Tyndall Effect The phenomenon of scattering of light by colloidal particals as a result of which the path of the beam becomes

visible is called tyndall effect.It was first studied by tyndall.So the name also came as tyndall.Tyndall effect is not observed in true solutions since the particles are too small in size to cause any scattering.

Anti-crepuscular rays Crepuscular rays appear to converge on the sun, anticrepuscular rays converge in the opposite direction and you must have your back to the sun or sunset point to see them. They appear to converge towards the antisolar point, the point on the sky sphere directly opposite the sun. Like crepuscular rays they are parallel shafts of sunlight from holes in the clouds and their apparently odd directions are a perspective effect. Think of a long straight road, it converges towards the horizon but turn around and it also converges to the opposite horizon. Crepuscular and anticrepuscular rays behave in the same way. Destructive Interference is a type of interference that occurs at any location along the medium where the two interfering waves have a displacement in the opposite direction. For instance, when a sine pulse with a maximum displacement of +1 unit meets a sine pulse with a maximum displacement of -1 unit, destructive interference occurs.

Reflection (Regular) abrupt change in the direction of propagation of a wave that strikes the boundary between different mediums. At least part of the oncoming wave disturbance remains in the same medium. Regular reflection, which follows a simple law, occurs at plane boundaries. The angle between the direction of motion of the oncoming wave and a perpendicular to the reflecting surface (angle of incidence) is equal to the angle between the direction of motion of the reflected wave and a perpendicular (angle of reflection Constructive Interference is a type of interference that occurs at any location along the medium where the two interfering waves have a displacement in the same direction. In this case, both waves have an upward displacement; consequently, the medium has an upward displacement that is greater than the displacement of the two interfering pulses. Constructive interference is observed at any location where the two interfering waves are displaced upward. But it is also observed when both interfering waves are displaced downward. Refraction As light travels through a given medium, it travels in a straight line. However, when light passes from one medium into a second medium, the light path bends. Refraction takes place. The refraction occurs only at the boundary. Once the light has crossed the boundary between the two media, it continues to travel in a straight line. Only now, the direction of that line is different than it was

in the former medium. If when sighting at an object, light from that object changes media on the way to your eye, a visual distortion is likely to occur. Reflection (Irregular) Reflection off of rough surfaces such as clothing, paper, and the asphalt roadway leads to a type of reflection known as diffuse reflection. Whether the surface is microscopically rough or smooth has a tremendous impact upon the subsequent reflection of a beam of light.

Polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation. Electromagnetic waves, such as light, and gravitational waves exhibit polarization; sound waves in a gas or liquid do not have polarization because the medium vibrates only along the direction in which the waves are travelling.

Diffraction Diffraction is the slight bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object. The amount of bending depends on the relative size of the wavelength of light to the size of the opening. If the opening is much larger than the light's wavelength, the bending will be almost unnoticeable. However, if the two are closer in size or equal, the amount of bending is considerable, and easily seen with the naked eye.

Regular Double Rainbow Secondary rainbows are caused by a double reflection of sunlight inside the raindrops, and appear at an angle of 50 53. As a result of the second reflection, the colours of a secondary rainbow are inverted compared to the primary bow, with blue on the outside and red on the inside. The secondary rainbow is fainter than the primary because more light escapes from two reflections compared to one and because the rainbow itself is spread over a greater area of the sky. The dark area of unlit sky lying between the primary and secondary bows is called Alexander's band, after Alexander of Aphrodisias who first described it

Rectilinear Propagation Rectilinear Propagation of Light is the tendency of light to only travel in straight Lines. This means that if light "criss-crosses" between each other whilst going through a small hole, you will see the image upside down, as the light goes straight up from down, and down from up.

Convex Lens Lens that possesses at least one surface that curves outwards. It causes light to deviate inward, bringing the rays of light to a focus, and is thus called a converging lens. A convex lens is thicker at its centre than at its edges, and is used to correct long-sightedness (hypermetropism).

Concave Lens Convex lenses are thinner at the middle. Rays of light that pass through the lens are spread out (they diverge). A convex lens is a diverging lens. When parallel rays of light pass through a concave lens the refracted rays diverge so that they appear to come from one point called the principal focus. The distance between the principal focus and the centre of the lens is called the focal length. The image formed is virtual and diminished (smaller) . Rayleigh Scattering Rayleigh scattering (named after the British physicist Lord Rayleigh) is the elastic scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light, which may be individual atoms or molecules. It can occur when light travels through transparent solids and liquids, but is most prominently seen in gases. Scattering affects the color of light coming from the sky, but the details are determined by the wavelength of the light and the size of the particle. The short-wavelength blue

and violet are scattered by molecules in the air much more than other colors of the spectrum. This is why blue and violet light reaches our eyes from all directions on a clear day. But because we can't see violet very well, the sky appears blue. Afterglow The atmospheric glow that remains for a short time after sunset.The light emitted after removal of a source of energy, especially: The glow of an incandescent metal as it cools.The emission of light from a phosphor after removal of excitation. Heiligenschein On a morning when shadows are long and the grass is dew wetted, look at the shadow of your head. With luck it will be enveloped by a sparkling white glow. This is the 'heiligenschein' or 'holy light'. The glow is centered on the antisolar point and so, like the glory, each has their own. When I moved the camera from my eye out to arms length, its heiligenschein moved with it. The Glory and the shadow opposition effect also produce glows around the antisolar point. The heiligenschein's glow is made in yet another way.

