Part4 IEEETutorialonTRVHVCircuitBreakers-Dufournet PDF

Transient Recovery Voltages (TRVs)
for High Voltage Circuit Breakers

Calgary, October 16
th
2008
Denis Dufournet
IEEE Fellow
Chairman IEC TC17
Senior Expert Areva T&D
> Transient Recovery Voltages, D.Dufournet October 2008 2 2
Introduction
Importance of TRV
The TRV is a decisive parameter that limits the
interrupting capability of a circuit breaker.
The interrupting capability of a circuit breaker was found to
be strongly dependent on TRV in the 1950s.
Standard requirements for TRV were first introduced in
1971: in C37.072 (IEEE Std. 327) and IEC 56.
When developing interrupting chambers, manufacturers
must check and prove the withstand of TRVs specified in
the standards for different test duties.
Users must specify TRVs in accordance with their
applications.
Test laboratories must define test circuits that meet the
TRV requirements.
Content
General considerations on TRVs, types of TRV, current
asymmetry and circuit-breaker influence on TRV
Terminal fault
First pole to clear
TRV ratings
Arcing times & TRVs
Special case of Generator circuit-breakers
Short-line fault
ITRV (Initial TRV)
Out-of-phase
(Long) Line faults
Application considerations
Selection of circuit breakers for TRV
General considerations on
Transient Recovery Voltages (TRVs)
TRV for High-voltage Circuit Breakers
The recovery voltage is the voltage which appears across the
terminals of a pole of circuit breaker after current interruption.
Xs
U
A B
Recovery
voltage
Current
Transi ent recovery
voltage
Power frequency
recovery vol tage
Recovery vol tage
Current Interruption Process (in gas blast circuit breakers)
Two contacts are
separated in each
interrupting chamber.
An arc is generated,
it is cooled and
extinguished when
current passes
through zero.
During the interruption process, the arc loses rapidly its conductivity as
the instantaneous current approaches zero.
During the first microseconds after current zero, the TRV withstand is
function of the energy balance in the arc: thermal phase of interruption.
Later, the voltage withstand is function of the dielectric withstand
between contacts: dielectric phase of interruption.
The breaking operation is successful if the circuit breaker is able to
withstand the TRV and the power frequency recovery voltage.
The TRV is the difference between the voltages on the source side and
on the load side of the circuit breaker.
Gas circuit breakers:
within a few
microseconds after
current zero, arc
resistance (R
arc
)
reaches 1 million ohms
in a few microseconds
and current stops
flowing in the circuit.
TRV
TRV (kV)
I (A)
Thermal Restrike
During tens of microseconds around current zero, the evolution of
arc resistance is function of the energy balance in the arc i.e. the
difference over time between the power input (U
arc
x I = R
arc
. I
2
) and
the power loss by gas cooling.
If the gas blast is not sufficient, the arc resistance stop increasing
after current zero, it decreases to a low value, as a consequence
the interval between contacts becomes conductive again.
This type of restrike is called a thermal restrike.
Arc model:
R
arc
= arc resistance P
loss
= dissipated power
= arc time constant U
arc
= arc voltage I = current
loss
arc arc arc
P
I U R
dt
dR

