required to align the genshould be noted that precision in erated tone with one of the resonant peaks of the FS-RDL to ensure that the signal power improves relative to the other peaks. The delta function spectrum is produced at 30 GHz from the beating of lines that are 40 recirculations apart. Conversely, lines with a different frequency offset beat incoherently, thus producing Lorentzian spectra. Since the generated signal is formed by the beating of optical signals that are ideally coherent, i.e., they have traveled the same distance, the resulting power spectrum collapses from a laser phase spectrum of arbitrary coherence to a delta function spectrum. The result is that a broad-linewidth optical source can be used to produce a narrow-linewidth signal and a relatively low-frequency shift can produce a high-frequency tone. In effect, the RF signal driving the frequency shifter is multiplied to a higher frequency signal. Fig. 3 shows the resulting power spectrum output. A narrowlinewidth signal centered at 30 GHz is generated, with a noise

(10) where (12) and . Case 2) occurs when pairs of signals that have traveled through the same arm of the MZI beat at the photodetector and produces the PIIN spectrum of an FS-RDL operating in the incoherent regime. The noise power spectral density of this case is identical to (10), except that the index a is replaced by b, and is given by

(13) where

and

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Fig. 3. Predicted spectrum for a generated 30 GHz signal corresponding to  recirculations.

= 40

Fig. 5. Sideband suppression ratio versus overall loop gain G for optical source linewidths of 100 and 250 MHz, and 1 GHz, and  recirculations.

= 40

Fig. 6. Tuning the generated signal frequency by adjusting the MZI length, L . Fig. 4. Effect on the SSR, of an inaccuracy in the matching of L to L , for optical source linewidths of 100 and 250 MHz, and 1 GHz, and  recirculations.

= 40

oor arising from the PIIN of the FS-RDL. The 30 GHz signal is aligned with a resonant peak of the recirculating loop, and this is a design choice to increase the signal power by matching the signal frequency to a resonant peak of the loop. A consequence of this effect is that the experimental realization of this device needs to include a tunable optical delay line to accurately adjust the length of the loop. The SSR, which is dened as the ratio of the power of the desired signal compared to the highest adjacent sideband power, is maximized when the desired signal is aligned with one of the resonant peaks of the recirculating loop. It can be noted that though the source can have a broad linewidth, for practical considerations, the linewidth should not be too broad because a broad-linewidth source has a smaller coherence length, which imposes more stringent length matching and . requirements between Fig. 4 shows the effect on the SSR of inaccuracy in the to for various optical source linewidths. matching of As expected, a perfect length match results in the highest SSR. It can be seen that the broader the optical source linewidth is, the greater the penalty in the SSR reduction due to a given ber

length mismatch. This analysis assumes that the desired tone is aligned with a resonant peak of the recirculating loop. Fig. 5 shows the effect of the loop gain on the SSR for various optical source linewidths. The results indicate that a broad will produce linewidth coupled with high loop gain the optimum SSR. The SSR continues to increase as the optical source linewidth increases; however, increasingly larger linewidths are required to make incremental improvements in the SSR, and practical considerations, such as the nite gain bandwidth of the optical amplier and increased sensitivity to ber perturbations, limit the linewidth that can be used. An important advantage of the coherence-controlled signal generation source is that the generated signal frequency can be tuned to another multiple of the frequency shifter by simply changing the length of an arm of the MZI. This changes , which controls the number of frequency-shifted recirculations, separating signals that beat coherently at the photodetector. Fig. 6 shows that the generated signal frequency is tuned from 11.25 from 15 to 40 . to 30 GHz by changing V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS In order to verify the coherence-controlled mm-wave generation concept, experiments were set up using the conguration

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Fig. 7. Experimental setup (PM

= phase modulator; PC polarization controller; and PD = photodetector).

