1. A scientific theoryis a way to link together a group of related hypotheses that are consistent with one another 2.

A zoonosis is a disease of other animals that can infect humans 3. Amphibians differ from lizards, birds, and mammals because they have a permeable skin 4. Anatomy is the study of structure and physiology is the study of function. 5. Antibiotics very often come from fungi & bacteria, which use them in the wild to kill/inhibit ecological competitors. 6. Chlorophyll is green because it reflects green light 7. Chytrids differ from typical mushrooms, mold, and yeast because chytrids have flagella thus they swim 8. Euglenas dont congregate in the beam of a red laser pointer because they cant detect red light 9. Frogs, horses, and people all have 1 bone(s) in the upper (proximal) arm/forelimb: called the humerus 10. Horses and people have an enclosed rib cage with a sternum, and frogs dont. Why? Frogs use their mouths to inflate their lungs. 11. In humans, the movement of the fingers is caused by muscles in the forearm, connected to the fingers through tendons 12. In this course, what is meant by life by example? Life can best be understood and studied as a set of examples linked by general theories 13. One of the advantages to some organisms living on land is abundance of oxygen. 14. One of the pieces of evidence that the tetrapods (organisms such as frogs, horses, and people) are more closely related to each other than to nontetrapods is they have similar body plans, most easily explained by inheritance from a common ancestor 15. Scientists who study amphibians generally agree that the most likely single reason for their worldwide dieoff is: chytrid fungus that invades, eats, and disrupts their skin. 16. The Calvin cycle uses _____ and produces _____.ATP, highenergy electrons (reducing power) , and carbon dioxideglucose or other organic compounds 17. The chytrid disease of amphibians spreads by flagellated spores that swim from animal to animal 18. The length of the esophagus in different vertebrates is most closely correlated with the length of neck & chest 19. The part of the musculoskeletal system that connects bones to bones is called a ligament 20. What is the importance of falsifying a hypothesis? Showing a hyp is wrong is easier to prove 21. What is the relationship of organs to tissues? Organs are made up of one or more types of tissue 22. When it comes to the chytrid infection, bullfrogs Are infected, and can spread the disease, but are not often killed by it. 23. Which of these does not produce digestive enzymes? fascia 24. Why can we effectively define science, but not life? science was created by humans 25. Why do horses have a longer neck than people? Horses are adapted to lowering their heads to the ground 26. _____ are containers for DNA; every (haploid/diploid) cell has two copies of each one. Chromosomes, diploid 27. Every organism contains within it traces of its entire evolutionary history means that the homologies organisms inherit show their relatioships. 28. A codon, or word, in a DNA sequence consists of _____ nucleotide bases. 3 29. A genealogy of species is called a phylogeny 30. A pollen grain is a tiny haplod male plant 31. An organism with cells having one set of chromosomes is called _____ and one with two sets of chromosomes is _____. Haploid, diploid 32. An unfertilized egg produced by a queen honeybeewill develop into a drone male honeybee 33. Flowers and fruits are the diagnostic unique homologies of which clade? Flowering plants 34. Genetic drift refers to a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance 35. In birds and horses, the gametes (eggs and sperm) are the only _____ cells. haploid 36. Mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA 37. Natural selection is a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics 38. Peas can be green or yellow. We know this trait is controlled by a single gene. If we mate a pea plant with green peas to one with yellow peas, all the offspring will have yellow peas. We can thus hypothesize that the allele for yellow peas is dominant 39. Sexual reproduction involves two specific events, _____ and _____.meiosis and syngamy 40. The antidote to mutation is sex 41. The antidote to sex is speciation