= 1
The nature of the TRV is dependent on the circuit being interrupted,
whether primarily resistive, capacitive or inductive, (or some
combination).
When interrupting a fault at the circuit breaker terminal (terminal
fault) in an inductive circuit, the supply voltage at current zero is
maximum.
The circuit breaker interrupts at current zero (at a time when the
power input is minimum) the voltage on the supply side terminal
meets the supply voltage in a transient process called the TRV.
TRV frequency is
with L = short-circuit inductance
C = supply capacitance.
C L 2
1
Current and TRV waveforms during interruption of inductive current
CURRENT
TRANSIENT RECOVERY
VOLTAGE
Supply voltage
TRV and recovery voltage in resistive, inductive
and capacitive circuits
-2
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03 0,035
RESISTIVE
CIRCUIT
INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
(with stray capacitance)
CAPACITIVE
CIRCUIT
Combination of the former basic cases are possible
Example #1: the TRV for mainly active load current breaking is a
combination of TRVs associated with the inductive and resistive
components of the circuit.
They are specified for high-voltage switches only as circuit-
breakers are able to interrupt with more severe TRVs (in
inductive circuits).
Example #2: circuit with
capacitive and inductive
components.
In a circuit with a low short-circuit
power, the recovery voltage during
interruption of a capacitive load is
the sum a (1 cos) wave-shape on
the load side and a voltage
oscillation on the supply side due a
transient across the short-circuit
(inductive) reactance at the time of
interruption.
The initial voltage jump tends to
increase the minimum arcing time
and therefore to increase the
shortest duration between contact
separation and the instant of peak
recovery voltage.
In standards, the voltage jump is
limited in amplitude in order to test
with the more severe condition.
Fault interruptions are often considered to produce the most
onerous TRVs. Shunt reactor switching is one of the
exceptions.
TRVs can be oscillatory, triangular, or exponential and can
occur as a combination of these forms.
The highest TRV peaks are met during capacitive current and
out-of-phase current interruption,
TRVs associated with the highest short-circuit current are
obtained during terminal fault and short-line-fault interruption.
In general, a network can be reduced to a simple parallel RLC
circuit for TRV calculations. This representation is valid for a
short-time period until voltage reflections return from remote
buses (see IEEE C37.011-2005)
The TRV in the parallel RLC circuit is oscillatory (under-
damped) if
The TRV in the parallel RLC circuit is exponential (over-
damped) if
C L R /
2
1
C L R /
2
1
R
C
(Vcb)
L
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TRV (p.u.)
R / (L / C)
0.5
=
10
4
2
1
0.75
0,5
0,3
t / RC
Note: damping of the oscillatory TRV is provided by R, as R is in parallel to L
and C (parallel damping) the higher the value of R the lower the damping (the
TRV peak increases when R increases).
Reflection from end of lines
When longer time frames are considered, typically several
hundreds of micro-seconds, reflections on lines have to be taken
into account.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
TIME (s)
VOLTAGE (kV)
SYSTEM TRV
TRV CAPABILITY FOR A
STANDARD BREAKER
REFLECTED WAVE
Lines or cables must then
be treated as components
with distributed elements
on which voltage waves
travel after current
interruption.
These traveling waves are
reflected and refracted
when reaching an open
circuit or a discontinuity.
The most severe TRVs tend to occur across the first pole to
clear of a circuit breaker interrupting a three-phase
symmetrical current at its terminal and when the system
voltage is maximum (see section on Terminal fault).
By definition, all TRV values defined in the standards are
inherent, i.e. the values that would be obtained during
interruption by an ideal circuit breaker without arc voltage
(arc resistance changes from zero to an infinite value at
current zero).
Types of TRVs
Exponential (over-damped) TRV
The exponential part of a TRV occurs when the equivalent
resistance of the circuit with N connected lines in parallel
R
eq
= is lower or equal to
where Z
1
= positive sequence surge impedance of a line
N = number of lines, = coefficient
L
eq
= source inductance, C
eq
= source capacitance.
It typically occurs when at least one transformer and one or
several lines are on the unfaulted side of the circuit breaker
and when a fault is cleared at the breaker terminals.
This exponential part of TRV is transmitted as traveling waves
on each of the transmission lines. Reflected wave(s) returning
from open lines or discontinuities contribute also to the TRV.
N
Z
1
eq eq
C L / 5 . 0
Exponential TRV characteristic
As an example, the following figure shows the one line diagram
of a 550kV substation. The TRV seen by circuit breaker (A)
when clearing the three-phase fault is shown in the next slide.
Circuit breaker (B) is open.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
TIME (s)
VOLTAGE (kV)
SYSTEM TRV
TRV CAPABILITY FOR A
STANDARD BREAKER
REFLECTED WAVE
A reflection occurs from the end of the shortest line
after 2 x 81 / 0.3 = 540 s
System TRV with reflected wave
Oscillatory (under-damped) TRV
An oscillatory TRV occurs generally when a fault is limited by a
transformer or a series reactor and no transmission line (or
cable) surge impedance is present to provide damping.
To be oscillatory, the equivalent resistance of the source side
has to be such that
L
eq
= equivalent source inductance, C
eq
= equivalent source
capacitance.
To meet this requirement, only a low number of lines should be
connected, therefore oscillatory TRVs are specified for
terminal fault test duties T10 and T30 for circuit breakers in
transmission systems (Ur 100 kV),
all terminal fault test duties in the case of circuit breakers in
distribution or sub-transmission systems (Ur < 100 kV).
In the large majority of cases, TRV characteristics (peak value
and rate-of-rise) are covered by the rated values defined in the
standards for terminal faults at 10% or 30% of rated short-
circuit current.
eq
eq
eq
C
L
n
Z
R 5 . 0 > =
TRV with triangular wave-shape
Triangular-shaped TRVs are associated with short-line faults
(see separate chapter).
After current interruption, the line side voltage exhibits a
characteristic triangular waveshape. The rate-of-rise of the
saw-tooth shaped TRV is function of the line surge impedance.
The rate-of rise is usually higher than that experienced with
exponential or oscillatory TRVs (with the same current),
however the TRV peak is generally low.
line
Circuit breaker
Asymmetry and circuit breaker
influence on TRV
Effects on TRV
Effect of asymmetry on TRV
The TRVs that occur when interrupting asymmetrical currents
are less severe (lower RRRV and TRV peak) than when
interrupting the related symmetrical current because the
instantaneous value of the supply voltage at the time of
interruption is less than the peak value.
TIME
CURRENT
SUPPLY VOLTAGE
Effects on TRV
Effect of asymmetry on TRV
IEEE C37.081 and IEC 62271-100 give the reduction factors of
the TRV peak and rate of rise of recovery voltage (RRRV)
when interrupting asymmetrical currents.
Effects on TRV
Effect of a circuit breaker on TRV
The circuit TRV can be modified by a circuit breaker. The TRV
measured across the terminals of two different types of circuit
breakers under identical conditions can be different.
To simplify both rating and application, the power system TRV
is defined / calculated ignoring the effect of the circuit breaker.
An ideal circuit breaker has no modifying effects on the
electrical characteristics of a system, when conducting its
