Mary C. Vrtis, Ph.D., RN, 2008 available from www.aperiomlc.

com Neurological Assessment Oriented to: Person Place Time Communication/ Speech: WNL Non-verbal Dysarthria Aphasia: Expressive Receptive Global Pupils: PERRLA OR Equal: Yes No R larger L larger Round: Yes No R abnormal shape L abnormal shape Reactive to Light: Yes N Reaction: Brisk Sluggish R no reaction L no reaction Accommodation: R L (hold finger 4 above nose, bring closer to face, do both eyes maintain focus?)
Glasgow Coma Scale (Score range 0 to 15, Coma =< 7) Eye opening to: Spontaneous = 4 Verbal command = 3 Pain = 2 No response = 1 Verbal response to: Oriented, converses = 5 Disoriented, converses = 4 Uses inappropriate words = 3 Incomprehensible sounds = 2 No response = 1 Motor response to: Verbal command = 6 Localized pain = 5 Flexes and withdraws = 4 Flexes abnormally (decorticate) = 3 Extends abnormally (decerebrate) = 2 No response = 1 Location Head/ Neck R hand L hand RUE LUE RLE LLE Muscle Tone WNL Flaccid Spastic WNL WNL WNL WNL WNL WNL Flaccid Flaccid Flaccid Flaccid Flaccid Flaccid Spastic Spastic Spastic Spastic Spastic Spastic Muscle Strength Sensation WNL To pain pain No response to Tremor No Present

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Muscle Strength: 5 = WNL 4 = 75% normal

3 = 50% normal

2 = 25% normal

1 = 10% normal

0 = complete paralysis

Respiratory Assessment Pulse ox: WNL (95-100%) WNL for this patient at _____ Cough: None Non-productive, dry Productive Productive sounding, no sputum Sputum: None Consistency: Thick Thin Foamy Color: White Other, __________________ Oxygen: N/A Room air ____ liters/ nasal cannula ____ % per face mask Mechanical ventilator Respiratory rate: WNL Tachypnea/ hyperventilation (too fast) Bradypneic/ hypoventilation (too slow/ shallow) Respiratory effort: Relaxed and regular Pursed lip breathing Painful respiration Labored Dyspnea at rest Dyspnea with minimal effort, talking, eating, repositioning in bed, etc. Dyspnea with moderate exertion, dressing, walking =< 20 feet, etc. Dyspnea when walking ____ feet or with exercise Recovery time following dyspneic episode: _____ minutes Respiratory rhythm: WNL Regular, tachypneic Regular, bradypneic Regular with periods of apnea Regular pattern of increasing rate and depth, followed by decreasing rate and depth, followed by apnea (Cheyne-Stokes) Regular, abnormal, rapid and deep respiration (central neurogenic hyperventilation) Regular, abnormal, prolonged inspiration with a pause or sigh with periods of apnea (apneustic) Irregularly irregular pattern/ depth (ataxic) Irregular with periods of apnea (cluster breathing) Breath sounds (auscultate anterior & posterior, R & L upper, mid, lower chest): Clear (vesicular) throughout Decreased (atelectasis?) Crackles: Fine (sounds like hair rubbing) Coarse/ moist Gurgles/ rhonci (low pitched, moaning, snoring sounds) Wheezes: Inspiratory Expiratory Friction rub (sounds like leather rubbing against leather) Absent (pneumothorax?) Upper chest: Mid chest: Lower chest: Right ________________ Left ________________ Right ________________ Left ________________ Right ________________ Left ________________

 Mary C. Vrtis, Ph.D., RN, 2008 available from www.aperiomlc.com Cardiovascular Assessment Skin: Warm/ dry Cool Clammy/ diaphoretic Skin turgor: WNL Tenting Weight: ________ kg/ lb Capillary refill: WNL Delayed > 2 seconds Apical pulse rhythm: Regular Regularly irregular Irregularly irregular Apical pulse rate: Heart sounds: WNL (60-100) Normal S1S2 S3 (gallop) Bradycardia Valve click [artificial heart valve] Tachycardia Murmur: (Extremely low or high HRs Holosystolic decrease C.O., blood and O2 Midsystolic to the vital organs). Diastolic Apical/ radial deficit: No Yes
R radial R femoral R pedal R post tib L radial L femoral L pedal L post tib Peripheral Pulses Yes Doppler Yes Doppler Yes Doppler Yes Doppler Yes Yes Yes Yes Doppler Doppler Doppler Doppler No No No No No No No No R hand/ arm R knee to thigh R ankle to knee R foot/ ankle L hand/ arm L knee to thigh L ankle to knee L foot/ ankle Sacrum No No No No No No No No No Edema Non-pitting Non-pitting Non-pitting Non-pitting Non-pitting Non-pitting Non-pitting Non-pitting Non-pitting Pitting ___+ Pitting ___+ Pitting ___+ Pitting ___+ Pitting ___+ Pitting ___+ Pitting ___+ Pitting ___+ Pitting ___+