shown in Fig. 7. The broadband optical source was implemented using a tunable laser (Santec TSL-210), having an output power of 10 dBm at 1559.5 nm, whose linewidth was broadened by using the instruments inbuilt coherence control function, and in addition also had its output phase modulated with a 500 MHz pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS), as described in [21]. The principle of the instruments inbuilt coherence control was based on modulating the laser cavity length to make its spectrum linewidth wider. In order to broaden the linewidth further to beyond several hundred megahertzs, the output was phase modulated by the 500 MHz PRBS sequence, which enabled the generation of a broad-linewidth optical source, where the linewidth was also tunable by changing the PRBS modulation. The frequency shift was implemented using a 750 MHz acousto-optic frequency shifter (AOFS) (Brimrose). It should be pointed out that the RF signal driver to the frequency shifter should have high spectral purity. In the case of an electronic oscillator whose frequency is multiplied by n, the phase noise exhibits a degradation because uctuations are increased by a factor and a similar effect has been demonstrated for photonically generated oscillators [8], [22]. Thus, it is important to use an RF signal driver with low phase noise, especially if a large number of recirculations are used, and for this purpose, an Agilent E8257D source set to 750 MHz followed by a power amplier was used to drive the AOFS. The output of the power amplier was 22 dBm, which was 8 dBm lower than the drive power required by the AOFS. This caused an increase in the insertion loss of the AOFS; however, this was compensated by using a high-gain erbium-doped ber amplier (EDFA) in the loop. To prevent out-of-band ASE noise from recirculating in the loop, an optical lter was also placed after the AOFS. A tunable optical delay line was included in the loop to allow the loop length to be adjusted to ensure that the generated signal aligned with a resonant peak of the recirculating delay line. The initial conguration was designed to produce a coherence-controlled signal after 15 recirculations, i.e., at 11.25 GHz. m; hence, the The length of the loop was set to be required unbalanced delay in the MZI was 15 times this value, m. The precision in the loop length is a result i.e., of the precise alignment required to match the desired signal to a resonant peak, which was readily achieved with the tun-

Fig. 8. Generated 11.25 GHz signal using a low phase noise frequency shifter driver.

Fig. 9. Measured single sideband phase noise for the generated 11.25 GHz signal.

able optical delay line. The output was detected by an amplied photodetector with a 12 GHz bandwidth, and the power spectrum was displayed on an electrical spectrum analyzer. It can be noted that the FS-RDL is highly resistant to lasing or self-oscillation and quite stable. This is due to the presence of the frequency shifter in the loop, which causes each recirculation to be frequency shifted, thus preventing self-oscillation. We have not observed oscillations in the FS-RDL when it has been used for generating mm-wave signals. The measured spectrum is shown in Fig. 8 taken with a resolution bandwidth of 10 kHz. A tone is produced at 11.25 GHz. A high measured SSR of 35.5 dB can be seen. Fig. 8 also shows the predicted spectrum using parameters of MHz, MHz, m, and m. Good agreement can be seen between measurement and prediction. Fig. 9 shows the measured phase noise. The peak in the plot at around 20 kHz is an artifact caused by the source laser instruments inbuilt coherence control function, which was veried by its disappearance when this function was disabled. The coherence control function was nevertheless necessary to achieve sufcient linewidth broadening of the optical source, but, in prac-

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Fig. 10. Entire spectrum for the generated 30 GHz signal. (a) Predicted and (b) measured results.

Fig. 12. Comparison of experimental results with theory for the generated 30 GHz signal.

VI. DISCUSSION The experimental results shown in Section V demonstrate the validity of using coherence control to generate narrow-linewidth high-frequency mm-wave or microwave signals. The frequency of the generated signal was observed to be quite stable, i.e., the generated signal did not exhibit any frequency jitter or drift over an observation period of 8 h. This is because the frequency stability of the device depends on the RF source driving the frequency shifter, not the optical signal, and the former can be made to be very stable. Although this technique was demonstrated for 11.25 and 30 GHz, our theoretical model indicates that the approach will scale to higher frequencies, thereby enabling the generation of terahertz signals if a sufciently wide comb of frequencies can be produced. This could be achieved by using optical frequency shifters with a larger frequency shift, such as electrooptic frequency shifters that have shown 25 GHz frequency shift [23], in combination with a high-frequency photodetector or photomixer and a gain medium in the loop with sufcient bandwidth to support such a comb. For instance, a 300 GHz signal could be generated by using a 10 GHz electrooptic frequency shifter, with the unbalanced length of the MZI set to 30 times the length of the FS-RDL. The measured SRR of 35.5 dB compares favorably with other published results [2], [3], [7], [9], [10]. A reduction of the PIIN noise, for example, by using an optical source with a broader linewidth, could further improve this value. The phase noise of the system at small offset frequencies of around 300400 Hz is higher than that reported for phase and injection locking schemes [2], [3], [24]. This is believed to be caused by mechanical vibrations or thermal uctuations of the optical bers, which causes perturbations in the light paths. We have investigated, using the model, whether the requirement on the light arriving by different paths within the coherence time to beat coherently, or whether the requirement on the loop length being in precise alignment to align the generated signal with a resonant peak of the recirculating delay line, is more critical and sensitive to perturbations. For the experimental parameters