impedance is zero, at current zero its impedance changes
from zero to infinity.
Effects on TRV
Effect of a circuit breaker on TRV
When a circuit breaker is fitted with grading capacitors or with
line-to-ground capacitors, these capacitors can reduce
significantly the rate-of-rise of TRV during short-line faults.
In the past, opening resistors (R) were used to assist interruption
by air blast circuit breakers.
Z R
R
+
RRRV is reduced by this factor:
where Z is the surge impedance
of the system.
Air blast Generator Circuit Breaker with
opening resistor
Terminal fault
Terminal fault TRV
First pole to clear factor
Terminal Fault TRV
Current - TRV - Recovery Voltage
CURRENT
TRANSIENT RECOVERY
VOLTAGE
RECOVERY
VOLTAGE
The recovery voltage is function of the system grounding
and the type of fault.
Terminal Fault TRV
First Pole to Clear Factor (k
pp
)
During 3-phase faults, the recovery voltage is higher on
the first pole to clear.
The first-pole-to clear factor is the ratio of the power
frequency voltage across the first interrupting pole, before
current interruption in the other poles, to the power
frequency voltage occurring across the pole after
interruption in all three poles.
The ratio between the recovery voltage (RV) across the
first pole to clear and the phase to earth voltage of the
system
is called the first pole to clear factor.
3
r
U
RV
kpp =
Terminal Fault TRV
First Pole to Clear Factor (k
pp
)
A
B
E
R
E
S
E
T
3
r
U
kpp
3
r
U
Terminal Fault TRV
When tests are performed single-phase, as substitution to
three-phase tests, the supply voltage must be multiplied by k
pp
in order to have the recovery voltage that would be met during
three-phase tests.
The firstpoleto-clear factor (k
pp
) is a function of the
grounding arrangements of the system and of the type of fault.
For systems with non-effectively grounded neutral, k
pp
is 1.5.
For three-phase to ground faults in systems with effectively
earthed neutral, k
pp
is 1.3.
For three-phase ungrounded faults, k
pp
is 1.5.
Terminal Fault TRV
Three-phase faults in non-effectively grounded systems
or three-phase ungrounded faults
In these cases, kpp is
1.5
Terminal Fault TRV
Three-phase faults to ground in effectively earthed
neutral systems
The value of k
pp
is dependent upon the sequence impedances
from the location of the fault to the various system neutral
points: X
0
(zero sequence reactance of the system) and X
1
(positive sequence reactance of the system).
For these systems the ratio X
0
/X
1
is taken to be 3.0.
Hence, for systems with effectively grounded neutral k
pp
is 1.3.
Single-phase in an effectively grounded system
In this case, k
pp
is 1.0.
Terminal Fault TRV
Equation for the first-pole-to-clear factor
where
X
0
is the zero sequence reactance of the system,
X
1
the positive sequence reactance of the system.
If X
0
>> X
1
, k
pp
= 1.5 as in non-effectively grounded systems
If X
0
= 3.0 X
1
: k
pp
= 1.3 as in effectively grounded neutral
systems (three-phase to ground faults)
0 1
0
2
3
X X
X
k
pp
+
=
Terminal Fault TRV
Equations for the other clearing poles
a) In systems with non-effectively grounded neutral, after
interruption of the first phase (R), the current is interrupted by the
last two poles in series under the phase-to-phase voltage (E
S
E
T
) equal to times the phase voltage
E
R
E
S
E
T
I
I
E
S
- E
T
3
Terminal Fault TRV
It follows that, in systems with non-effectively grounded
neutral, for the second and third pole to clear:
87 . 0
2
3
= =
pp
k
Current in each phase TRV in each phase
Terminal Fault TRV
In systems with effectively grounded neutrals, the second pole
clears a three-phase to ground fault
with a factor
If X
0
/ X
1
= 3.0 the second pole to clear factor is 1.27.
1 0
2
1 1 0
2
0
2
3
X X
X X X X
k
pp
+
+ +
=
Currents
TRVs
Terminal Fault TRV
In systems with effectively grounded neutral, for the third pole-to-
clear:
1 =
pp
k
E
I3
I2
I1
V3
V2
V1
Terminal Fault TRV
Pole-to-clear factors (k
pp
) for each clearing pole, 3-phase to
ground case
Note
Values of the pole-to-clear factor are given for X
0
/X
1
= 1.0 to
indicate the trend in the special case of networks with a ratio
X
0
/X
1
of less than 3.0.
kpp= 1.5 is taken for all systems that are not effectively grounded,
it includes (but is not limited to) systems with isolated neutral (it is
also taken for three-phase ungrounded faults).
Neutral X0/X1
first pole 2nd pole 3rd pole
isolated infinite 1.5 0.87 0.87
effectively
grounded
3.0 1.3 1.27 1.0
see note 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Pole to clear factor
Terminal fault
TRV Ratings
Terminal Fault TRV Rating
Transient Recovery Voltage
CURRENT
TRANSIENT RECOVERY
VOLTAGE
The TRV ratings for circuit breakers are applicable for
interruption of three-phase faults
with a rated symmetrical short circuit current
at the rated voltage of the circuit breaker.
For values of fault current other than rated and for line faults,
related TRV capabilities are given in ANSI/IEEE C37.04 and
IEEE C37.06.
For circuit breakers applied on systems 72.5 kV and below, the
TRV ratings assume that the systems can be non-effectively
grounded.
For circuit breakers applied on systems 245 kV and above, the
TRV ratings assume that the systems are effectively grounded.
Two-parameter and four-parameter envelopes have been
introduced in order to facilitate the comparison between a TRV
obtained during testing and a specified TRV.
In a similar way it is possible to compare a circuit-breaker
specified TRV capability and a system TRV obtained by
calculation.
A two-parameter envelope is used for oscillatory (under-
damped) TRVs.
For standardization purposes, two-parameter envelopes are
specified
for circuit breakers rated less than 100kV, at all values of
breaking current, and
for circuit breakers rated 100 kV and above if the short-circuit
current is equal or less than 30% of the rated breaking current.
A four-parameter envelope is specified for circuit breakers rated
100 kV and above if the short-circuit current is more than 30%
of the rated breaking current.
A circuit breaker TRV capability is considered to be sufficient if
the two or four parameter envelope drawn with rated
parameters is equal or higher than the two or four parameter
envelope of the system TRV.
System TRV envelope
Circuit breaker rated TRV envelope
time
Voltage
During testing, the envelope of the test TRV must be equal or
higher than the specified two or four parameter envelope.
This procedure is justified as it allows to compare TRVs in the two
regions where a restrike is likely i.e. during the initial part of the TRV
where the RRRV is maximum and in the vicinity of the peak voltage (u
c
).
U
(kV)
t (s)
t
2
t
1
u
c
u
1
u'
t'
Reference line of specified TRV
Envelope of prospective test TRV
Prospective test TRV
Delay line of specified TRV
0
t
d
A
B
C
The peak value of TRV is defined as follows:
where
k
pp
is the first pole to clear factor
k
af
is the amplitude factor (ratio between the peak value of
TRV and the peak value of the recovery voltage at power
frequency). In IEEE C37.04, k
af
is 1.4 at 100% rated breaking
current.
3
2
r
pp af c
U
k k U =
TRV envelopes for terminal fault (Ur < 100 kV)
(I is the rated short-circuit current)
TIME
VOLTAGE
1.0 I 0.6 I
0.3 I
0.1 I
Amplitude factor for terminal fault (Ur < 100 kV)
Outdoor circuit breakers
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
p
.
u
.
)
T10 T30 T60 T100
10% I
30% I
60% I
100% I
TRV envelopes for terminal fault (Ur 100 kV)
(I is the rated short-circuit current)
Amplitude factor for terminal fault (Ur 100 kV)
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
p
.
u
.
)
T10 T30 T60 T100
Rate-of-rise-of-recovery-voltage for terminal fault
(Ur 100 kV)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R
R
R
V