An Easy Guide to Head to Toe Assessment

ECG assessment if applicable, see below

Genitourinary Assessment Genitalia: WNL Abnormalities, describe: ______________________________________________________________ Assessment of urination: WNL Burning Frequency Urgency Bladder distention Pelvic pain/ discomfort Lower back/ flank pain/ discomfort Continent: Yes Stress incontince with coughing, etc. Rarely incontinent Regularly incontinent Urine amount: WNL (over 30 mls/ hr, output approximates intake) Less than 30 mls/ hr (dehydration? Post-op volume depletion? SIADH?) Output greatly exceeds intake (Post-op diuresis? Diabetes insipidus?)

Urine color: Yellow, WNL Amber Orange Dark amber Pink Red tinged Grossly bloody Urine characteristics: Clear, WNL Cloudy Sediment Abnormal odor Urostomy: N/A Urostomy/ ileal conduit Continence maintaining nipple valve ostomy Stoma status: Pink, viable Red Deep red Dusky Dark Retracted below skin S/S of infection Urinary stents: N/A R ureter L ureter Urinary catheter: N/A Foley, short term Foley, long term at home Suprapubic catheter Insertion site: WNL S/S of infection

 Mary C. Vrtis, Ph.D., RN, 2008 available from www.aperiomlc.com Gastrointestinal Assessment Oral mucosa: Intact Moist Dry Pink Pale Tongue: WNL Pink White patches Abdomen: WNL Distended Taut Ascites Abdominal incision Abdominal girth (PRN): ____ cm Abdominal pain, see pain assessment Bowel movements: WNL Constipation Diarrhea Bowel program required Other, __________________ (if diarrhea, assess risk for C. diff or VRE) Last bowel movement: Today Yesterday Other, ____________________________________________________ Continent: Yes Rarely incontinent Regularly incontinent Nausea/ vomiting: No Yes, describe: ________________________________________________________________ Nutritional intake: Adequate Inadequate, address in care planning Bowel sounds (all four quadrants): Active, WNL Hyperactive Hypoactive Absent (listen for 5 full minutes)

An Easy Guide to Head to Toe Assessment

Tubes: None Salem sump Nasoduodenal feeding tube PEG tube Jejunostomy (J) tube pH aspirate: ___ Insertion site: WNL Pressure areas Redness Purulent drainage Tenderness Warmth Tube feeding: Type: ________________ Amount: ____ mls over ____ hours via Gravity Pump Intermittent Continuous (keep head of bed elevated to prevent aspiration, check placement pH should be 0 to 4) Stoma: N/A Colostomy Ileostomy (Notify the surgeon of all abnormalities observed for new colostomies) Stoma status: Pink, viable Red Deep red Dusky Dark Retracted below skin S/S of infection PEG tube = percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube

Skin Integrity Assessment Skin color: WNL Pale Jaundice Dusky Cyanotic Skin is: Intact No, see below No, describe: ___________ Braden Scale Score: _______ Signs/ symptoms of inflammation/ infection: Redness Tenderness/ pain Warmth Swelling Location(s): Contusion(s)/ Ecchymosis: N/A Size: Length _____ cm Width _____ cm Depth _____ cm Location(s): ____________________ Clients explanation of bruising: _________________________________________
Location Type Abrasion Avulsion Burn Laceration Puncture Pressure ulcer, Stage _________ Stasis ulcer Surgical incision, closed, edges are approximated Surgical, open areas total wound dehisence ______________ Size Length ____ cm Width ____ cm Depth ____ cm Incision length ___________ cm _______ # of staples/ sutures (circle one) Wounds Tunneling None Present at _____ oclock, depth ______ cm Present at _____ oclock, depth ______ cm Undermining None Present, surrounding tissue is: Dusky Soft Boggy Fluid-full Other, describe: Surrounding Tissue WNL Redness Tenderness Pain Warmth Streaking Excoriation Bruising Discolored Dusky Wound edges WNL Hyperkeratotic Drainage Color/ Characteristics: Serous Serosanguinous Bloody Yellow Tan Brown Green Purulent? No Yes Odor? No Yes