42. The four letters of the DNA alphabet are A, C, G, T 43. The homology that marks vertebrates as a clade is the backbone 44. The principle of parsimony states that simplest explanation tends to be correct 45. We cross two pea plants, each of which produce yellow peas. Of their 100 offpsring, 75 have yellow peas and 25 have green peas. It is most likely that the parents are heterozygous 46. We know that insects constitute a clade because they share the homology of six walking legs 47. What is homology? Similarity that comes from common ancestry 48. What is homoplasy? False homology 49. Which feature is not shared by crocodilians and birds? feathers 50. Which of the following is not true of herpesviruses? Herpesviruses only infect humans 51. The one homology that seems to be shared by all organisms alive on Earth is genetic code 52. The two main groups of prokaryotes are the eubacteria, Archaebacteria 53. Chloroplasts are cellular organelles that originated from freeliving cyanobacteria 54. The red tide is caused by which kind of organisms? phytoplankton 55. Which of these is not one of the four major groups of eukaryotes with complex multicellular members? These are: stramenopiles, archaeplastids, fungi, animals 56. Which of the following factors is not important for maintaining the scrub (chaparral) biome? chaparral vegetation grows with results of fire, temperate are high, little rain 57. Why isnt Pomona a grassland? Because of humani inhabition 58. When the daily range of temperature exceeds the yearly range, you know youre in the tropical forest 59. Because coniferous forests are often at high latitudes, the trees grow tall and skinny to avoid snow accumulation 60. Deciduous trees (which lose their leaves in winter) most likely first evolved in a _____ climate and only later became adapted for cold temperatures. hot 61. Which of the following do grasslands and savannah not have in common? 62. The biggest difference between the tundra of the arctic and antarctic and the tundra on high tropical mountains Is no permafrost in high mountains 63. Which of the following is not important for determining the biome of a region? These are: climate, phys factors, vegetation and animals 64. A group of interacting individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area at the same time is a genetic population 65. Which of these is a measure of population density? Age, surviroship, life history 66. The relative number of individuals of each age in a population is called the age structure/group 67. We know that a newly studied species has a Type I survivorship curve (like humans). When we examine the age distribution, we find that there are many fewer individuals below reproductive age that there are at reproductive age (the widest part of the age distribution is in the middle). This tells us that the population size will decrease 68. Which of the following is true of equilibrial species 69. You are most likely to see a population in exponential growth when there is abundant resources, limited predators, mating season, and population recovery. 70. Logistic growth levels off because the population reaches carrying capacity 71. An example of a densitydependent factor that limits growth is food/nesting 72. In a population cycle, what is the relationship between the predator and the prey? Predator eats prey 73. What is a reason that does not explain rabbits being invasive in Australia? Periodic changes in abundance cycling of prey and predator, independent of resources 74. The rate of growth of the global human population is decreasing. Why is the population increasing? Because people are still reproducing as a whole, but in a smaller rate. 75. From the age distributions for Mexico in 1985 and 2010, we can tell that the population is decreasing 76. Following World War Two, there was an increase in birth rate in the United States. That time is called the baby boom 77. According to the animated population pyramid (based on data from the United Nations), the human population of the Earth is expected to stabilize at around _____ billion individuals. 12 billion 78. The amount of land (anywhere in the world) necessary to support one person is a measure of that persons ecological footprint

79. Which of the following is a factor in humans being an invasive species? Life history strategy, environmental adaptability, response to, creation of, disturbance 80. Which of the following is not a measure of biodiversity? These are: species, genetic or ecosystem diversity 81. Which of the following is not a threat to biodiversity? These are: habitat destr, invasive species, over-exploitation and pollution. 82. An assemblage of populations of different species is a definition of community 83. A biological community and its physical environment is a definition of ecosystem 84. The interspecific interaction in which both species benefit is called mutualism 85. A secondary consumer is an organism that eats primary consumers, second in line 86. In order for biological magnification to occur, the substance to be biomagnified must 87. Species diversity can be measured as species richness, relative abundance 88. In an ecological sense, a force that damages a biological community, at least temporarily, by destroying organisms and altering the availability of resources needed by organisms in the community is called a(n) disturbance 89. A type of ecological succession that occurs when a disturbance has destroyed an existing biological community, but left the soil intact, is called secondary succession 90. Which of the following is of primary interest to an ecosystem ecologist? Ecological succession 91. At each higher level in the food pyramid, organisms form __[proportion]___ the biomass (weight of living organisms) of the level below. 10k cal times 92. A major geological reservoir for carbon is photosynthesis and cellular respiration 93. Phosphorus is an important nutrient because it is used to make ATP, nucleic acids, phospholipids 94. Which of the following statements about soil nitrogen is not true? True: part of plant nutrience, w/out bacteria, usable soil nitrogen would be limited 95. Two common chemical elements involved in nutrient pollution are a. nitrogen and phosphorus b. carbon and oxygen c. magnesium and cobalt d. hydrogen and helium e. iron and sulfur 96. Which of the following does not explain why California is a biodiversity hot spot? Has large number of endangered and threatened species, has endemic species 97. Which of the following statements about ecotones is false? Deer and jungle importance, humans are ecotone species 98. What is a mesopredator? Medium sized predator which increases in abundance when larger predators are eliminated 99. One factor responsible for the failure of some ecological restorations in southern California is 100. Which of the following is not a reason why sustainable development may fail reasons: Kitchen garden, mayans: possible to have sustainable development until you get greedy, manipulation of the environment to benefit from it