(
k
V
/
s
)
T10 T30 T60 T100
Tests are required at 100% (T100), 60% (T60), 30% (T30)
and 10% (T10) of rated short-circuit current with the
corresponding TRVs and recovery voltages.
6 tests are required with 100% of rated short-circuit current,
3 tests with symmetrical currents and 3 tests with
asymmetrical currents (when interrupting asymmetrical
currents, the rate-of-rise and peak value of TRV are
reduced but the energy in the arc is higher).
In IEEE standards, for each test duty T10; T30, T60: 2 tests
are required with symmetrical currents and 1 test with
asymmetrical current. IEC requires 3 tests with symmetrical
currents, considering that interruption with asymmetrical
currents is covered by T100a (test duty with 100% rated
short-circuit current and required asymmetry).
In a network, the initial part of the TRV may have an initial
oscillation of small amplitude, called ITRV, due to reflections
from the first major discontinuity along the busbar (see
separate chapter).
Terminal fault
TRV & Arcing times
Terminal Fault TRV & Arcing Times
Arcing time
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03 0,035 0,04 0,045 0,05
Contacts separation
Time
Interruption at 2nd
passage through zero
1st passage
through zero
Arcing time = 13 ms
Current
Current interruption during three-phase fault breaking
Contacts
separation
1st pole
clears
last poles
clear
Arcing time
1st pole
Arcing time
last poles
Three-phase faults in non-
effectively grounded
systems or three-phase
ungrounded faults
In the case of periodic
phenomena, durations can
be expressed in
milliseconds or in electrical
degrees.
For a system frequency of
50 Hz, the duration of one
current loop is 10 ms, it
corresponds to 180 el. It
follows that 18 el. = 1 ms
For a system frequency of
60 Hz: 18 el. = 0.83 ms
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
0 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,01 0,012 0,014 0,016 0,018 0,02
Example with f = 50 Hz
10 ms
Minimum & maximum arcing times (60 Hz)
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time [ms]
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time [ms]
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
Minimum arcing time (blue
phase) Tmin = 12 ms
Contact separation
delayed by 18 el.
(or 0.83 ms)
18 el.
Maximum arcing time
(blue phase) = 18.1 ms
(13.94 ms + 90
= Tmin + 132)
Arcing time 1
st
phase
(red phase) = 13.94 ms
(Tmin + 60 - 18
= Tmin + 42)
Three-phase faults in
non-effectively grounded
ungrounded faults
Tmin = 12 ms
T max = 18.1 ms
Contact
separation
I
arc
I
arc
Contact
separation
Minimum & maximum arcing times (50 Hz)
Minimum arcing time (blue
phase) Tmin = 12 ms
Contact separation
delayed by 18 el.
(or 1 ms)
Maximum arcing time
(blue phase) = 19.33 ms
(14.33 ms + 90
= Tmin + 132)
Arcing time 1
st
phase
(red phase) = 14.33 ms
(Tmin + 60 - 18
= Tmin + 42)
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time [ms]
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
18 el.
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time [ms]
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
ungrounded faults
Tmin = 12 ms
T max = 19.33 ms
Contact
separation
I
arc
I
arc
Contact
separation
Three-phase fault currents & TRVs
ungrounded faults
effectively grounded
systems
Currents
TRVs
1.3
1.27
1.0
1.5
0.87
0.87
90
120
Maximum arcing time
= Tmin + 132)
Maximum arcing time
= Tmin + 162)
TRV & Arcing Times
Minimum arcing time + 180 -18
Reference: Minimum arcing time
el.
TRV & Arcing Times
Minimum arcing time + 180 -18
Reference: Minimum arcing time
Single-phase " umbrella" test with
kpp=1.3
Increased
stress
el.
Terminal fault
Generator Circuit breakers
Generator Circuit-Breakers
Terminal fault breaking
Special case of Generator circuit breakers
Special TRV requirements are applicable for generator circuit
breakers installed between a generator and a transformer.
Two types of faults need to be considered
A1 System-source fault B1 Generator-source fault
For the two types of fault, the TRV has an oscillatory waveshape
and the first pole to clear factor is 1.5 in order to cover three-
phase ungrounded faults. TRV parameters, i.e. peak voltage u
c
,
rate-of-rise (RRRV) and time delay, are listed in ANSI/IEEE
C37.013.
TRV for system-source faults
RRRV for system-source faults is 3 to 5 times higher than the
value specified for distribution or sub-transmission circuit
breakers ANSI/IEEE C37.04. This is due to the fact that the TRV
frequency is dominated by the natural frequency of the step-up
transformer.
IEEE has defined TRV parameters in several ranges of
transformer rated power.
TRV parameters for System Source Faults
Table 5a TRV parameters for system - source faults
Inherent TRV
Transformer
Rating
T
2
-Time to - Peak
E
2
-Peak Voltage TRV Rate
(MVA) (s) (kV) (kV / s)
Line Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4
1 10 - 50 0.68 V 1.84 V 3.2
2 51 - 100 0.62 V 1.84 V 3.5
3 101 - 200 0.54 V 1.84 V 4.0
4 201 - 400 0.48 V 1.84 V 4.5
5 401 - 600 0.43 V 1.84 V 5.0
6 601 - 1000 0.39 V 1.84 V 5.5
7 1001 or more 0.36 V 1.84 V 6.0
TRV for system-source faults
The RRRV can be significantly reduced if a capacitor is installed
between the circuit breaker and the transformer. It is also
reduced in the special cases where the connection between the
circuit breaker and the transformer(s) is made by cable(s). This
is covered in amendment 1 to ANSI/IEEE C37.013 (2007).
TRV RATE FOR SYSTEM FED FAULTS TRANSFORMER 50MVA<<=100MVA
2
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3
3,2
3,4
3,6
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
CABLE CAPACITANCE (pF)
T
R
V