Fig. 11. Comparison of experimental results with theory for the generated 30 GHz signal.

tice, it could be dispensed with by replacing the laser with a broadband optical source. dBc/Hz at 3 kHz from the carrier and The phase noise is dBc/Hz at 1 MHz from the carrier. The measured is below linewidth of the generated signal was less than 100 Hz. Finally, the frequency of the generated signal was changed to 30 GHz, which corresponds to 40 recirculations of the 750 MHz frequency shift. This was done by simply increasing the became 40 times ratio between the MZI and loop lengths, so . Another driver for the AOFS was used in this experiment. For this 30 GHz signal generation case, an unamplied phoPhotonics) was used todetector with a 50 GHz bandwidth ( to measure the signal. The optical power incident on the photodetector was 5.0 dBm. Fig. 10 shows the measured spectrum. It can be seen that a very pure tone at 30 GHz has been produced, with virtually no spurious signals. Figs. 11 and 12 show a closer view of the generated tone. A good agreement between measurements and predictions can be seen.

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used, it was found that the loop length precision is the more critical factor, and small perturbations in the loop length due to mechanical or thermal uctuations can cause amplitude variations in the generated signal. Hence, the loop length needs to be stabilized. Such effects have also been reported in the phase noise of a generated mm-wave signal for offset frequencies less than kHz when optical ber was used as the guiding medium as opposed to an integrated waveguide on a planar lightwave circuit [25], and arose from optical path length uctuations due to thermal and mechanical uctuations. The solution to this is to integrate the system on one substrate, as has been demonstrated in [8]. VII. CONCLUSION A new photonic technique for generating narrow-linewidth microwave and mm-wave signals has been presented. It is based on the use of mutual coherence to control the beating of light from a broadband optical source applied to an unbalanced MZI cascaded with an FS-RDL. This has the advantage that the frequency of the generated signal can be readily recongured, and also enables the use of an inexpensive broad-linewidth optical source. Results have demonstrated the generation of 11.25 GHz signals with a high SSR of 35.5 dB and a narrow linewidth of less than 100 Hz, as well as the generation of 30 GHz signals. Excellent agreement was obtained between the mathematical model prediction of the generated spectrum and experiments. Since the low-frequency RF driver to the frequency shifter can be very stable, the generated tone was also very stable, exhibiting very little frequency drift and having a linewidth of less than 100 Hz. The use of a higher frequency shift in the optical loop offers the possibility of generating signals that can scale to the THz range. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to acknowledge B. Corcoran for his help and advice. REFERENCES
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[7] Z. Deng and J. Yao, Photonic generation of microwave signal using a rational harmonic mode-locked ber ring laser, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 763767, Feb. 2006. [8] T. Kawanishi, S. Oikawa, K. Yoshiara, T. Sakamoto, S. Shinada, S. , and M. Izutsu, Low noise photonic millimeter-wave generation using an integrated reciprocating optical modulator, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 669671, Mar. 2005. [9] J. Zhang, H. Chen, M. Chen, T. Wang, and S. Xie, A photonic microwave frequency quadrupler using two cascaded intensity modulators with repetitious optical carrier suppression, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 19, no. 14, pp. 10571059, Jul. 2007. [10] G. Qi, J. Yao, J. Seregelyi, S. Paquet, and C. Belisle, Optical generation and distribution of continuously tunable millimeter-wave signals using an optical phase modulator, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 26872695, Sep. 2005. [11] V. Torres-Company, M. Fernndez-Alonso, and J. Lancis, Millimeterwave and microwave signal generation by low-bandwidth electro-optic phase modulation, Opt. Exp., vol. 14, no. 21, pp. 96179626, Oct. 2004. [12] A. Seeds and