Is client on a pressure reduction or relief surface: No

*Undermining is due to liquefication of necrotic tissue or mechanical forces that sheared and separated underlying tissues.

Yes, type: __________________________________________

 Mary C. Vrtis, Ph.D., RN, 2008 available from www.aperiomlc.com Pain Assessment Location of pain: __________________________________ Pain is: Acute Chronic Constant Intermittent Pain is affecting: N/A Sleep Activity Exercises Relationships Emotions Concentration Appetite Other: __________________________________________________________________________________ Description of pain: Sharp Stabbing Throbbing Shooting Burning Electric-shock like Pain rating on a scale of 0 to 10: ______ Acceptable level of pain for this client: ________ Highest pain level today: _______ Best pain level today: _______ Best pain ever gets: _______ What makes the pain worse? Activity Exercises Other: ______________________________________________ What makes the pain decrease? Rest/ sleep Medication Heat Cold Family presence Music Reading Distraction Meditation Guided imagery Relaxation techniques Other: _______________ Opiod medication(s): __________________________________________________ Route: _____ Last dose: ____________ Breakthrough medication(s): ___________________________________________ Route: _____ Last dose: ____________ NSAIDS/ Adjuvants: __________________________________________________ Route: _____ Last dose: ____________ PCA: N/A Morphine Dilaudid Fentanyl via IV Epidural, dressing: D&I _____________ Continuous dose: ________ / hr Demand dose: _____ every _____ minutes Max doses per hour: _____ (Assess pain every 2 to 4 hours, evaluate the # of attempts vs the # of demand doses received to determine if dose is sufficient) Does the client have concerns about overusing medications/ addiction? No Yes, _____________________________ IV Assessment Type of line: Peripheral, site __________ Triple lumen CVL PICC Tunneled CVL Implanted port (check CXR for catheter tip placement before using all new central venous and PICC lines) Insertion site: WNL Redness Tenderness/ pain Warmth Swelling Drainage (IV needs to be DCd if s/s of infection, thrombophlebitis or pain is present. Change PIV, notify MD of PIV and CVL concerns ) IV fluids: N/A, heplock IV fluids: _________________ @ _____ mls/ hr Continuous over ___ hrs IV pump Dial-a-flo Gravity TPN/ PPN: N/A TPN PPN @ _____ mls/ hr Continuous over ____ hrs per ________ pump Blood sugars: q 6 hrs q 8 hrs other: _______ Blood sugars ranges: WNL High with coverage needed PCA: N/A Morphine Dilaudid Fentanyl via IV Epidural, dressing: D&I _____________ Continuous dose: ________ / hr Demand dose: _____ every _____ minutes Max doses per hour: _____ (Assess pain every 2 to 4 hours, evaluate the # of attempts vs the # of demand doses received to determine if dose is sufficient) Cast/ Extremity Assessment Yes, describe: No, describe: Yes, describe: Pale Cool Loss of sensation Yes, describe: Yes, describe:

An Easy Guide to Head to Toe Assessment

Hot spots over cast? Cast intact: Drainage: Extremity check Color: Temperature: Sensation: Pain increasing? Swelling increasing?
TYPES OF APHASIA:

No Yes None WNL Warm WNL No No

Dysarthria patient has problems with speech due to muscular control. Expressive aphasia (Brocas) patient understands, can respond w/ great difficulty in short abbreviated, phrases. Aware and frustrated. Often frontal lobe damage. Receptive aphasia (Wernickes) patient cannot understand spoken and sometimes written words, speaks fluently, long sentences that do not make sense. Patient may not be aware of deficits. Often secondary to L temporal lobe damage. Global or mixed aphasia patient has difficulty in understanding and speaking/ communicating. Often secondary to extensive damage of the language areas of the brain.