R
A
T
E

(
k
V
/
s
)
100MVA
81MVA
65,5MVA
TRV for generator-source faults
RRRV for generator-source faults is roughly 2 times the values
specified for distribution or sub-transmission circuit breakers.
Asymmetrical currents
Due to the large time constants of generators and transformers
(high X/R), generator circuit breakers are required to interrupt
currents with a high percentage of dc component (high
asymmetry).
The rate-of rise and peak value of TRV during interruption of
currents with large asymmetry are significantly reduced.
Short-line-fault (SLF)
Short-line faults occur from a few hundred meters up to several
kilometers down the line.
After current interruption, the line side voltage exhibits a
characteristic triangular waveshape.
line
Circuit breaker
The line side voltage oscillates as travelling waves are
transmitted with positive and negative reflections at the open
breaker and at the fault, respectively. The supply voltage rises
much more slowly.
line
Line side
voltage
Supply side
voltage
V = (L
S
+ L
L
) di/dt
L
S
L
L
L
S
V
TL = Travel time for wave to travel from one end of line to the other and back.
Evolution of line voltage
Voltage on Circuit Breaker line-side terminal
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
0 0,25 0,5 0,75 1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2
Line side Voltage
(p.u.)
Time / T
L
Short-line Fault TRV
Supply voltage
Line voltage
TRV
Voltage (kV)
Time (s)
The rate of rise of voltage on the line side is function of the
slope of current before interruption and of the surge
impedance of the line:
surge impedance of the line (450 ohm)
L et C are respectively the self inductance and the
capacitance of the line per unit length
I fault current (kA)
du/dt rate of rise of recovery voltage (RRRV) (kV/s)
pulsation
s multiplier = 0.20 (f = 50Hz) or 0.24 (f = 60 Hz)
C
L
Z =
The slope of TRV (du/dt) is proportional to the current
) ( 2
sc
I M s I s I Z
dt
di
Z
dt
du
= = = =
Percentage of SLF (or M)
S
LG
S
X
V
I =
L S
LG
L
X X
V
I
+
=
The transmission line parameters are given in terms of the
effective surge impedance ( Z) of the faulted line and a peak
factor (d)
v is the velocity of light (0.3 km/s)
is 2 system power frequency (377 rad/s for a 60 Hz system)
v X
Z
d
L
eff
2 =
CDo
CDp CDo
V
V V
d
+
=
The rated values for the line surge impedance Z and the peak
factor d are defined in IEEE C37-04 and IEC 62271-100 as
follows:
Z = 450 d = 1.6
The line side voltage contribution to TRV is defined as a
triangular wave as follows (where I is the rated short-circuit
current) :
the first peak of TRV decreases when M increases
the rate-of-rise of recovery voltage increases with M
There is a critical value of short-line-fault for which the circuit-
breaker has more difficulty to interrupt. This critical value of M is
close to 90% for SF6 circuit-breakers, it is between 75% and
80% for air blast circuit-breakers.
r L
U M U
3
2
) 1 ( 6 . 1 =
I M Z
dt
di
Z dt du 2 ) ( / = =
The TRV seen by the circuit breaker is the sum of a
contribution from the line side (e
L
) and a contribution from the
supply side (e
S
):
with (in a first approximation)
where
T
L
is the time to peak of the line side TRV
td is the time delay of TRV on the source side
S L
e e e + =
) ( 2
d L S
t T M e =
Example of calculation of SLF TRV : L90 245 kV 50 kA 50 Hz
Fault current = 0.9 x 50 = 45 kA
td= 2s
Source side voltage
Line side voltage
U (kV)
t (s)
0
-12
32 kV
34.8 kV
0.2 x 45
= 9 kV/s
0.9 x 2 kV/s
T
L
=3.55 s
1.55 s
20 1 . 0
3
2 245
=
2.8 kV
U
T
= 34.8 kV RRRV = 34.8/3.55 = 9.8 kV/s
1.6 x 20
= 32 kV
This rate-of-rise of TRV during SLF is much higher than the
values that are met during terminal fault interruption:
Test duty
RRRV
(kV/s)
I
(kA)
F
(Hz)
SLF
L90 50 kA
10.8 45 60
SLF
L90 50 kA
9 45 50
SLF
L90 40 kA
8.64 36 60
Terminal fault
T60
3 30 50/60
Terminal fault
T100
2 50 50/60
For SLF, this table gives the RRRV of the line side voltage
The high rate-of-rise of SLF associated with high fault currents
(e.g. 57 kA at 60 Hz) can be difficult to withstand by circuit
breakers.
In order to assist the circuit breaker during the interruption, a
phase to ground capacitor, or a capacitor(s) in parallel to the
interrupting chamber(s), may be used to reduce the rate-of-rise
of recovery voltage (RRRV).
Possible Connections of Capacitors
V
LG
X
S
X
L
C.B.
Reduction of TRV slope by Capacitors
(file t rv2.pl4; x- var t ) v:P00 v:P1 v:P4 v:P10
0 4 8 12 16 20
[ us]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
[ kV]
Line side voltage with different values of
line to ground capacitors
ITRV
(Initial transient recovery voltage)
ITRV
Due to travelling waves on the
busbar and their reflections, a high-
frequency oscillation occurs which
is similar to the one observed on a
faulted line under short -line fault
conditions.
As the busbar is usually on the
supply side of the circuit-breaker,
this oscillation, which is called
Initial Transient Recovery
Voltage (ITRV) is superimposed
to the very beginning of the
terminal fault TRV.
Compared with the short-line fault,
the first voltage peak is much
lower, and the time to the first peak
is shorter, within the first
microseconds after current zero.
ITRV
If a circuit breaker has a short-line fault rating and SLF
tests are performed with a line having an insignificant time
delay ( zero time delay ), the ITRV requirements are
considered to be covered.
Since the ITRV is proportional to the busbar surge impedance
and to the current, the ITRV requirements can be neglected for
all circuit-breakers with a rated short-circuit breaking current of
less than 25 kA and for circuit-breakers with a rated voltage
below 100 kV.
In addition the ITRV requirements can be neglected for circuit-
breakers installed in metal enclosed gas insulated switchgear
(GIS) because of the low surge impedance.
ITRV
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4
T(s)
T
R
V

