Capacity control of screw compressors:

speed or slider control a comparative study

The difference between the methods lies in the quality of the control stepped or infi-
nite and in the achievable part-load efficiencies.
The following comparison shows results from extensive measurings of two modern
methods of capacity control of a semi-hermetic compact-screw compressor, slider con-
trol, and speed control by frequency inverter.
Abridged version
There are different technologies to adapt the compressors cooling capacity
to the changing requirements of the A/C and refrigerant systems when
operating with screw compressors.
Distribution of the requirements to several compressors
(parallel operation)
Evaporation pressure control with hot gas bypass
Internal bypass in the compressor
Reduction of the compressor displacement by a control slider
Variable compressor speed
Dipl. Ing. (FH) Rolf Blumhardt
SV-0402-GB
2
3 Test setup, components, refrigerants,
application range
The measurings were conducted on a test stand with gas
circuit without refrigerant condensation. The heat equivalent
of the required electric power is led out via a liquid cooled
heat exchanger. The operating points can be adjusted by a
control valve (by the temperature of the coolant) and by the
refrigerant charge of the measuring circuit.
The suction gas flow is measured in order to get the cooling
capacity. The electric current consumption is calculated from
the effective value of the current consumption and the tensi-
on. All relevant data, pressures and temperatures are recor-
ded electronically and are also analysed electronically. The
measuring values shown are mean values of a measuring
time of 5 minutes.
For the measuring a semi-hermetic compact screw compres-
sor type CSH6561-60Y was used. The theoretical displace-
ment is 170 m
3
/h at 50 Hz, max. operating current
105 A. Slider position 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%.
The frequency inverter, type 75FEP, used to regulate the
speed control, was set on a proportional tension frequency
line. The max. operating current is 145 A, the nominal capa-
city is 75 kW.
The frequency variable operation was done by a standard
motor for 400 Volts at 50 Hz. This means that when rising
over 50 Hz operating frequencies, the compressor is opera-
ted with increasing sub tension and proportionally increasing
operating current. The max. possible compressor speed is in
this case limited by the motor voltage rate.
The application range of the compressor in connection with
the refrigerant R407C is shown in figure 1. An evaporation
temperature range of +10C to -10C is examined, which
covers the application in A/C systems with direct evaporati-
on, water- and brine chillers. The condensing temperature is
30, 40 and 50C. The condensing and evaporation tempera-
tures are referring to the respective dew point temp. of the
mix-refrigerant R407C.
Content
1 Introduction
2 System description:
slider control / speed control
3 Test setup, components, refrigerants,
application range
4 Control ranges
5 Volume ratio
6 Results
7 Summary
1 Introduction
There are different technologies to adapt the compressors
cooling capacity to the changing requirements of the A/C
and refrigerant systems when operating with screw compres-
sors.
Distribution of the requirements to several compressors
(parallel operation)
Evaporation pressure control with hot gas bypass
Internal bypass in the compressor
Reduction of the compressor displacement by a control
slider
Variable compressor speed
The difference between the methods lies in the quality of the
control stepped or infinite and in the achievable part-load
efficiencies. The following comparison shows results from
extensive measurings of two modern methods for capacity
control of a semi-hermetic compact-screw compressor, slider
control, and speed control by frequency inverter.
2 System description
Slider control
The slider control allows an adaptation of the compressor
displacement to the power requirement by shifting the start
of the compression process through an axial slide of the
control slider. At the same time the outlet window is adapted
to the newly developing displacement in this series.
Speed control
To regulate the speed, a frequency inverter was added to the
same compressor. The speed had been selected in such a
way that the same performance as for the slider control was
achieved in each measuring point.
Capacity control of screw compressors
70
50
40
30
20
t
c
[C]
-20
t
o
[C]
-15 0 -5 -10 10 5 20
60
LI
CR 50%
CR 25%
t
oh
= 10 K
CR 75%
CS(H)
R407C
Fig. 1 Application range
3
4 Control ranges
The slider of the compressor, starting from the full load posi-
tion 100% had been positioned to nominal 75%, 50% and
25%. The cooling capacity which results thereof can
dependent on the pressure ratio deviate from the nominal
values.
For the measurings with frequency inverter the operating fre-
quency of the compressor had been selected in such a way
that in each measured operating point the cooling capacity
adjusted to a value that was identical with the slider position.
In addition to the directly comparable measurings the opera-
ting frequency at the max. tension of 400 Volts was increa-
sed so far over 50 Hz that the voltage limit of the motor was
achieved.
5 Volume ratio
The volume ratio of the compressor is defined by the posi-
tion of the suction contour and the size of the discharge port.
The outlet window consists of an opening, which is axially
aligned in the discharge flange and a discharge port, which
is radially integrated in the control slider.
The partial integration of the discharge port into the slider
leads to an automatic adaptation of the outlet window at part
load operation. The volume ratio stays at a constant level up
to 70% load. When further reducing the load (to 25%), an
independent V
i
-control results, by which the volume ratio is
adapted to the lower condensing pressure, which is to be
expected in part load operation.
When operating in frequency variable ranges, the control sli-
der stays at the 100% position. An adaptation of the volume
ratio to the lower conditions at part load operation does not
happen in this case.
6 Results
Fig. 2 shows the power consumption with frequency inverter
in comparison to direct net operation.
The higher power consumption at FI operation is based on
the efficiency ratio of the FI, and by a smaller part, which
cannot be defined by measuring technique, on the reduced
efficiency ratio of the electric motor, when supplied with the
pulsed tension by the FI.
The further examinations are made for each single measu-
red condensing temperature of 30C, 40C, and 50C.
At 30C condensing temperature the relative power con-
sumption shows a continuous curve for FI operation. The
relative power consumption at the slider control lies partly
above, partly below the power consumption for FI operation.
This unsteady behaviour is caused by a volume ratio, defi-
ned in various slider positions. The results show that this
compressor is not optimised for the relatively low condensing
temperature of 30C. This is quite common as air cooled A/C
systems do not work with such low condensing temperatu-
Speed or slider control a comparative study
101,0
101,5
102,0
102,5
103,0
103,5
104,0
104,5
-10 -5 0 5 10
Evaporation temperature [C]
tc = 30C
tc = 40C
tc = 50C
Relative power consumption in comparison
FI operation at 50Hz /net operation at full load
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