ASSESSMENT FOLLOW UP: Notify the physician of all abnormal findings!! Use the nursing process to: o Analyze subjective and objective findings. o Make a nursing diagnosis. o Plan and implement appropriate interventions. o Evaluate the effectiveness of the plan and revise as needed.

 Mary C. Vrtis, Ph.D., RN, 2008 available from www.aperiomlc.com Putting it All Together As you walk into the room assess: * Awake/ alert, asleep? * Skin color * Respiratory effort At the head assess: * Skin color, temp, moisture and integrity * Incisions and dressings * Oral mucosa/ tongue * Skin tenting on forehead * Tremors * Pupils * Jugular/ subclavian CVL * NG/ Nasoduodenal tube As you converse with the patient assess: * Orientation to person, place, time * Communication/ speech * Respiratory effort and rhythm * On/ off O2 * Glasgow coma score * Pain

An Easy Guide to Head to Toe Assessment

At the chest/ back assess: * Skin color, temp, moisture and integrity * Incisions and dressings * Breath sounds * Respiratory rate, depth, rhythm and effort * Oxygen settings * Apical pulse * Apical/ radial deficit * Heart sounds

At the upper extremities assess: * Skin color, temp, moisture and integrity * Incisions and dressings * Capillary refill * Radial pulses * Skin tenting on forearm * Edema * Periph IV/ PICC insertion sites * Tremors * Hand grasps * Muscle tone and strength * Casts

At the genitalia/ buttocks: * Skin color, temp, moisture and integrity * Incisions and dressings * Femoral pulses * Sacral edema

At the abdomen assess: * Skin color, temp, moisture and integrity * Incisions and dressings * Nutritional intake * Nausea/ vomiting * Bowel movements * Distention/ ascites * Bowel sounds * PEG/ J tube site * Tube feedings * Stomas * Continence * Abdominal/ flank pain * Bladder distention, s/s of UTI * Urine output, color, characteristics * Urinary catheter

At the lower extremities assess: * Skin color, temp, moisture and integrity * Pedal and posterior tibial pulses * Edema * Muscle tone and strength

* Incisions and dressings * Capillary refill * Tremors * Casts

* Notify the Physician of abnormal findings of concern * Implement the nursing process * Analyze the data * Identify the appropriate nursing diagnoses. * Develop and implement a plan * Evaluate the outcomes

 Mary C. Vrtis, Ph.D., RN, 2008 available from www.aperiomlc.com

An Easy Guide to Head to Toe Assessment

Cardiac Rhythm Assessment by ECG Sinus rhythm: Normal sinus rhythm (NSR) [P wave before every QRS, P-R interval < 0.20, rate is between 60 to 100] Sinus tachycardia [rate => 101] Sinus bradycardia [rate =< 59] Sinus arrhythmia [P wave before every QRS, but rate varies with respiration] Atrial dysrhythmias: Atrial fib* [atria of heart is fibrillating, ECG shows wavy line, conduct ion thru A-V node to ventricles is erratic] Atrial flutter with __:1 conduction block [atrial rate approx 300, ventricular (heart) rate 150 = 2:1, HR 75 = 4:1] Atrial fib/ flutter [atria mixture of flutter and fibrillation] Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) [sudden onset, very fast rates, narrow QRS, P wave absent or behind QRST] A-V Heart Blocks: First degree heart block [delayed conduction thru AV node, P-R interval > 0.20] Second degree A-V block, Mobitz I**[P-R interval lengthens until a QRS is absent, cyclic pattern with every X beat dropped] Second degree A-V block, Mobitz II*** [P-R interval is stable, no QRS after some P waves due to intermittent AV block] Third degree A-V block** [no relationship between P waves and QRS complexes due to complete block at AV node] Paced Rhythms: Atrial-ventricular (AV) sequential pacing [spike before the P wave and spike before the QRS] 1:1? Yes No Ventricular pacing [pacing spike before the QRS only] 1:1? Yes No Demand pacing [heart rate is higher, pacemaker fires only if there is a delay in spontaneous activity]? Yes No Automatic internal defibrillator (IAD)? No Yes Has client felt it fire? No Yes, when _________________ Ectopic Beats: Ventricular premature beats (VPB, PVC) [an early, wide QRS, extra beat originating in the ventricle] Bigeminy [every other beat is a VPB] Trigeminy [every 3rd beat is a VPB] Quadrigeminy [every 4th beat is a VPB] Premature atrial beats (PAB, PAC) [an early, narrow QRS, extra beat originating in the atria, P wave shape may be different] Premature junctional beats (PJB) [an early, narrow QRS, extra beat originating above the A-V node, no P wave] Lethal dysrhythmias: Ventricular escape rhythm (also called idioventricular) [wide QRS complexes, HR @ ventricular intrinsic rate, 30- 40] Ventricular tachycardia [wide QRS, tachycardic rates, minimal cardiac output due to ineffective pumping, cannot sustain life] Ventricular fibrillation [erratic line, ventricles are quivering, no pumping action, cardiac output is 0] *A fib with rapid response (HR > 100) increases myocardial oxygen needs and risk of LV failure is high, also high risk for PE. **Previously called Wenckebach. ***Mobitz II second degree and third degree block can result in life threatening bradycardia.