Halo A halo (from Greek ; also known as a nimbus, icebow or gloriole) is an optical phenomenon produced by ice crystals creating colored or white arcs and spots in the sky. Many are near the sun or moon but others are elsewhere and even in the opposite part of the sky. They can also form around artificial lights in very cold weather when ice crystals

called diamond dust are floating in the nearby air. Newtons Ring Newton's rings" is a phenomenon in which an interference pattern is created by the reflection of light between two surfacesa sphericalsurface and an adjacent flat surface. It is named after Isaac Newton, who first studied them in 1717. When viewed with monochromatic light, Newton's rings appear as a series of concentric, alternating bright and dark rings centered at the point of contact between the two surfaces. When viewed with white light, it forms a concentric-ring pattern of rainbow colors, because the different wavelengths of light interfere at different thicknesses of the air layer between the surfaces. Normal Orange/Red Sunset Scattering also explains the colors of the sunrise and sunset, Ackerman says. Because the sun is low on the horizon, sunlight passes through more air at sunset and sunrise than during the day, when the sun is higher in the sky. More atmosphere means more molecules to scatter the violet and blue light away from your eyes. If the path is long enough, all of the blue and violet light scatters out of your line of sight. The other colors continue on their way to your eyes. This is why sunsets are often yellow, orange, and red. And because red has the longest wavelength of any visible light, the sun is red when its on the horizon, where its extremely long path through the atmosphere blocks all other colors.

Mie Scattering Mie theory describes the scattering of light by particles. "Particles" here means an aggregation of material that constitutes a region with refractive index (np) that differs from the refractive index of its surroundings (nmed). The dipole reradiation pattern from oscillating electrons in the molecules of such particles superimpose to yield a strong net source of scattered radiation. Also, the reradiation patterns from all the dipoles do not cancel in all but the forward direction of the incident light as is true for homogneous medium, but rather interfere both constructively and destructively in a radiation pattern. Hence, particles "scatter" light in various directions with varying efficiency. Mirage A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. In contrast to a hallucination, a mirage is a real optical phenomenon which can be captured on camera, since light rays actually are refracted to form the false image at the observer's location. What the image appears to represent, however, is determined by the interpretive faculties of the human mind. For example, inferior images on land are very easily mistaken for the reflections from a small body of water. Cold air is more dense than warm air and therefore has a greater refractive index. As light passes from colder air across a sharp boundary to significantly warmer air, the light rays bend away from the direction of the temperature gradient. When light rays pass from hotter to cooler, they bend toward the direction of the gradient. If the air near the ground is warmer than that higher up, the light ray bends in a concave, upward trajectory. Once the rays reach the viewers eye, the visual cortex interprets it as if it traces back along a perfectly straight "line of sight". This line is however at a tangent to the path the ray takes at the point it reaches the eye. The result is that an "inferior image" of the sky above appears on the ground. The viewer may incorrectly interpret this sight as water which is reflecting the sky, which is, to the brain, a more reasonable and common occurrence.

Infinity Mirror A magical illusion mirror that gives a perception of great depth to a very thin mirror array. The perceived depth can be very many feet even though the

mirror may not be actually deeper than a couple of inches. In this light-ray diagram, the solid lines show the actual path of the light rays; the dashed lines show the path of the light rays projected by your brain. You see images where the dashed lines come together. This lightray diagram shows the rays that come from the front of an object and those that come from the back. After the first reflection, you see one image in each mirror where the dashed lines come together (1). After the second reflection, you see a second image in each mirror (2), and so on. As you look at the images formed in one of the mirrors on the diagram, notice that there is an alternation of front and back views, that the images appear to be grouped in pairs, and that a front side is always facing a front side and a back side is always facing a back side. This corresponds to what you actually observe in the mirrors. Dispersion In physics, a particular property of refraction in which the angle and velocity of waves passing through a dispersive medium depend upon their frequency. When visible white light passes through a prism it is split into a spectrum (see electromagnetic waves). This occurs because each component frequency of light, which corresponds to a colour, is refracted by a slightly different angle, and so the light is split into its component frequencies (colours). A rainbow is formed when sunlight is dispersed by raindrops.

Convex Mirror A convex mirror, fish eye mirror or diverging mirror, is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges toward the light source. Convex mirrors reflect light outwards, therefore they are not used to focus light. Such mirrors always form a virtual image, since the focus (F) and the centre of curvature (2F) are both imaginary points "inside" the mirror, which cannot be reached. As a result, images formed by these mirrors cannot be projected on a screen, since the image is inside the mirror. The image on a convex mirror is always virtual (rays haven't actually passed through the image, their extensions do, like in a regular mirror), diminished (smaller), and upright. As the object gets closer to the mirror, the image gets larger, until reaching approximately the size of the object, when it touches the mirror. As the object moves away, the image diminishes in size and gets gradually closer to the focus, until it is reduced to a point in the focus when the object is at an infinite distance. These features make convex mirrors very useful: since everything appears smaller in the mirror, they cover a wider field of view than a normal plane mirror does. Concave Mirror A concave mirror, or converging mirror, has a reflecting surface that bulges inward (away from the incident light). Concave mirrors reflect light inward to one focal point.They are used to focus light. Unlike convex mirrors, concave mirrors show different image types depending on the distance between the object and the mirror. These mirrors are called "converging" because they tend to collect light that falls on them, refocusing parallel incomingrays toward a focus. This is because the light is reflected at different angles, since the normal to the surface differs with each spot on the mirror.

Double Convex Lens Double Convex Lenses are used in image relay applications, or for imaging objects at close conjugates. Double Convex Lenses have positive focal lengths, along with two convex surfaces with equal radii. Aberrations will increase as the conjugate ratios increase. DCV Lenses are used in a range of industries or applications.

Optical Phenomena IV-Priestley