p
o
w
e
r

c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n

w
i
t
h

F
I


[
%
]
Fig. 2 Relative power consumption in comparison FI-operation at
50 Hz / net operation at full load
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Comparison of control with slider or FI
Cooling capacity in [%]
P
o
w
e
r

c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n

i
n

[
%
]
ideal
t
o
= 0C (S)
t
o
= 0C (FU)
R407C
t
c
= 30C
Fig. 3 Curve of power consumption at 30C condensing
temperature
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cooling capacity in [%]
P
o
w
e
r

c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n

i
n

[
%
]
Comparison of control with slider or FI
R407C t
c
= 40C
t
o
= 10C (S)
t
o
= 10C (FI)
t
o
= 0C (S)
t
o
= 0C (FI)
t
o
= -10C (S)
t
o
= -10C (FI)
ideal
Abb. 4 Curve of power consumption at 30C condensing
temperature
4
possible condensing temperature in comparison to net ope-
ration. Reason is the stronger heating of the motor at FI ope-
ration.
Operation of the compressor at frequencies above 50 Hz
The data shown for the operation of the screw compressor
were evaluated by the standard motor (400 V, 50 Hz) at a
proportional characteristic curve of the frequency inverter.
Operating frequencies above 50 Hz are possible at a con-
stant supply tension. In this range, the so called weakening
of the field, the current consumption increases proportionally
to the speed. The motor is therefore operated at an increa-
sing frequency with rising sub-tension. This operation is pos-
sible up to the max. current consumption of the compressor.
The current resources of the motor result from the relation of
the max. possible current consumption to the operating cur-
rent for FI operation at the selected operating point.
Experiences show that the operating current must not
exceed 90% of the max. admissible operating current for
direct drive. The table shows some examples.
For the operating point t
o
= 0C, t
c
= 45C the operating
behaviour of the compressor has been recorded for operati-
on with FI. The maximum frequency resulted in 74 Hz.
Fig. 7 shows the FI increase of the cooling capacity and the
COP above the speed. Both values do not behave proportio-
nally to the speed increase.
res. (For water cooled systems compressors with accordingly
adapted volume ratio are available).
At 40C condensing temperature the power consumption in
all operating points (t
o
= -10C, 0C and +10C) lies below
the one at FI operation.
At 50C condensing temperature (fig. 5) the ratio of the
power consumption of the compressors regulated by a slider
is a little more favourable than at 40C t
c
. At this operating
point the advantages of the slider control are obvious.
Moreover, the reduced peripheral velocity of the dental tops
has a negative effect on the performance as well as on the
volumetric and isentropic efficiency of the compressor when
operated at low speed.
7 Comparison of application limits
The full-load application limits for slider operation with fre-
quency inverter are shown in fig. 6. The upper limit line is
based on the max. admissible motor temperature. For opera-
tion with frequency inverter there is a restriction of the max.
Capacity control of screw compressors
Measured application limits CSH6561-60Y
(with and without frequency inverter)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Evaporation temperature [C]
C
o
n
d
e
n
s
i
n
g

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

[

C
]
R407C (dew points)
t
oh
= 10 K (50Hz)
Slider (100%)
FI (50Hz)
Abb. 6 Application limits
Cooling capacity at over-synchroised operation (net: 400 V - 50 Hz)
0,84
0,86
0,88
0,9
0,92
0,94
0,96
0,98
1
50 55 60 65 70 75
Operating frequency [Hz]
Qo
COP
R
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c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

a
n
d

C
O
P
Abb. 7 Relative curve of capacity and COP at frequencies above
50Hz
Cooling capacity in [%]
P
o
w
e
r

c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n

i
n

[
%
]
Comparison of control with slider or FI
60
70
80
90
100
110
50 60 70 80 90 100
R407C t
c
= 50C
t
o
= 10C (S)
t
o
= 10C (FU)
t
o
= 0C (S)
t
o
= 0C (FU)
ideal
Abb. 5 Curve of the power consumption at 50C condensing
temperature
Oper. point current cons. I
max
max. freq. for I
max
= 94,5 A
-10C/40C 69,1 A 105 A 78 Hz
-10C/50C 71,4 A 105 A 66 Hz
0C/40C 62,9 A 105 A 75 Hz
0C/50C 74,5 A 105 A 63 Hz
5
The relative cooling capacity related to frequency is still
approx. 92% for 40 Hz. Reasons are an enlarged slip of the
motor caused by sub-tension when operating above 50 Hz,
and the increasing throttling losses in the compressor cau-
sed by the increasing refrigerant mass flow. When the speed
increases due to higher peripheral speed of the rotors, the
back flow losses are reduced and cannot compensate this
effect.
The COP shows a similar behaviour. The sub-tension, rising
proportionally to the frequency, causes a lower magnetizati-
on of the motor and thus a reduction of the efficiency ratio.
At the max. possible frequency of 74 Hz the performance
drops 14%.
Provided that the max. frequency is only needed to cover the
peak loads for a few days a year the reduction of the
COP value becomes less important. Especially important is
the capacity increase at higher compressor frequencies for
this operating point 36% from 117 to 159 kW.
Alternatively to the selected motor voltage of 400 V, 50 Hz
the compressor can also be equipped with a motor of 230 V,
50 Hz. In this case the frequency inverter is able to provide a
tension which is proportional to the frequency over the entire
speed range. Thus, the performance and COP losses for
operation with sub-tension mentioned before can be avoided.
The respective operating data had been measured with the
available motor at an intensified voltage, proportionally to the
frequency (50 Hz, 390 V to 60 Hz, 460 V). With respect to
motor efficiency and speed the results are comparable to
those of the motor 230V, 50Hz. The operating point t
o
= 0C,
t
c
= 45C was selected.
The cooling capacity increases sub-proportionally to 99%
relative value. The power consumption also increases sub-
proportionally to 98% relative value. This leads to a 1,4%
increase of the COP.
Due to the higher flow losses at increasing mass flow in the
compressor, the cooling capacity increases sub-proportional-
ly to the speed increase. The relative reduction of the power
consumption results from the lower back flow losses of the
compressor at higher frequencies. The COP increases to
1,4%. With the 400 V motor the COP dropped to 97% at this
operating point, as already mentioned. This result shows that
systems, which are primarily operated at frequencies above
50 Hz should be equipped with a motor, which allows a pro-
portional increase of voltage and frequency in this range as
well. This is a motor selected for 230 V, 3 PH, 50 Hz. In this
case it must be paid attention to the fact that the frequency
inverter has to be selected for higher currents when using
230 V motors.
Performance curve with frequency inverter (27 to 74 Hz)
The diagram shows the part load behaviour with frequency
inverter for 0C / 45C with R407 C. The red curve repre-
sents the part load behaviour for proportional change of ten-
sion and frequency. For frequencies above 50 Hz the curve
comes close to the curve of the proportional line. The
distance to the proportional line, which is still obvious, is due
to the efficiency ratio of the frequency inverter. The measu-
rings had been conducted up to 60 Hz. For higher frequen-
cies the efficiency of the inverter is almost compensated by
the better isentropic efficiency of the compressor developing
at higher speed. This positive effect is partly neutralized by
the increasing throttling losses of the compressor.
Speed or slider control a comparative study
Curve of cooling cap. at over-synchr. operation (net: 50 Hz - 400 V)
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
50 55 60 65 70 75
Operating frequency [Hz]
C
o
o
l
i
n
g

