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O
U
o
= Strain energy density
U
o
= Complimentary strain energy den
d
d
dU
o
= d
A
dU
o
= d
U U
o
V d
V
=
U
o
d
0
=
U
o
d
0
=
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
7-3
Linear Strain Energy Density
Uniaxial tension test:
Strain energy and strain energy density is a scaler quantity.
1-D Structural Elements
Axial strain energy
All stress components except
xx
are zero.
U
a
is the strain energy per unit length.
U
o
d
0
E ( ) d
0
E
2
2
---------
1
2
--- = = = =
U
o
1
2
--- =
U
o
1
2
---
xx
xx
yy
yy
zz
zz
xy
xy
yz
yz
zx
zx
+ + + + + [ ] =
x
A
y
z
dx
dV=Adx
xx
E
xx
=
xx
x d
du
x ( ) =
U
A
1
2
--- E
xx
2
V d
V
1
2
--- E
x d
du
2
A d
A
x d
L
1
2
---
x d
du
2
E A d
A
x d
L
= = =
U
A
U
a
x d
L
= U
a
1
2
--- EA
x d
du
2
=
U
A
U
a
x d
L
= U
a
1
2
---
N
2
EA
------- =
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
7-4
Torsional strain energy
All stress components except
x
in polar coordinate are zero
U
t
is the strain energy per unit length.
Strain energy in symmetric bending about z-axis
There are two non-zero stress components,
xx
and
xy.
where U
b
is the bending strain energy per unit length.
The strain energy due to shear in bending is:
As
x
G
x
=
x
x d
d
x ( ) =
U
T
1
2
---G
x
2
V d
V
1
2
---G
x d
d
2
A d
A
x d
L
1
2
---
x d
d
2
G
2
A d
A
x d
L
= = =
U
T
U
t
x d
L
= U
t
1
2
---GJ
x d
d
2
=
U
T
U
t
x d
L
= U
t
1
2
---
T
2
GJ
------- =
xx
E
xx
=
xx
y
x
2
2
d
d v
=
U
B
1
2
--- E
xx
2
V d
V
1
2
--- E y
x
2
2
d
d v
2
A d
A
x d
L
1
2
---
x
2
2
d
d v
2
Ey
2
A d
A
x d
L
= = =
U
B
U
b
x d
L
= U
b
1
2
--- EI
zz
x
2
2
d
d v
2
=
U
B
U
b
x d
L
= U
b
1
2
---
M
z
2
EI
zz
----------- =
U
S
1
2
---
xy
xy
V d
V
1
2
---
xy
2
E
------- V d
V
= =
max
max
U
s
U
B
x d
dv
=
M
P
W Pu
L
=
Work
Loading Mode
W T
L
=
W Pv
L
=
W M
L
=
u(x)
W p x ( )u x ( ) x d
0
L
=
p(x)
t (x)
x ( )
L
v(x)
p(x)
W t x ( ) x ( ) x d
0
L
=
W p x ( )v x ( ) x d
0
L
=
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
7-7
Virtual Work
Virtual work methods are applicable to linear and non-linear systems,
to conservative as well as non-conservative systems.
The principle of virtual work:
The total virtual work done on a body at equilibrium is zero.
Symbol will be used to designate a virtual quantity
Types of boundary conditions
Geometric boundary conditions (Kinematic boundary conditions)
(Essential boundary conditions):
Condition specied on kinematic (primary) variable at the boundary.
Statical boundary conditions
(Natural boundary conditions)
Condition specied on statical (secondary)variable at the boundary.
W 0 =
W
ext
W
int
=
x
z
y
T
P
x
M
P
y
T
P
x
M
Kinematic variable
Statical variable
u
or
N
v
M
z
V
y
N
T
Displacement and rotation specied
Internal forces and moment specied
at this end
at this end to meet equilibrium
V
y
x d
dv
=
M
z
or
or
or
T
P
y
(Primary variable)
(Secondary variable)
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
7-8
Kinematically admissible functions
Functions that are continuous and satises all the kinematic boundary
conditions are called kinematically admissible functions.
actual displacement solution is always a kinematically admissible
function
Kinematically admissible functions are not required to correspond to
solutions that satisfy equilibrium equations.
Statically admissible functions
Functions that satisfy satises all the static boundary conditions, sat-
isfy equilibrium equations at all points, and are continuous at all points
except where a concentrated force or moment is applied are called
statically admissible functions.
Actual internal forces and moments are always statically admissible.
Statically admissible functions are not required to correspond to solu-
tions that satisfy compatibility equations.
7.3 Determine a class of kinematically admissible displacement
functions for the beam shown in Fig. P7.3.
Fig. P7.3
7.4 For the beam and loading shown in Fig. P7.3 determine a stat-
ically admissible bending moment.
L
x
A
B
L
C
wL
2
w
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
7-9
Virtual displacement method
The virtual displacement is an innitesimal imaginary kinematically
admissible displacement eld imposed on a body.
Of all the virtual displacements the one that satises the virtual work
principle is the actual displacement eld.
Virtual Force Method
The virtual force is an innitesimal imaginary statically admissible
force eld imposed on a body.
Of all the virtual force elds the one that satises the virtual work
principle is the actual force eld.
x
actual displacement
kinematically admissible displacement
v = virtual displacement
M. Vable Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 7
7-10
7.7 The roller at P shown in Fig. P7.7 slides in the slot due to the
force F = 20kN. Both bars have a cross-sectional area of A = 100 mm
2
and a modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa. Bar AP and BP have lengths of
L
AP
= 200 mm and L
BP
= 250 mm respectively. Determine the axial stress
in the member AP by virtual displacement method.
Fig. P7.7
7.8 A force F = 20kN is appled to pin shown in Fig. P7.8. Both
bars have a cross-sectional area of A = 100 mm
2
and a modulus of elas-
ticity E = 200 GPa. Bar AP and BP have lengths of L
AP
= 200 mm and
L
BP
= 250 mm respectively. Using virtual force method determine the
movement of pin in the direction of force F.
Fig. P7.8
P
110
o
F
B
A
P
110
o
F
B
A
40
o