K. Williams, Microwave photonics, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 46284641, Dec. 2006. [13] J. Yao, Microwave photonics, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 314335, Feb. 2009. [14] J. Brooks, R. Wentworth, R. Youngquist, M. Tur, B. Kim, and H. Shaw, Coherence multiplexing of ber-optic interferometric sensors, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 10621072, Oct. 1985. [15] D. Jong and K. Hotate, Frequency division multiplexing of optical ber sensors using an optical delay loop with a frequency shifter, Appl. Opt., vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 12891297, Apr. 1989. [16] K. Iiyama and K. Hayashi, Frequency domain detection of coherence multiplexed sensor signals by using an optical loop with a frequency shifter, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 20692075, Nov. 1997. [17] B. Moslehi, Analysis of optical phase noise in ber-optic systems employing a laser source with arbitrary coherence time, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. LT-4, no. 9, pp. 13341351, Sep. 1986. [18] C. Pulikkaseril, E. H. W. Chan, and R. A. Minasian, Coherence free microwave photonic bandpass lter using a frequency-shifting recirculating delay line, J. Lightw. Technol., to be published. [19] Han and Wang, Analysis of a loss-compensated recirculating delayed self-heterodyne interferometer for laser linewidth measurement, Appl. Phys. B, Photophys. Laser Chem., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 5358, 2005. [20] J. T. Kringlebotn and K. Blotekjaer, Noise analysis of an amplied ber-optic recirculating-ring delay line, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 573582, Mar. 1994. [21] E. H. W. Chan and R. A. Minasian, Optical source coherence controller for ber optic delay line RF/microwave signal processors, Opt. Commun., vol. 254, pp. 104111, May 2005. [22] G. Qi, J. Yao, J. Seregelyi, S. Paquet, C. Belisle, X. Zhang, K. Wu, and R. Kashyap, Phase-noise analysis of optically generated millimeterwave signals with external optical modulation techniques, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 48614875, Dec. 2006. [23] T. Kawanishi, K. Higuma, T. Fujita, J. Ichikawa, T. Sakamoto, S. Shinada, and M. Izutsu, High-speed optical FSK modulator for optical packet labeling, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 8794, Apr. 2005. [24] L. Johansson and A. Seeds, Millimeter-wave modulated optical signal generation with high spectral purity and wide-locking bandwidth using a ber-integrated optical injection phase-lock loop, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 690692, Jun. 2000. [25] A. Hirata, H. Togo, N. Shimizu, H. Takahashi, K. Okamoto, and T. Nagatsuma, Low-phase noise photonic millimeter-wave generator using an AWG integrated with a 3-dB combiner, IEICE Trans. Electron., vol. E88-C, no. 7, pp. 14581464, Jul. 2005.

Cibby Pulikkaseril (S05) received the B.Sc. (EE) degree from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, and the M.Eng. degree from McGill University, Montral, QC, Canada. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the Fibre-Optics and Photonics Laboratory, School of Electrical and information Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. His research interests include resonant ber optic devices for signal processing and photonic generation of high-frequency signals.

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Stephen M. Hanham (S03) received the B.E. and B.Sc. degrees from the University of Western Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia, in conjunction with the Commonwealth Scientic and Industrial Research Organization Information and Communications Technology Centre, Sydney. His research interests include terahertz technology, antennas, and microwave photonics.

Robert Shaw received the B.E. and B.Sc. degrees from the University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia, and the B.Th. degree from Moore Theological College, Sydney. From 1985 to 1992, he was with OTC, Australia, and during 1992, he was with Alcatel-TCC. Since February 1996, he has been with the Commonwealth Scientic and Industrial Research Organization Information and Communications Technology Centre, Sydney, where he is currently an RF Engineer.