(
k
V
)
Comparison of TRV for SLF with time delay (0.2 s) and ITRV (solid line)
and TRV for SLF with insignificant time delay and without ITRV (dotted line).
Out-of-Phase
Out-of-Phase
Some circuit-breakers may
have to interrupt faults that
occur when two systems are
connected in out-of-phase
conditions.
At current interruption, the
voltage on each side of the
circuit-breaker meets the
voltage of the supply, with a
transient voltage similar to
that of terminal fault. The
resulting peak TRV is 37% to
48% higher than for terminal
fault T100.
However the current is only
25% of the rated short-circuit
breaking current.
Out-of-Phase
Voltages during Out-of-Phase Interruption
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0,005 0,007 0,009 0,011 0,013 0,015 0,017 0,019 0,021 0,023 0,025
TRV
Supply side voltage
Load side voltage
U (p.u.)
Time (s)
Out-of-Phase
Out-of-Phase Factor for 3-phase faults
In standards the out-of-
phase factor for interruption
tests performed single-
phase is
2.0 for effectively earthed
systems
2.5 for non-effectively
earthed systems
The factor for making
operations is 2.0
(Long) Line Faults
(Long) Line Faults
With some line faults conditions it may occur that the TRV is
not covered by the standard TRV withstand capability defined
for terminal fault and short-line fault.
Such situations can occur, depending on the actual short-
circuit power of the source, during interruption of some three-
phase line faults (higher TRV peak on the first-pole-to-clear).
Mutual coupling of lines between the first interrupted phase
and the two other phases can increase the line side
contribution to TRV on the first pole to clear.
The matter has been studied extensively by CIGRE WG A3-19,
a Technical Brochure will be published by the end of 2008.
Examples of TRV calculations by CIGRE WG A3-19 are given
in the following.
The TRV withstand capability demonstrated by terminal fault
test duties T10, T30, T60 and out-of-phase OP2 usually cover
line fault TRVs (a revision of the TRV for T60 is in progress).
(Long) Line Faults
Example 1: L30 and L10 in 735kV/40kA network

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Vn= 735 kV, Rated Isc= 40 kA, kpp= 1.3, L30
Source TRV parameters: Kaf= 1.40, RRRV= 2.0 kV/us
t (us)
T
R
V

(
k
V
)

Line & Source TRV
Pole-1 line TRV,TRV slope= 1.92 kV/us, d= 2.53
IECLine TRV, L30, Zline= 450 ohms
IEC2-parameter TRV - T30 (1308 kV - 262 us)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Vn= 735 kV, Rated Isc= 40 kA, kpp= 1.3, L10
Source TRV parameters: Kaf= 1.40, RRRV= 2.0 kV/us
t (us)
T
R
V

(
k
V
)

Line & Source TRV
Pole-1 line TRV, TRV slope= 0.65 kV/us, d= 2.54
IECLine TRV, L10, Zline= 450 ohms
IEC2-parameter TRV - T10 (1299 kV - 186 us)
Comparison of first (dotted blue) and last (dotted red) clearing pole
TRVs for three-phase L30 and L10, with total TRV for first pole (blue)
L30
(30% rated breaking current)
L10
(10% rated breaking current)
Note: the standard 2 parameter TRV with kpp=1.3 is shown in green. In
edition 2.0 of IEC 62271-100 and the draft revision of IEEE C37.06, kpp
has been increased to 1.5 for test duty T10.
(Long) Line Faults

TRV comparison for Long Line fault and IEC terminal fault and out of phase:
Calculations WG 3.19 with 100% of source short circuit power
IEC values for T30, T10, OP
3phL10_1st
3phL30_1st
3phL30_3rd
3phL10_3rd
T30
T10
OP
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
us
k
V
3phL30_1st
3phL30_3rd
3phL10_1st
3phL10_3rd
T30
T10
OP
Comparison with TRV withstand capability demonstrated by T10,
T30 and OP (out-of-phase, with shorter time t
2
)
(Long) Line Faults
Comparison with TRV withstand capability demonstrated by T10,
T30 and OP (out-of-phase)

TRV comparison for Long Line fault and IEC terminal fault and out of phase:
Calculations WG 3.19 with 100% of source short circuit power
IEC values for T30, T10, OP
3phL10_1st
3phL30_1st
3phL30_3rd
3phL10_3rd
3phL10_3rd
T30
T10
OP
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
us
k
V
3phL30_1st
3phL30_3rd
3phL10_1st
3phL10_3rd
T30
T10
OP
Application Considerations
Transformer Limited Faults
Severe TRV conditions may occur in some cases, for instance
when short-circuit occurs immediately after a transformer
without any appreciable additional capacitance between the
transformer and the circuit breaker.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
TIME (s)
V
O
L
T
A
G
E

(
k
V
)
SYSTEM TRV CURVE
TRV CAPABILITY FOR A STANDARD CIRCUIT BREAKER
Transformer Limited Faults
Such cases are covered in IEEE C37.011-2005 and ANSI
Guide C37.06.1-2000 Guide for HV circuit breakers
designated Definite purpose for fast TRV rise time (the content
is included in a draft revision of IEEE C37.06).
Definite purpose circuit breakers could be specified or the
system TRV can be modified by adding a capacitance, and
then be within the standard capability envelope.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
TIME (s)
V
O
L
T
A
G
E

(
k
V
)
SYSTEM TRV CURVE
MODIFIED BY CAPACITANCE
Series Reactor Limited Faults
Series reactor are used to limit the short-circuit current in a line.
A high rate-of-rise TRV is obtained in case of fault with a series
reactor on the line side or the bus side of the circuit breaker.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TIME (s)
V
O
L
T
A
G
E

(
k
V
)
SYSTEM TRV CURVE
Series Reactor Limited Faults
If the system TRV exceeds a standard breaker capability, a
capacitance can be added in parallel to the reactor in order to
reduce the TRV frequency and have a system TRV curve within
the standard capability envelope.
This mitigation measure is very effective and cost efficient.
It is therefore strongly recommended to add a capacitance in
parallel, unless it can be demonstrated by tests that a circuit
breaker can successfully clear faults with the required high
frequency TRV.
Selection of circuit breaker for TRV
Selection of circuit breaker for TRV
The TRV ratings define a withstand boundary. A circuit TRV that
exceeds this boundary is in excess of the circuit breakers rated
or related capability.
When the withstand boundary is exceeded:
either a different circuit breaker should be used,
or the system should be modified in such a manner as to
change its TRV characteristics.
The addition of capacitors (e.g. to a bus or line) is one method
that can be used to improve the systems recovery voltage
characteristics.
A typical example is the addition of a capacitor in parallel to a
series reactor in order to reduce the RRRV to a value covered
by the standard (i.e. by test duty T30).
References
Main References
ANSI/IEEE C37.04, IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-
Voltage Circuit Breakers.
IEEE Std C37.06-200x, Draft AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis-Preferred Ratings and
Related Required Capabilities
ANSI/IEEE Std C37.09-1999, IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
IEEE C37.011 Application Guide for TRV for AC High-Voltage Circuit
Breakers (2005).
IEEE C37.013, IEEE Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit
Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
A.Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems. (book) 2
nd
edition, John Wiley & Sons (1991).
R.Alexander, D.Dufournet, IEEE Tutorial on TRVs :
www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/switchgear/TRVTutorial (2005).
Other papers of interest on TRV
[1] Hochrainer (A.). Proposition relative la dtermination dune
tension transitoire de rtablissement quivalente pour les disjoncteurs
(mthode des quatre paramtres). CIGRE session 1958, rapport 151.
Das Vier-Parameter-Verfahren zur Kennzeichnung der
Einschwingspannung in Netzen. ETZ 78. (1957-10).
[2] Pouard (M.). Nouvelles notions sur les vitesses de rtablissement de
la tension aux bornes de disjoncteurs haute tension. Bulletin Socit
Franaise des Electriciens N95 (1958-11).
[3] Baltensperger (P.). Dfinition de la tension transitoire de
rtablissement aux bornes dun disjoncteur par quatre paramtres,
possibilits des stations dessais de court-circuit. Bulletin de
lAssociation Suisse des lectriciens N3 (1960).
[4] Bolton (E.), Ehrenberg (A.C.) et al. Etudes britanniques sur les
phnomnes du dfaut kilomtrique. CIGRE Session 1964, Rapport 109
(1964-06).
[5] Beehler (J.E.), Naef (0.), Zimmerman (C.P.). Proposed transient
recovery voltage ratings for power circuit breakers. IEEE Transactions
on Power Apparatus and systems N84 (1965).
[6] Catenacci (G.), Paris (L.), Couvreux (J.P.), Pouard (M.). Transient
recovery Voltage in French and Italian High-Voltage Networks. IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, N11 (1967-11).
[7] Catenacci (G.), Paris (L.), Couvreux (J.P.), Pouard (M.). Transient
Recovery Voltages in French and Italian High-Voltage Networks. IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-86, N11
(1967).
[8] CIGRE WG 3.1. Transient Recovery Voltage in High Voltage
Networks Terminal faults. CIGRE Session 1968, Report 13-10 (1968).
[9] Baltensperger (P.), Cassie (A.M.), Catenacci (G.), Hochrainer (A.),
Johansen (O.S.), Pouard (M.). Tensions transitoires de rtablissement
dans les rseaux haute tension - Dfauts aux bornes. CIGRE Session
1968, Rapport 13-10 (1968).
[10] Dienne (G.), Frisson (J.M.). Contribution ltude exprimentale
des tensions de rtablissement lors de la coupure de transformateurs
court-circuits au secondaire. CIGRE Session 1968, rapport 13-07
(1968).
[11] Colclaser (R.G.), Buettner (D.E.). The Traveling-wave Approach to
Transient Recovery Voltage. . IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus
and Systems, vol. PAS-88, N7 (1969-07).
[12] Petitpierre (R.), Watschinger (H.). Transient Recovery Voltage
Conditions to be Expected when Interrupting Short-circuit Currents
Limited by Transformers. CIGRE Session 1970, Paper 13-07 (1970).
[13] Harner (R.), Rodriguez (J.). Transient Recovery Voltages Associated
with Power system, Three-phase transformer secondary Faults. IEEE
Power Engineering Society (1971-02).
[14] Dubanton (Ch.), Gervais (G.), Van Nielsen. Surge impedance of
overhead lines with bundle conductors during short-line fault. Electra
N17 (1971-04).
[15] Calvino (B.). Quelques aspects des contraintes supportes par les
disjoncteurs haute-tension la coupure dun court-circuit. CIGRE
Session 1974, Rapport 13-08 (1974).
[16] Catenacci (G.), CIGRE WG13-01. Contribution on the study of the
initial part of the transient recovery voltage. Electra N46 (1976).
[17] Braun (A.), Hinterthr (K.H.), Lipken (H.), Stein (B.), Vlcker (O.).
Characteristics values of the transient recovery voltage for different
types of short-circuits in an extensive 420 kV system. ETZa, vol.97 (1976).
[18] Braun (A.), Suiter (H.). Dtermination des tensions transitoires de
rtablissement apparaissant aux bornes des disjoncteurs de groupes
dans les grandes centrales modernes. CIGRE Session 1976, Rapport 13-
03 (1976).
[19] Hedman ( D. E.), Lambert (S. R.). Power Circuit Breaker Transient
Recovery Voltage. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
vol. PAS-95, pp. 197207, (1976 -01)
[20] Colclaser (R.G.), Reckleff (J.G.). Investigations of inherent transient
recovery voltage for Generator Circuit breakers. IEEE Transactions on
Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-102, N19 (1983-9).
[21] Wagner (C.L.), Smith (H.M.). Analysis of Transient Recovery Voltage
(TRV) rating concepts. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol. PAS-103, N11 (1984-11).
[22] Haginomori (E.). Performance of circuit-breakers related to high rate
of rise of TRV in high power, high density networks. IEEE Paper 85 W172-
2 (1985).
[23] Parrott (P.G.). A review of Transformer TRV Conditions. Electra N102
(1985-10)
[24] Bonfanti (I.), Colombo (E.). A contribution to the assessment of TRVs
in MV distribution systems and circuit breaker performances. Colloquium
CIGRE SC13, Florianopolis (1995-09).
[25] CIGRE-CIRED WG CC03. TRV in Medium Voltage Networks. Electra
N181 and Technical Brochure N134 (1998-12)
[26] Dufournet (D.), Willime (J.M.). Disjoncteurs de gnrateur : Chambre
de coupure SF6- Coupure de courants avec passages par zro retards-
Influence des connections par cbles sur la TTR en coupure de dfauts
aliments par le rseau. CIGRE Session 2002, Rapport 13-101 (2002).
[27] Hamade (H.), Kasahara (Y.) et al. Severe duties on high-voltage
circuit breakers observed in recent power systems. CIGRE Session 2002,
Rapport 13-103 (2002).
[28] Smeets (R.P.P.), Peelo (D.F.) et al. Evolution of stresses in
distribution networks and their impact on testing and certification of
medium voltage switchgear. CIGRE Session 2002, Rapport 13-106 (2002).
[29] Iliceto (F.), Dilli (B.). TRVs across circuit breakers of series
compensated lines. Analysis, design and operation experience in the
420kV Turkish grid. CIGRE Session 2002, Rapport 13-109 (2002).
[30] Dufournet (D.), Montillet (G.). TRV Requirements for System Source
Fault Interrupting by Small Generator Circuit Breakers. IEEE Transactions
on Power Delivery, vol. 17, N2 (2002-04).
[31] Johnson (Anders), Analysis of Circuit Breaker Transient Recovery
Voltages Resulting from Transmission Line Faults, Thesis Master of
Science in Electrical Engineering, University of Washington (2003)
[32] M.Steurer, W.Hribernik, J.Brunke. Calculating the TRV Associated
with Clearing Transformer Determined Faults by Means of Frequency
Response Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 19, N1
(2004-01).
Thank you for your attention
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