c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

[
k
W
]
Qo (Measurement)
Qo (proportional)
Fig. 8 Curve of the cooling capacity at over-synchronic operation
Performance curve with FI (27 bis 74 Hz)
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Cooling capacity [%]
P
o
w
e
r

c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n

[
%
]
Umax = 400V
f/I = prop.
proportional
Fig. 9 Curve of the cooling capacity with FI
50 Hz 60 Hz
Relative values
for 60 Hz
Cooling capacity [kW] 116,9 139,4 99%
Power consumption [kW] 41,9 49,3 98%
COP 2,79 2,83 1,014
6
The blue curve shows the part load behaviour for compres-
sor operation from 50 Hz with increasing sub-tension. It is
obvious that the power consumption increases superpropor-
tionally to the increasing frequency. This characteristic, which
is achieved by the 400 Volts standard motor, should be used
only when this high performance is needed temporarily.
7 Summary
Due to the efficiency of the frequency inverter, the COP
achieved by this system in the respective control range is
always lower than it is for direct net operation.
The application range of the compressor is reduced when
operating with a frequency inverter. This leads to a slight
reduction of the maximal possible condensing temperatu-
re. A very suitable alternative for applications with higher
condensing temperatures is provided by the refrigerant
R134a.
The possibility to increase the compressors performance
by operating over 50 Hz and then using smaller compres-
sors, increases the efficiency of such systems.
For systems, which are primarily operated above 50 Hz,
one should check, if the application of a motor with 230 V
would be an economically efficient solution.
If there are requirements of the power companies concer-
ning restrictions of the staring currents, these might also
be met by using frequency inverters. Separate soft star-
ters are not necessary.
Both systems, slider control and variable frequency opera-
tion are suitable to adapt the compressor capacity to the
required performance. The decision, which system to use,
can be made only after a calculation of the system confi-
guration, taking into account the performance, capacity
ratio and the investment costs.
Net impedance, sinus filter and the load on the frequency
inverter can significantly reduce the blind current at fre-
quency inverter operation. The priority of each measure-
ment has to be specified more precisely by further tests.
Capacity control of screw compressors
7 Speed or slider control a comparative study
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Bitzer Khlmaschinenbau GmbH
Eschenbrnnlestr. 15
71065 Sindelfingen, Germany
fon +49(0) 7031 932-0
fax +49(0) 703 932-146 & -147
www.bitzer.de www.bitzer-corp.com
bitzer@bitzer.de