PATIENT NAME: __________________________________

DATE OF BIRTH: ________________________________

REVIEW OF SYSTEMS
General: Fever or chills Fatigue Weakness Change in weight Hot flashes/night sweats Skin: Acne Change in hair or nails Change in moles Color changes Dryness Infections Itching Lesions or sores Rashes Head: Dizzy or lightheaded Headaches Head injury Spinning/loss of balance Eyes: Blurred or double vision Cataracts or Glaucoma Changes in vision Discharge or tearing Itching or redness Eye pain Glasses or contact lenses Ears: Deafness or decreased hearing Discharge Ear ache or infections Ringing in ears Hearing aids Nose and Sinuses: Frequent cold Hay fever Congestion or discharge Nose bleeds Sinus trouble Mouth and Throat: Bleeding gums Frequent sore throat Hoarseness Sores Toothache Dentures Fever or chills Neck: Enlarged thyroid Swollen glands Neck pain Breasts: Breast lumps Nipple discharge Breast pain Respiratory: Cough, productive Cough, non-productive Shortness of breath Wheezing Gasping in sleep TB or TB exposure Asthma Cardiac: Chest pain Heart problems High blood pressure Heart murmur Irregular heart rate Palpitations Swelling or edema Stomach and Intestinal: Abdominal pain Trouble swallowing Heartburn Indigestion Nausea or vomiting Constipation or diarrhea Fecal incontinence Hemorrhoids or rectal bleeding Bloody or black stools Gallbladder/liver disease Urinary: Discomfort with urination Frequency Urgency Urinating at night Blood in urine Incontinence Flank pain Chronic urinary infections History of kidney stones Reproductive: Missed or absent periods Irregular periods Heavy bleeding Bleeding between periods Genital sores Vaginal discharge Sexual difficulties STD exposures Musculoskeletal: Arthritis Osteoporosis Back pain Bone or joint pain Muscle pain or cramping Peripheral Vascular: Muscle or leg cramps Blood clots in legs Varicose veins Neurological: Fainting Memory loss Numbness Seizures Tingling Tremors Weakness Psychiatric: Anxiety Binge eating Depression Irritability Mood changes Sleep disturbance Suicidal thoughts Endocrine: Heat or cold intolerance Excessive sweating Excessive hunger or thirst Excessive urination Excessive hair growth Unusual hair loss Thyroid disorder Diabetes Hematologic: Anemia Excessive bleeding Easy bruising Blood transfusion history