Robert A. Minasian (S78M80SM00F03) received the B.E. degree from the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia, the M.Sc. degree from the University College, University of London, London, U.K., and the Ph.D. from the University of Melbourne, Melbourne. He is currently a Chair Professor in the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia, where he is also the Director of the Fibre-Optics and Photonics Laboratory, and was the Head of the School of Electrical and Information Engineering. His research interests include optical signal processing and telecommunications, photonic signal processing, microwave photonics, broadband optical communications, and optical phased arrays. He has contributed 238 technical publications in these areas. He also holds various patents and has done consulting work with industry. He is an Associate Editor of the Optical Fiber Technology. Prof. Minasian is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America. He is also a Fellow of the Institute of Engineers, Australia. He has served on the Australian Research Council as a member of the College of Experts. He is a member of the Technical Committee on Microwave Photonics of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (IEEE MTT-S), and has served and is on the program committees for several international conferences including the IEEE International Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP2003MWP2009), the Asia Pacic Microwave Conference, the IEEE International Microwave Symposium (IMS2006), the Asia-Pacic Microwave Photonics Conference (APMP2006APMP2009), and the IEEE Laser and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting (LEOS2005). He was the recipient of the ATERB Medal for Outstanding Investigator in Telecommunications, awarded by the Australian Telecommunications and Electronics Research Board.

Trevor S. Bird (S71M76SM85F97) received the B.App.Sc., M.App.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia, in 1971, 1973, and 1977, respectively. From 1976 to 1978, he was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Queen Mary College, University of London, London, U.K. He was a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering, James Cook University of North Queensland, for ve years. During 1982 and 1983, he was a Consultant at Plessey Radar, U.K. In December 1983, he joined the Commonwealth Scientic and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Sydney, N.S.W., Australia, where he held several positions with CSIRO, and is currently the Chief Scientist in the CSIRO Information and Communications Technology Centre, and is a CSIRO Fellow. He is also an Adjunct Professor at Macquarie University, Sydney. He has published widely in the areas of antennas, waveguides, electromagnetics, wireless, and satellite communication antennas. He holds 12 patents. Dr. Bird is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological and Engineering Sciences, the Institution of Electrical Technology, U.K., and an Honorary Fellow of the Institution of Engineers, Australia. In 1988, 1992, 1995, and 1996, he received the John Madsen Medal of the Institution of Engineers, Australia, for the best paper published annually in the Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Australia, and in 2001, he was the corecipient of the H. A. Wheeler Applications Prize Paper Award from the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. He was the recipient of the CSIRO Medal Award in 1990 for the development of an Optus-B satellite spot beam antenna, and again in 1998 for the multibeam antenna feed system for the Parkes radio telescope. He was the recipient of the 2000 IEEE Third Millennium Medal for outstanding contributions to the IEEE New South Wales Section. Engineering projects that he played a major role in were given awards by the Society of Satellite Professionals International (New York) in 2004, the Engineers Australia in 2001, and the Communications Research Laboratory, Japan, in 2000. In 2003, he was awarded a Centenary Medal for service to Australian Society in telecommunications, and was also named Professional Engineer of the Year by the Sydney Division of Engineers Australia. His biography is listed in Whos Who in Australia. He was a Distinguished Lecturer for the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society from 1997 to 1999, the Chair of the New South Wales Joint AP/MTT Chapter from 1995 to 1998, and again in 2003, the Chairman of the 2000 Asia Pacic Microwave Conference, a Member of the New South Wales Section Committee from 19952005, and was the Vice Chair and Chair of the Section in 19992000 and 20012002, respectively. He was an Associate Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION from 2001 to 2004, a member of the Administrative Committee of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society from 2003 to 2005, and a member of the College of Experts of the Australian Research Council from 20062007. He has been a member of the technical committee of numerous conferences including the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, the Conformity Assessment Program, Antennas and Propagation 2000, Infrared and Millimeter Waves/THz, and the URSI Electromagnetic Theory Symposium. Currently, he is member of the Editorial Boards of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES and the Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves. He has been the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION since 2004.