Name: _____________________________________

Todays Date: __________________________

REVIEW OF SYSTEMS
For new patients, established patients who may be having a new problem, or our patients who we havent seen for a while, we need to update our records as to your general medical health. In each area, if you are not having any difficulties, please check No Problems. If you are experiencing any of the symptoms listed, PLEASE CIRCLE THE ONES THAT APPLY, or explain any that may not be listed. If you have any questions about this, please ask one of the technicians, or your doctor. Const. (Health in General) No Problems Lack of energy, unexplained weight gain or weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, night sweats, pain in jaws when eating, scalp tenderness, prior diagnosis of cancer. Other: _______________________________________________________________ Ears, Nose, Mouth & Throat No Problems Difficulty with hearing, sinus problems, runny nose, post-nasal drip, ringing in ears, mouth sores, loose teeth, ear pain, nosebleeds, sore throat, facial pain or numbness. Other: _________________________________________________________________ C-V (Heart & Blood Vessels) No Problems Irregular heartbeat, racing heart, chest pains, swelling of feet or legs, pain in legs with walking. Other: _______________________________________ Resp. (Lungs & Breathing) No Problems Shortness of breath, night sweats, prolonged cough, wheezing, sputum production, prior tuberculosis, pleurisy, oxygen at home, coughing up blood, abnormal chest x-ray. Other: _______________________________________________________________ GI (Stomach & Intestines) No Problems Heartburn, constipation, intolerance to certain foods, diarrhea, abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, nausea, vomiting, blood in stools, unexplained change in bowel habits, incontinence. Other: ________________________________________________ GU (Kidney & Bladder) No Problems Painful urination, frequent urination, urgency, prostate problems, bladder problems, impotence. Other: ______________________________________ MS (Muscles, Bones, Joints) No Problems Joint pain, aching muscles, shoulder pain, swelling of joints, joint deformities, back pain. Other: ___________________________________________ Integ. (Skin, Hair & Breast) No Problems Persistent rash, itching, new skin lesion, change in existing skin lesion, hair loss or increase, breast changes. Other: ______________________________ Neurologic (Brain & Nerves) No Problems Frequent headaches, double vision, weakness, change in sensation, problems with walking or balance, dizziness, tremor, loss of consciousness, uncontrolled motions, episodes of visual loss. Other: __________________________________________ Psychiatric (Mood & Thinking) No Problems Insomnia, irritability, depression, anxiety, recurrent bad thoughts, mood swings, hallucinations, compulsions. Other: _______________________ Endocrinologic (Glands) No Problems Intolerance to heat or cold, menstrual irregularities, frequent hunger/urination/thirst, changes in sex drive. Other: _______________________ Hematologic (Blood/Lymph) No Problems Easy bleeding, easy bruising, anemia, abnormal blood tests, leukemia, unexplained swollen areas. Other: _______________________________________ Allergic/Immunologic No Problems Seasonal allergies, hay fever symptoms, itching, frequent infections, exposure to HIV. Other: ___________________________________________________

THE DAILY APIE WORKSHEET

Name: Client Initials: ASSESSMENT DATA (What do you know?) Brandi Parker, SN Age: NSG DX: (What's the problem?) (How do you know?) Course: Med Surg Nursing 1 Health Problem: OUTCOME/ GOAL (Opposite of problem) Date: Clinical Objective: EVALUATION (Was goal achieved?)

INTERVENTION (What nursing actions did you take to help client achieve goal?)

PSYCHOSOCIAL
LANGUAGE: GENDER: BEHAVIOR: AFFECT: OBSERVATIONS: OTHER: CODE STATUS: HISTORY:

CENTRAL NERVOUS
LOC: ORIENTATION: TEMPERATURE: ROUTE: PAIN (0-10): Location: Quality: RE-ASSESS: Quality: Location:

RESPIRATORY
RATE: DEPTH: SYMMETRY: STR RET: ACC MUS: SPUTUM: O2 Sats: O2:

CARDIOVASCULAR
HR: BP: Position: Pulse: Rhythm: Pacemaker?: Y / N Atrial/Vent/Both

GASTROINTESTINAL
BOWEL SOUNDS:
RUQ: $ LUQ: RLQ: LLQ: SHAPE: FEEL: DIET: LAST BM: COLOR: CONS: AMT/SIZE:

GENITOURINARY
URINARY: COLOR: OPACITY: ODOR?: AMOUNT:

MUSCULOSKELETAL Strength:
RUE: LUE: RLE: LLE: Active ROM: Passive ROM:

INTEGUMENTARY
SKIN CARE: SKIN COLOR: MOISTURE: SKIN TEMP: TURGOR: CAP REFILL < 3:

ERIKSONS DEVELOPMENTAL TASK: (Two complete sentences:1st identifying the clients developmental task & 2nd how the client demonstrated the developmental

GORDONS FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERNS (Two complete sentences indicating how the functional health patterns may be adversely impacted for this patient).

NURSES NOTES: Subjective:

Objective:

Action:

Plan:

SBAR: Situation:

Background:

Assessment:

Recommendation: