16.1 Landscape 16-1 16.1.1 General 16-1 16.1.1.1 Summary 16-1 16.1.1.2 Related Documents 16-1 16.1.1.3 Definitions 16-1 16.1.1.4 Submittals 16-1 16.1.2 Materials 16-2 16.1.2.1 Trees and Shrubs 16-2 16.1.2.2 Ground Cover 16-2 16.1.2.3 Palms 16-2 16.1.2.4 Grass Seed 16-2 16.1.2.5 Grass Sod (Turf) 16-2 16.1.2.6 Grass Plugs 16-2 16.1.2.7 Grass Sprigs 16-2 16.1.2.8 Topsoil 16-2 16.1.2.9 Soil Amendments 16-3 16.1.2.10 Fertilizer 16-3 16.1.2.11 Mulches 16-3 16.1.2.12 Stakes and Guys 16-3 16.1.2.13 Landscape Edgings 16-4 16.1.2.14 Erosion-Control Materials 16-4 16.1.2.15 Miscellaneous Materials 16-4 16.1.3 Construction Requirements 16-4 16.1.3.1 General 16-4 16.1.3.2 Preparation 16-4 16.1.3.3 Planting Soil Preparation 16-5 16.1.3.4 Ground Cover and Plant Bed Preparation 16-5 16.1.3.5 Preparation for Grassed Areas 16-5 16.1.3.6 Excavation for Trees and Shrubs 16-5 16.1.3.7 Planting, Palms, Trees and Shrubs 16-6 16.1.3.8 Tree and Shrub Pruning 16-7 16.1.3.9 Tree and Shrub Guying and Staking 16-7 16.1.3.10 Grass Seeding 16-7 16.1.3.11 Hydro-Seeding 16-7 16.1.3.12 Sodding 16-7 16.1.3.13 Plugging 16-7 16.1.3.14 Sprigging 16-8
Ref. Title Page No. 16.1.3.15 Requirements for Satisfactory Grass 16-8 16.1.3.16 Planting Ground Cover and Plants 16-8 16.1.3.17 Mulching 16-8 16.1.3.18 Installation of Edgings 16-8 16.1.3.19 Installation of Miscellaneous Materials 16-8 16.1.3.20 Cleanup and Protection 16-8 16.1.3.21 Disposal of Surplus and Waste Materials 16-8 16.1.4 Warranty and Maintenance 16-8 16.1.4.1 Warranty 16-8 16.1.4.2 Maintenance 16-9 16.1.5 Method of Measurement 16-9 16.1.5.1 Excavation, Soiling, Cultivating and Grading 16-9 16.1.5.2 Grass Planting and Seeding 16-10 16.1.5.3 Tree, Shrub and Ground Cover Planting 16-10 16.1.6 Basis of Payment 16-10 16.1.7 Items in Bill of Quantities 16-10 16.2 Irrigation System 16-10 16.2.1 Description / General 16-10 16.2.1.1 Scope 16-10 16.2.1.2 Schedules of Proposed Equipment 16-11 16.2.1.3 Approval of Equipment 16-11 16.2.1.4 Submittals 16-11 16.2.1.5 Delivery, Storage and Handling 16-12 16.2.1.6 Installation and Checking 16-12 16.2.1.7 Spares 16-12 16.2.1.8 Equipment Labels and Charts 16-12 16.2.1.9 Operation and Instruction Manuals 16-12 16.2.2 Material 16-13 16.2.2.1 Pipes, Fittings and Accessories 16-13 16.2.2.2 Valves and Penstocks 16-15 16.2.2.3 Irrigation Equipment 16-17 16.2.2.4 Valve Operators and Accessories 16-19 16.2.2.5 Jointing Material 16-20 16.2.2.6 Concrete and Metal Work 16-21 16.2.2.7 Pumping Plant 16-21
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Ref. Title Page No. 16.2.3 Construction Requirements 16-21 16.2.3.1 Excavation, Bedding and Backfilling 16-21 16.2.3.2 Pipe Laying - Generally 16-21 16.2.3.3 Jointing 16-22 16.2.3.4 Line and Gradient 16-22 16.2.3.5 Floatation 16-22 16.2.3.6 Pipe Built Into Structures 16-22 16.2.3.7 Field Testing: Generally 16-22 16.2.3.8 Hydrostatic Testing of Pressure Pipelines 16-23 16.2.3.9 Visual Inspection Test 16-23 16.2.3.10 Deflection Tests for GRP Pipes 16-23 16.2.3.11 Flushing 16-23 16.2.3.12 Field Protection and Coating 16-23 16.2.3.13 Irrigation Control 16-24 16.2.3.14 Contract Requirements 16-24 16.2.3.15 Documentation 16-24 16.2.3.16 Maintenance Program 16-24 16.2.4 Method of Measurement 16-24 16.2.5 Basis of Payment 16-25 16.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 16-25
16-1 16.1 Landscape 16.1.1 General 16.1.1.1 Summary 1 This Section describes requirements for soft landscaping and irrigation, including the following: i. Trees and shrubs. ii. Ground cover. iii. Palms. iv. Seed. v. Turf-grass sod. vi. Plugs. vii. Sprigs. viii. Topsoil. ix. Soil amendments. x. Fertilizers. xi. Mulches. xii. Stakes and guys. xiii. Landscape edgings. xiv. Erosion-control materials. xv. Miscellaneous materials. xvi. Irrigation 2 Requirements for hard landscaping, paving and curbs of sidewalks and areas adjacent to soft landscaping are described in Section 12. 3 Landscape work shall be carried out by an experienced landscape contractor whose qualifications and resources are approved by the Engineer, including his operatives and supervisors and equipment. 4 Where tests and analysis on soil and products are required by this Specification, they shall be carried out by an agency approved by the Engineer. 16.1.1.2 Related Documents 1 Drawings and other Specification Sections, apply to this Section. 2 Related Sections: The following Sections contain requirements that relate to this Section: i. Section 1 for protection of existing trees and planting, topsoil stripping and stockpiling, and site clearing. ii. Section 2 for excavation, filling, rough grading and subsurface aggregate drainage and drainage backfill. iii. Section 8 for subsurface drainage. iv. Section 12 sidewalks, paving areas and curbs. 16.1.1.3 Definitions 1 Finish Grade: Elevation of finished surface of planting soil. 2 Sub grade: Surface of subsoil after completing excavation, or top surface of a fill or backfill immediately beneath planting soil. 3 Manufactured Soil: Soil produced off-site by homogeneously blending mineral soils or sand with stabilized organic soil amendments to produce topsoil or planting soil. 4 Planting Soil: Native or imported topsoil, manufactured topsoil, or surface soil modified to become topsoil; mixed with soil amendments. 16.1.1.4 Submittals 1 General: Submit the certificates, samples and other information stated in this paragraph to the Engineer before ordering materials or starting the relevant work. 2 Certification of product compliance to specified requirements signed by manufacturer. i. Manufacturer's certified analysis for standard products. ii. Analysis for other materials by a recognized laboratory made according to approved international standards. iii. Label data substantiating that plants, trees, shrubs, and planting materials comply with specified requirements. iv. Certification of grass seed from seed vendor for each grass-seed or mixture stating the botanical and common name and percentage by weight of each species and variety and percentage of purity, germination and weed seed. Include the year of production and date of packaging. v. Certification of each seed mixture for turf grass sod, plugs and sprigs, identifying source, including name and telephone number of supplier. vi. Certification of all soil amendments and fertilizers signed by product manufacturer. 3 Samples of each of the following: i. 2 kg of mineral mulch for each color and texture of stone t, in labeled plastic bags. ii. Edging materials and accessories to verify color selected. 4 Qualification data for firms and persons employed in the work to demonstrate their capabilities and experience. Include lists of completed projects with project names and addresses, names and address of architects/engineers and owners, and other information specified. 5 Material test reports from qualified independent testing agency indicating and interpreting test results relative to compliance of the following materials with requirements indicated: i. Analysis of existing surface soil. ii. Analysis of imported topsoil.
16-2 6 Planting schedule indicating planned dates and locations for each type of planting. 7 Maintenance instructions recommending procedures to be established by the Employer for maintenance of landscaping during an entire year. Submit before expiration of required maintenance periods. 16.1.2 Materials 16.1.2.1 Trees and Shrubs 1 Provide nursery-grown trees and shrubs conforming to ANSI Z60.1, with healthy root systems developed by transplanting or root pruning. Provide well-shaped, fully- branched, healthy, vigorous stock free of disease, insects, eggs, larvae, and defects such as knots, sun scald, injuries, abrasions, and disfigurement. 2 Provide trees and shrubs of sizes and grades l conforming to ANSI Z60.1 for type of trees and shrubs specified and shown on the Drawings. 3 Label each tree and shrub with securely attached waterproof tag bearing legible designation of botanical and common name. 4 Provide balled and burlapped trees and shrubs. Container-grown trees will be acceptable in lieu of balled and burlapped subject to meeting ANSI Z60.1 limitations for container stock. 5 Shade trees shall be single-stem trees with straight trunk, well-balanced crown, and conforming to ANSI Z60.1 for type of trees required. i. Branching Height: 1/3 to 1/2 of tree height. 6 Small trees shall be small upright or spreading type, branched or pruned naturally according to species and type and with relationship to caliper, height, and branching recommended by ANSI Z60.1 and stem form as follows: i. Form: Multi-stem, clump, with 2 or more main stems. 7 Deciduous shrubs shall have no less than the minimum number of canes required by and measured according to ANSI Z60.1 for type, shape, and height of shrub. 8 Broad-leafed evergreens shall be: normal-quality, well-balanced, broadleaf evergreens of type, height, spread, and shape conforming to ANSI Z60.1. 16.1.2.2 Ground Cover 1 Ground cover plants shall be established and well rooted in removable containers or integral peat pots and with not less than the minimum number and length of runners required by ANSI Z60.1 for the pot size indicated. 16.1.2.3 Palms 1 Palms shall have a crown of new leaves, proper color of leaves of adult palms and sufficient hardiness. Palms shall be supplied earth balled and hessian covered. Height of palms is measured from nursery ground line to base of first frond. 2 Heights of palms are to be as indicated in the Plant of Material Schedules shown on Drawings and shall have corresponding root-ball diameters as follows: Palm Height Root-ball Diameter 1.5 m 0.75 - 0.90 m 2.0 m 0.90 - 1.10 m 2.5 m 1.10 - 1.30 m 3.0 m 1.30 - 1.50 m 3.5 m 1.50 - 1.80 m 4.0 m 1.80 - 2.00 m 16.1.2.4 Grass Seed 1 Grass seed shall be fresh, clean, dry, new-crop seed complying with AOSA's "Journal of Seed Technology; Rules for Testing Seeds" for purity and germination tolerances. 2 Seed species shall be as stated in the Special Specification or shown on the Drawings for the particular use and location, with not less than 95 percent germination, not less than 85 percent pure seed, and not more than 0.5 percent weed seed. 16.1.2.5 Grass Sod (Turf) 1 Grass sod (turf) shall be first quality, complying with TPI's Specifications for Sod (Turf) Materials in its Guideline Specifications to Sodding, including limitations on thatch, weeds, diseases, nematodes, and insects, Provide viable sod of uniform density, color, and texture, strongly rooted, capable of vigorous growth and development when planted. Sods shall be nominal size 750mm x 300mm. 2 Grass sod species shall be as stated in the Special Specification or shown on the Drawings with not less than 95 percent germination, not less than 85 percent pure seed, and not more than 0.5 percent weed seed: 16.1.2.6 Grass Plugs 1 Grass plugs shall be as specified in paragraph 16.1.2.5 but with a nominal size 100mm x 100mm. 16.1.2.7 Grass Sprigs 1 Grass sprigs shall be healthy living stems, rhizomes, or solons with a minimum of two nodes and any attached roots free of soil, of the species stated in the Special Specification or shown on the Drawings. 16.1.2.8 Topsoil 1 Topsoil shall conform to ASTM D 5268, pH range of 5.5 to 7, 4 percent organic material minimum, free of stones 25 mm or larger in any dimension, and other extraneous materials harmful to plant growth, obtained from any of the sources stated below.
16-3 i. Topsoil Source: Reuse surface soil stockpiled on site. Verify suitability of surface soil to produce topsoil meeting requirements and amend when necessary. Supplement with imported topsoil when quantities are insufficient. Clean topsoil of roots, plants, sods, stones, clay lumps, and other extraneous materials harmful to plant growth. ii. Topsoil Source: Imported topsoil from off-site sources, obtained from naturally well--drained sites where topsoil occurs at least 100mm deep; do not obtain from bogs or marshes. iii. Topsoil Source: Amend existing surface soil to produce topsoil. Supplement with imported topsoil when required. Topsoil shall have a physical and chemical analysis before any amendments are added. 16.1.2.9 Soil Amendments 1 Lime shall be dolomite limestone conforming to ASTM C 602, Class T, agricultural limestone, containing a minimum 80 percent calcium carbonate equivalent, with a minimum 99 percent passing a 2.36 mm sieve and a minimum 75 percent passing a 250 micrometer sieve. 2 Aluminum sulfate shall be commercial grade, unadulterated. 3 Sand shall be cleaned, washed, natural or manufactured sand, free of toxic materials. 4 Perlite shall be horticultural perlite, soil amendment grade. 5 Peat Humus shall be finely divided or granular texture, with a pH range of 6 to 7.5, composed of partially decomposed moss peat or reed-sedge peat. 6 Peat Humus for acid-tolerant trees and shrubs, shall be moss peat, with a pH range of 3.2 to 4.5, coarse fibrous texture, medium-divided sphagnum moss peat or reed- sedge peat. 7 Sawdust or ground bark humus shall be decomposed, nitrogen-treated, of uniform texture, free of chips, stones, sticks, soil, or toxic materials. i. When site treated, mix with at least 2.4 kg of ammonium nitrate or 4 kg of ammonium sulfate per cu. m of loose sawdust or ground bark. 8 Manure shall be well-rotted, unleached stable or cattle manure containing not more than 25 percent by volume of straw, sawdust, or other bedding materials; free of toxic substances, stones, sticks, soil, weed seed, and material harmful to plant growth. 9 Herbicides shall be EPA registered and approved, of type recommended by the manufacturer. 16.1.2.10 Fertilizer 1 Bone-meal shall be commercial, raw, finely ground; minimum of 4 percent nitrogen and 20 percent phosphoric acid. 2 Superphosphate shall be commercial, phosphate mixture, soluble; minimum of 20 percent available phosphoric acid. 3 Commercial fertilizer shall be commercial-grade complete fertilizer of neutral character, consisting of fast- and slow-release nitrogen, 50 percent derived from natural organic sources of urea-form, phosphorous, and potassium in the proportions recommended in reports from a qualified soil testing agency. 4 Slow-release fertilizer shall be granular fertilizer consisting of 50 percent water-insoluble nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the proportions recommended in reports from a qualified soil testing agency. 16.1.2.11 Mulches 1 Mineral mulch shall be hard, durable stone, washed free of loam, sand, clay, and other foreign substances, of following type, size range, and color: i. Type: Crushed stone or gravel. ii. Size Range: 20 mm maximum, 6 mm minimum. iii. Color: Uniform tan-beige color range, acceptable to the Engineer. 2 Straw mulch shall be air-dry, clean, mildew- and seed-free, salt hay or threshed straw of wheat, rye, oats, or barley. 3 Peat mulch shall be peat humus as specified in paragraph 16.1.2.9, items 5 or 6 as appropriate. 4 Compost mulch shall be well-composted, stable, and weed-free organic matter, pH range of 5.5 to 8; moisture content 35 to 55 percent by weight; 100 percent passing through 1-inch (25-mm) sieve; soluble salt content of 5 to 10 decisiemens/m; not exceeding 0.5 percent inert contaminants and free of substances toxic to plantings; and as follows: i. Organic Matter Content: 50 to 60 percent of dry weight. ii. Feedstock: Agricultural, food, or industrial residuals; biosolids; yard trimmings; or source- separated or compostable mixed solid waste. 5 Fiber mulch shall be biodegradable, dyed-wood, cellulose-fiber mulch; nontoxic; free of plant-growth or germination inhibitors; with maximum moisture content of 15 percent and a pH range of 4.5 to 6.5. 6 Non asphaltic tackifier shall be colloidal tackifier recommended by fiber-mulch manufacturer for slurry application; nontoxic and free of plant-growth or germination inhibitors. 7 Asphalt emulsion shall conform to ASTM D 977, Grade SS-1; nontoxic and free of plant-growth or germination inhibitors. 16.1.2.12 Stakes and Guys 1 Upright and Guy Stakes: Rough-sawn, sound, new hardwood, redwood, or pressure-preservative-treated
16-4 softwood, free of knots, holes, cross grain, and other defects, 50 by 50 mm by length indicated, pointed at one end. 2 Guy and Tie Wire: ASTM A 641M, Class 1, galvanized-steel wire, 2 strands, twisted, 2.7 mm in diameter. 3 Guys for Palms: 5 mm diameter, 7-strand galvanized wire in suitable lengths, with chafing guards of 13 mm diameter PVC pipe, wire adjustments or turn buckles as approved and 15 mm malleable iron ground anchors. 4 Guy Cable: 5 strand, 4.8 mm diameter, galvanized- steel cable, with zinc-coated turn buckles, 75 mm long minimum, with 2 10 mm galvanized eyebolts. 5 Hose Chafing Guard: Reinforced rubber or plastic hose at least 13 mm in diameter, black, cut to lengths required to protect tree trunks from damage. 6 Flags: Standard surveyor's plastic flagging tape, white, 150 mm long. 7 Burlap: Jute of 0.20 kg/m 2 or cloth having same strength and resistance to tearing and capable of rotting in the ground. 16.1.2.13 Landscape Edgings 1 Polyethylene edging shall be proprietary standard-- black polyethylene edging, 3 mm thick by 125 mm deep, unless otherwise indicated, extruded in standard lengths, with 225 mm steel angle stakes. i. Top Profile: Straight, with top 50 mm, 6 mm thick. ii. Top Profile: Rounded. 16.1.2.14 Erosion-Control Materials 1 Erosion-Control Blankets: Biodegradable wood excelsior, straw, or coconut-fiber mat enclosed in a photodegradable plastic mesh. Include manufacturer's recommended steel wire staples, 150 mm long. 2 Erosion-Control Fiber Mesh: Biodegradable twisted jute or spun-coir mesh, a minimum of 0.5 kg/sq.m. with 50 to 65 percent open area. Include manufacturer's recommended steel wire staples, 150 mm long. 16.1.2.15 Miscellaneous Materials 1 Anti-desiccant: Water-insoluble emulsion, permeable moisture retarder, film forming, for trees and shrubs. Deliver in original, sealed, and fully labeled containers and mix according to the manufacturer's instructions. 2 Trunk-Wrap Tape: Two layers of crinkled paper cemented together with bituminous material, 100 mm wide minimum, with stretch factor of 33 percent 16.1.3 Construction Requirements 16.1.3.1 General 1 Examine areas to receive landscaping for compliance with requirements and for conditions affecting performance of work. Do not proceed with installation until unsatisfactory conditions have been corrected. 2 Topsoil Analysis: Furnish a soil analysis made by a qualified independent soil-testing agency stating percentages of organic matter, inorganic matter (silt, clay, and sand), deleterious material, pH, and mineral and plant-nutrient content of topsoil. Report suitability of topsoil for growth of applicable planting material. State recommended quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash nutrients and limestone, aluminum sulfate, or other soil amendments to be added to produce satisfactory topsoil. 3 Deliver packaged materials in containers showing weight, analysis, and name of manufacturer. Protect materials from deterioration during delivery and while stored at site. 4 Deliver trees, shrubs, ground covers, and plants after preparation for planting has been completed and plant immediately. If planting is delayed more than 6 hours after delivery, set planting materials in shade, and protect from weather and mechanical damage, and keep roots moist. i. Heel-in bare-root stock. Soak roots in water for 2 hours if dried out. ii. Set balled stock on ground and cover ball with soil, peat moss, sawdust, or other acceptable material. iii. Do not remove container-grown stock from containers until time of planting. iv. Water root systems of trees and shrubs stored on site with a fine-mist spray. Water as often as necessary to maintain root systems in a moist condition. 5 Coordinate installation of planting materials during normal planting seasons for each type of plant material required. 6 Coordinate planting periods with maintenance periods to provide required maintenance from date of handing over. 7 Proceed with planting only when existing and forecast weather conditions permit. 16.1.3.2 Preparation 1 Lay out individual tree and shrub locations and areas for multiple planting. Stake locations, outline areas, and secure the Engineer's acceptance before the start of planting work. Make minor adjustments as may be required. 2 Protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, pavements, and other facilities, trees, shrubs, and plantings from damage caused by planting operations. 3 Provide erosion-control measures to prevent erosion or displacement of soils and discharge of soil-bearing water runoff or airborne dust to adjacent properties and walkways.
16-5 16.1.3.3 Planting Soil Preparation 1 Before mixing, clean topsoil of roots, plants, sods, stones, clay lumps, and other extraneous materials harmful to plant growth. 2 Mix soil amendments and fertilizers with topsoil at rates indicated following soil physical and chemical analysis. Delay mixing fertilizer if planting does not follow placing of planting soil within a few days. 3 For palms and tree pit or trench backfill, mix planting soil before backfilling, and stockpile at site ready for use. 4 For planting beds, mix planting soil either prior to placing or apply on surface of topsoil and mix thoroughly before planting. i. Mix lime with dry soil prior to mixing fertilizer. Prevent lime from contacting roots of acid- tolerant plants. ii. Apply phosphoric acid fertilizer, other than that constituting a portion of complete fertilizers, directly to sub-grade before applying planting soil and tilling. 16.1.3.4 Ground Cover and Plant Bed Preparation 1 Loosen sub-grade of planting bed areas to a minimum depth of 150 mm. Remove stones larger than 40 mm in any dimension and sticks, roots, rubbish, and other extraneous materials. 2 Spread planting soil mixture to depth required to meet thickness, grades, and elevations shown, after light rolling and natural settlement. Place approximately one half the thickness of planting soil mixture required. Work into top of loosened sub-grade to create a transition layer and then place remainder of planting soil mixture. 3 Till soil in beds to a minimum depth of 200 mm and mix with specified soil amendments and fertilizers. 4 Remove existing unsuitable soil to a minimum depth of 200 mm and replace with prepared planting soil mixture. 16.1.3.5 Preparation for Grassed Areas 1 Limit sub-grade preparation to areas to be planted. 2 Newly prepared sub grade: Loosen newly prepared sub grade to a minimum depth of 150 mm. Remove stones larger than 25 mm in any dimension and sticks, roots, rubbish, and other extraneous matter and dispose off site. i. Apply superphosphate fertilizer directly to sub- grade before loosening. ii. Thoroughly blend planting soil mix off-site before spreading, or spread topsoil, apply soil amendments and fertilizer directly to the surface, and thoroughly blend planting soil mix. a. Delay mixing fertilizer with planting soil if planting will not proceed within a few days. b. Mix lime with dry soil before mixing fertilizer. iii. Spread planting soil mix to a depth of 150 mm but not less than required to meet finish grades after light rolling and natural settlement. Do not spread if planting soil or sub-grade is muddy or excessively wet. a. Spread approximately one-half the thickness of planting soil mix over loosened sub-grade. Mix thoroughly into top 100 mm of sub grade and then spread remainder of planting soil mix. b. Reduce elevation of planting soil to allow for soil thickness of sod. 3 If grass is to be sown or planted in areas unaltered or undisturbed by excavating, grading, or surface soil stripping operations, prepare surface soil as follows: i. Remove existing grass, vegetation, and turf. Do not mix into surface soil. Remove stones larger than 25 mm in any dimension and sticks, roots, trash, and other extraneous matter. ii. Loosen surface soil to a depth of at least of 150 mm. Apply soil amendments and fertilizers according to planting soil mix proportions and mix thoroughly into top 150 mm. of soil. Till soil to a homogeneous mixture of fine texture. iii. Dispose of waste material, including grass, vegetation, and turf, off site. 4 Grade planting areas to a smooth, uniform surface plane with loose, uniformly fine texture. Grade to within plus or minus 13 mm of finish elevation. Roll and rake, remove ridges, and fill depressions to meet finish grades. Limit fine grading to areas that can be planted in the immediate future. 5 Moisten prepared lawn area before planting if soil is dry. Water thoroughly and allow surface to dry before planting. Do not create muddy soil. 6 Restore areas if eroded or otherwise disturbed after finish grading and before planting. 16.1.3.6 Excavation for Trees and Shrubs 1 Pits and Trenches: Excavate with vertical sides and with bottom of excavation slightly raised at center to assist drainage. Loosen hard subsoil in bottom of excavation. i. Bare-root trees and shrubs: Excavate at least 300 mm wider than root spread and deep enough to allow setting of roots on a layer of planting soil and with collar set at same grade as in nursery, but 25 mm below finish grade. a. Shrubs setting layer: Allow 75 mm of planting soil. b. Trees setting layer: Allow 225 mm of planting soil. ii. Balled and burlapped trees and shrubs: Excavate approximately 1 times as wide as ball diameter and equal to ball depth, plus the following setting layer depth:
16-6 a. Shrubs setting layer: Allow 75 mm of planting soil. b. Trees setting layer: Allow 225 mm of planting soil. iii. Container-grown trees and shrubs: Excavate to container width and depth, plus the following setting-layer depth: a. Shrubs setting layer: Allow 75 mm of planting soil. b. Trees setting layer: Allow 150 mm of planting soil. iv. Pits for palms excavate to a depth not less than 1.6m below finished grade and to a diameter of not less than 1.5 m and at least 1 m greater than diameter of root ball. Break up bottom of pits to a depth of 300 mm. 2 Dispose of subsoil removed from excavations. Do not mix with planting soil or use as backfill. 3 Notify the Engineer if unexpected rock or obstructions detrimental to trees or shrubs are encountered in excavations. i. Hardpan layer: Drill 150 mm diameter holes into free-draining strata or to a depth of 3 m, whichever is less, and backfill with free- draining material. 4 Notify the Engineer if subsoil conditions show unexpected water seepage or retention in tree or shrub pits. 5 Fill excavations with water and allow to percolate out, before placing setting layer and positioning trees and shrubs. 16.1.3.7 Planting, Palms, Trees and Shrubs 1 Measure trees and shrubs according to ANSI Z60.1 with branches and trunks or canes in their normal position. Do not prune to obtain required sizes. Take caliper measurements 150 mm above ground for trees up to 100 mm caliper size, and 300 mm above ground for larger sizes. Measure main body of tree or shrub for height and spread; 2 Deliver freshly dug and container grown palms, trees and shrubs to the site just before planting. Do not prune before delivery, except as approved by the Engineer. Protect bark, branches, and root systems from sun scald, drying, sweating, whipping, and other handling and tying damage. Do not bend or bind-tie trees or shrubs in such a manner as to destroy natural shape. Maintain protective covering during delivery. Do not drop trees and shrubs during delivery. i. Immediately after digging bare-root stock, pack root system in wet straw, hay, or other suitable material to keep root system moist until planting. ii. Handle balled and bur lapped stock by the root ball 3 Set balled and bur lapped stock plumb and in center of pit or trench with top of ball raised above adjacent finish grades as indicated. i. Place stock on setting layer of compacted planting soil. ii. Remove burlap and wire baskets from tops of balls and partially from sides, but do not remove from under balls. Remove pallets, if any, before setting. Do not use planting stock if ball is cracked or broken before or during planting operation. iii. Place backfill around ball in layers, tamping to settle backfill and eliminate voids and air pockets. When the pit is approximately half backfilled, water thoroughly before placing the remainder of backfill. Repeat watering until no more is absorbed. Water again after placing and tamping the final layer of backfill. 4 Set container-grown stock plumb and in center of pit or trench with top of ball raised above adjacent finish grades as indicated. i. Carefully remove containers so as not to damage root balls. ii. Place stock on setting layer of compacted planting soil. iii. Place backfill around ball in layers, tamping to settle backfill and eliminate voids and air pockets. When the pit is approximately half backfilled, water thoroughly before placing remainder of backfill. Repeat watering until no more is absorbed. Water again after placing and tamping the final layer of backfill. 5 Set bare-root stock on cushion of planting soil. Spread roots without tangling or turning toward surface, and carefully work backfill around roots by hand. Puddle with water until backfill layers are completely saturated. Plumb before backfilling, and maintain plumb while working backfill around roots and placing layers above roots. Remove injured roots by cutting cleanly; do not break. i. Set collar 25 mm below adjacent finish grades, unless otherwise indicated. 6 Dish and tamp top of backfill to form a 75 mm high mound around the rim of the pit. Do not cover top of root with backfill. 7 Wrap trees of 50 mm caliper and larger with trunk- wrap tape. Start at base of trunk and spiral cover trunk to height of first branches. Overlap wrap, exposing half the width, and securely attach without causing girdling. Inspect tree trunks for injury, improper pruning, and insect infestation and take corrective measures required before wrapping. 8 Remove suckers, flowering and fruiting parts and approximately 30% of fronds from palms before planting. Leave sufficient fronds to enclose and protect growing bud, trim to 65% of original length, lift to surround
16-7 growing bud and burlap wrap and securely tie them in position and leave on palm for around one year after planting. Special attention is required to protect palm roots from being bruised during digging and bur lapping. 16.1.3.8 Tree and Shrub Pruning 1 Prune, thin, and shape trees and shrubs according to standard horticultural practice. Prune trees to retain required height and spread. Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, do not cut tree leader; remove only injured or dead branches from flowering trees Prune shrubs to retain natural character. Shrub sizes indicated are size after pruning. 16.1.3.9 Tree and Shrub Guying and Staking 1 Stake all trees of 50 to 125 mm caliper; stake trees less than 50 mm caliper only if required to prevent displacement by wind. Use a minimum of 2 stakes of length required to penetrate at least 450 mm below bottom of backfilled excavation and to extend at least 1800 mm above grade. Set stakes vertical and spaced to avoid penetrating balls or root masses. Support trees with 2 strands of tie wire encased in hose sections at contact points with tree trunk. Allow enough slack to avoid rigid restraint of tree. 2 Guy and stake trees exceeding 4.2 m high and more than 75 mm caliper. Securely attach no fewer than 3 guys to stakes 750 mm long, driven to grade. Attach flags to each guy wire, 750 mm above finish grade. 3 Support palms with 4 guy wires secured to ground anchors and attached to palm at approximately two thirds height. Adjust tension as necessary with wire adjusters or turn buckles. 16.1.3.10 Grass Seeding 1 Sow seed with spreader or seeding machine. Do not broadcast or drop seed when wind velocity exceeds 8 km/h. Evenly distribute seed by sowing equal quantities in two directions at right angles to each other. i. Do not use wet seed or seed that is moldy or otherwise damaged. 2 Sow seed at the rate of 2.3 to 3.6 kg/92.9 sq.m. 3 Rake seed lightly into top 3 mm of topsoil, roll lightly, and water with fine spray. 4 Protect seeded areas with slopes exceeding 1:6 with erosion-control fiber mesh and slopes exceeding 1:4 with erosion-control blankets installed and stapled according to manufacturer's written instructions. 5 Protect seeded areas with slopes not exceeding 1:6 by spreading straw mulch. Spread uniformly at a minimum rate of 42 kg/92.9 sq.m. to form a continuous blanket 38 mm in loose depth over seeded areas. Spread by hand, blower, or other suitable equipment. i. Anchor straw mulch by crimping into topsoil with suitable mechanical equipment. ii. Bond straw mulch by spraying with asphalt emulsion at the rate of 38 to 49 L/92.9 sq.m. Take precautions to prevent damage or staining of structures or other plantings adjacent to mulched areas. Immediately clean damaged or stained areas. 6 Protect seeded areas from hot, dry weather or drying winds by applying compost mulch, peat mulch or planting soil within 24 hours after completing seeding operations. Soak and scatter uniformly to a depth of 4.8 mm and roll to a smooth surface. 16.1.3.11 Hydro-Seeding 1 Mix specified seed, fertilizer, and fiber mulch in water, using equipment specifically designed for hydro seed application. Continue mixing until uniformly blended into homogeneous slurry suitable for hydraulic application. i. Mix slurry with no asphaltic tackifier. ii. Apply slurry uniformly to all areas to be seeded in a one-step process. Apply mulch at a minimum rate of 15.3-kg/92.9 sq. m dry weight but not less than the rate required to obtain specified seed-sowing rate. iii. Apply slurry uniformly to all areas to be seeded in a two-step process. Apply first slurry application at a minimum rate of 5.1-kg/92.9 sq.m. dry weight but not less than the rate required to obtain specified seed-sowing rate. Apply slurry cover coat of fiber mulch at a rate of 10.2 kg/92.9 sq.m. 16.1.3.12 Sodding 1 Lay sod within 24 hours of harvesting. Do not lay sod if dormant or if ground is muddy. 2 Lay sod to form a solid mass with tightly fitted joints. Butt ends and sides of sod; do not stretch or overlap. Stagger sod strips or pads to offset joints in adjacent courses. Avoid damage to sub grade or sod during installation. Tamp and roll lightly to ensure contact with sub grade, eliminate air pockets, and form a smooth surface. Work sifted soil or fine sand into minor cracks between pieces of sod; remove excess to avoid smothering sod and adjacent grass. i. Lay sod across angle of slopes exceeding 1:3. ii. Anchor sod on slopes exceeding 1:6 with wood pegs or steel staples spaced as recommended by sod manufacturer but not less than 2 anchors per sod strip to prevent slippage. 3 Saturate sod with fine water spray within two hours of planting. During first week, water daily or more frequently as necessary to maintain moist soil to a minimum depth of 38 mm below sod. 16.1.3.13 Plugging 1 Plant plugs in holes or furrows, spaced 300 mm apart in both directions. On slopes, contour furrows to neat levels.
16-8 16.1.3.14 Sprigging 1 Plant freshly shredded sod sprigs in furrows 63 to 75 mm deep. Place individual sprigs with roots and portions of stem in moistened soil, 150 mm apart in rows 250 mm apart, and fill furrows without covering growing tips. Lightly roll and firm soil around sprigs after planting. 2 Broadcast sprigs uniformly over prepared surface at a rate of 0.28 cu. m/92.9 sq.m. and mechanically force sprigs into lightly moistened soil. i. Spread a 6-mm thick layer of compost mulch, peat mulch, planting soil or topsoil on sprigs. ii. Lightly roll and firm soil around sprigs after planting. iii. Water sprigs immediately after planting and keep moist by frequent watering until well rooted. 16.1.3.15 Requirements for Satisfactory Grass 1 Seeded areas: At end of maintenance period, a healthy, uniform, close stand of grass has to be established, free of weeds and surface irregularities, with coverage exceeding 90 percent over any 0.92 sq.m and bare spots not exceeding 125 by 125 mm. 2 Sodded areas: At end of maintenance period, a healthy, well-rooted, even-colored, viable lawn has been established, free of weeds, open joints, bare areas, and surface irregularities. 3 Plugged areas: At end of maintenance period, the required number of plugs has been established as well- rooted, viable patches of grass; and areas between plugs are free of weeds and other undesirable vegetation. 4 Sprigged areas: At end of maintenance period, the required number of sprigs has been established as well- rooted, viable plants; and areas between sprigs are free of weeds and other undesirable vegetation. 5 Reestablish grassed areas that do not comply with requirements and continue maintenance until lawns are satisfactory. 16.1.3.16 Planting Ground Cover and Plants 1 Space ground cover and plants as indicated. 2 Dig holes large enough to allow spreading of roots, and backfill with planting soil. Work soil around roots to eliminate air pockets and leave a slight saucer indentation around plants to hold water. Water thoroughly after planting, taking care not to cover plant crowns with wet soil. 16.1.3.17 Mulching 1 Mulch backfilled surfaces of pits, trenches, planted areas and other areas with mulch material as indicated on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer. 2 Lay the mineral mulch where shown or directed, average 75mm deep, and finish level with adjacent finish grades. Do not place mulch against trunks or stems. 16.1.3.18 Installation of Edgings 1 Install plastic edging where indicated, according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Anchor with steel stakes spaced approximately 600 mm apart, driven through upper base grooves of edging. 16.1.3.19 Installation of Miscellaneous Materials 1 Apply antidesiccant using power spray to provide an adequate film over trunks, branches, stems, twigs, and foliage. When deciduous trees or shrubs are moved in full- leaf, spray with anti-desiccant at nursery before moving and again 2 weeks after planting. 2 Set tree grate segments with adjoining surfaces as shown on the Drawings. Shim up from supporting substrate with soil-resistant plastic. Maintain a 75 mm minimum growth radius around base of tree; break away units of casting, if necessary, according to the manufacturer's instructions. 16.1.3.20 Cleanup and Protection 1 During landscaping, keep pavements clean and work area in an orderly condition. 2 Protect landscaping from damage due to landscape operations, operations by other contractors and trades, and trespassers. Maintain protection during installation and maintenance periods. Treat, repair, or replace damaged landscape work as directed. 3 Promptly remove soil and debris created by planting work from paved areas. Clean wheels of vehicles before leaving site to avoid tracking soil onto roads, walks, or other paved areas. 4 Erect barricades and warning signs as required to protect newly planted areas from traffic. Maintain barricades throughout maintenance period and remove when instructed. Remove erosion-control measures after grass or plants are established. 16.1.3.21 Disposal of Surplus and Waste Materials 1 Disposal: remove surplus soil and waste material including excess subsoil, unsuitable soil, trash, and debris, and legally dispose of it off site. 16.1.4 Warranty and Maintenance 16.1.4.1 Warranty 1 General Warranty: The special warranty specified in this Clause shall not deprive the Client Authority of other rights that it may have under other provisions of the Contract and shall be in addition to, and run concurrent with, other warranties given by the Contractor under requirements of the Contract. 2 Special Warranty: Warrant the following living planting materials for a period of one year after date of Completion, against defects including death and unsatisfactory growth, except for defects resulting from lack of adequate maintenance, abnormal weather
16-9 conditions unusual for warranty period, or incidents that are beyond the Contractor's control. i. Trees. ii. Shrubs. iii. Ground cover. iv. Palms. v. Lawns and grasses. 3 Remove and replace dead planting materials immediately unless required to plant in the succeeding planting season. 4 A limit of one replacement of each plant material will be required, except for losses or replacements due to failure to comply with requirements. 16.1.4.2 Maintenance 1 Maintain trees, palm and shrubs by pruning, cultivating, watering, weeding, fertilizing, restoring planting saucers, tightening and repairing stakes and guy supports, and resetting to proper grades or vertical position, as required to establish healthy, viable plantings. Spray as required to keep trees and shrubs free of insects and disease. Restore or replace damaged tree wrappings. Maintain palms, trees and shrubs for a period of 12 months following the date of Completion. 2 Begin maintenance of grassed areas immediately after each area is planted and continue until acceptable lawn is established, but for not less than the following periods: i. Seeded areas: 90 days from date of Completion. When full maintenance period has not elapsed before end of planting season, or if lawn is not fully established, continue maintenance during next planting season. ii. Sodded areas: 45 days from date of Completion. iii. Plugged areas: 45 days from date of Completion. iv. Sprigged areas: 45 days from date of Completion. 3 Maintain and establish grass by watering, fertilizing, weeding, mowing, trimming, replanting, and other operations. Roll, re-grade, and replant bare or eroded areas and remulch to produce a uniformly smooth lawn. i. In areas where mulch has been disturbed by wind or maintenance operations, add new mulch. Anchor as required to prevent displacement. 4 Watering: Provide and maintain temporary piping, hoses, and watering equipment to convey water from sources and to keep grass uniformly moist to a depth of 100 mm. i. Schedule watering to prevent wilting, pudding, erosion, and displacement of seed or mulch. Lay out temporary watering system to avoid walking over muddy or newly planted areas. ii. Water grass at a minimum rate necessary to ensure uniform moisture and growth. 5 Mow grass as soon as top growth is tall enough to cut. Repeat mowing to maintain grass at a height of 38 to 50 mm. Remove no more than 40 percent of grass-leaf growth in initial or subsequent mowing. Do not delay mowing until grass blades bend over and become matted. Do not mow when grass is wet. Schedule initial and subsequent mowing to maintain the following grass height: 6 Apply fertilizer after initial mowing and when grass is dry. Use fertilizer that will provide actual nitrogen of at least 0.45 kg/92.9 sq.m. to lawn area. 7 Maintain ground cover by watering, weeding and fertilizing to establish healthy viable planting for a period of 6 months after the date of Completion 16.1.5 Method of Measurement 16.1.5.1 Excavation, Soiling, Cultivating and Grading 1 Excavation and filling to reduce or make up levels specifically required for landscaping shall be measured in cubic meters as the volume shown on the Drawings or directed on site. Other excavation related to construction is measured under Section 2. 2 Excavation for tree and shrub planting and for ground cover plants is not measured separately but is deemed to be part of the planting items 3 Planting soil for grassed and planted areas, whether manufactured or imported, shall be measured together in cubic meters as the volume specified or shown on the Drawings or as directed on site. 4 Planting soil for trees and shrubs and ground cover plants is not measured separately but is deemed to be part of the planting item. 5 Rates for excavation, filling and soiling shall be deemed to include, but not be limited to: i. marking boundaries of planting areas, ii. excavating by machine or hand, supporting sides, trimming to slopes and finished levels and keeping excavated areas free from water, and disposal of surplus material, iii. applying fertilizers and herbicides to surfaces to receive filling, iv. supplying planting soil from any source, laying and cultivating and final grading of in situ topsoil and topsoil filling, v. additional cultivation and application of herbicides during the fallow period, vi. prevention of erosion.
16-10 16.1.5.2 Grass Seeding and Planting 1 Each kind of grass shall be measured separately in square meters as the area shown on the Drawings or instructed on site. 2 Rates for grass seeding or planting are deemed to include, but not limited to, the costs of: i. final cultivation and weeding of soil, watering and application of pre-seeding or planting fertilizer, ii. applying fertilizer after planting or seeding, iii. watering during establishment of grass, iv. first and subsequent cuts, including fertilizing and watering, v. temporary protection, vi. maintenance and making good defects. 16.1.5.3 Tree, Palm, Shrub and Ground Cover Planting 1 Each type of tree, shrub, palm and plant is measured separately by number, stating the species, height or size where appropriate. Botanical names are given in descriptions 2 Rates for trees, shrubs, palms and plants are deemed to include, but not limited to, the costs of: i. Re-cultivating topsoil in planting areas, ii. Setting out planting beds, iii. Drainage of planted areas, iv. Excavating pits and holes including disposal and breaking up bottoms, v. Cutting and treating roots, pruning and the like, including anti-desiccant and tree wound dressings, vi. Planting, including backfilling hole with planting soil and firming, vii. Watering and fertilizing after planting, viii. Supports to trees and palms including stakes, guys, ties and chafing guards, ix. Trunk wrapping, x. Labeling, xi. Forking and/or raking soil at completion xii. Applying mulches, xiii. Temporary protection, xiv. Maintenance and making good defects. 16.1.6 Basis of Payment 1 The landscape work, completed, and accepted by the Engineer will be paid for at the unit rates for the relevant items stated in the Bill of Quantities, which unit rates shall be deemed to be full compensation for supply of all materials, labor, transport, tools and equipment and provision of all other items and services and maintenance for the complete work as specified. 16.1.7 Items in Bill of Quantities Excavation, Soiling, Seeding and Cultivating: i. Excavating to reduce levels (cu.m.) ii. Excavating topsoil for preservation (cu.m.) iii. Filling to make up levels (cu.m.) iv. Topsoil filling to make up levels and for planting (cu.m.) Grass Seeding and Planting: v. Grass seeding (sq.m.) vi. Grass sods (turf) (sq.m.) vii. Grass plugs (sq.m.) viii. Grass sprigs (sq.m.) Trees, Palms and Shrubs ix. Trees (Type; Size) (nr.) x. Palms (Type; Size) (nr.) xi. Shrubs (Type; Size) (nr.) Ground Cover and Other Planting: xii. Ground cover plants (Type) (nr.) xiii. Climbers (Type) (nr.) 16.2 Irrigation System 16.2.1 Description / General 16.2.1.1 Scope 1 This Sub-section describes requirements for furnishing, installing, testing and putting into service, complete irrigation systems to provide water for the trees, shrubs and grassed and planted areas around and adjacent to the highway system, all as and where shown on the Drawings. 2 The work includes all civil, mechanical and electrical Works, pipelines, pumping stations, water tanks, filters, fertilizer injection equipment, control valves, pressure regulators and gauges, water meters, automatic or manual controllers, and all incidentals and spare parts specified and as appropriate for the particular irrigation system specified. 3 The irrigation system shall be as specified in the Special Specification for the particular Project and shall be of a type which will supply the quantities of water required, on a "programmable" basis. The irrigation system shall, in general, be either drip irrigation utilizing drip emitters and/or sprinkler irrigation using either bubblers or sprayheads. 4 When access to the domestic water supply is intended, the Contractor shall liaise with the appropriate authorities regarding the planning, design, construction of the works and the subsequent operation of the irrigation network. Back flow preventers (of the double check valve type) shall be installed at points of connection to the domestic water supply network.
16-11 5 The control head for each irrigation branch system shall include all components as shown on the Drawings, as required for the complete operation of the system. The final size of all components of each control head for each irrigation branch system shall be a minimum of 20% greater than the demand load as submitted by the Contractor, with the working drawings, in tabular form drawn up as follows for approval: Control Head No. Irrigation Controller Capacity at Control Head (lit/hr) Peak Water Demand (lit/24 hr) Approx. Working Pressure at Control Head (MN/sq.m) 16.2.1.2 Schedules of Proposed Equipment 1 Schedules containing full details of all principal items of the irrigation system shall be submitted by the Contractor together with his Tender. The Contractor shall ensure conformity of the equipment with the requirements of the Specification. Any additional information required by the Engineer shall be provided promptly by the Contractor. 2 A summary of irrigation equipment manufacture including description, manufacturer, country reference and catalog origin in a tabular format shall be included in the Contractor's submission. 3 The Contractor shall supply equipment from the manufacturer's lists with the characteristics indicated in his Tender unless otherwise agreed. 4 Approval of a manufacturer does not necessarily constitute approval of his product as equal to that specified. The Contractor shall ascertain that the approved manufacturers are capable of supplying the required materials and/or equipment and shall ensure conformity with the Specification in all respects. 16.2.1.3 Approval of Equipment 1 Equipment shall not be ordered until approved by the Engineer. All documentation submitted regarding equipment shall be in English except if otherwise indicated in the Contract Documents. 2 Promptly upon signing the Contract, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer 3 copies of the detailed characteristics of all irrigation equipment proposed, including catalogs (originals not copies) with identification references. Particulars shall be given of any manufacturer's deviations from the Specification. The Contractor shall also confirm that the selected irrigation system equipment is robust, able to withstand rough handling, and capable of supplying the specified quantities of water on a programmable basis. 3 The Contractor shall, at his own expense, present samples to the Engineer of the various valves, pipes, fittings and other products proposed for use. Such samples will be required only after approval of their technical characteristics. 4 The Engineer may verify the performance and quality of any samples by arranging for such tests as he deems appropriate to be carried out, at the Contractor's expense. Approval of samples by the Engineer shall not relieve the Contractor of his obligations with respect to the suitability of equipment or its final performance once installed, and coordination of elements into a fully operational irrigation system. The Contractor shall not be entitled to any compensation for the rejection of any sample by the Engineer and shall be held responsible for any delay resulting from such rejection. 16.2.1.4 Submittals 1 Product Data: Include pressure rating, rated capacity, settings, and electrical data of selected models for the following: i. Pipes and fittings. ii. Pumps/motor and related mechanical and electrical works iii. Water hammer arresters. iv. Valves. Include aboveground and underground; general-duty, pressure-reducing, manual and automatic control, and quick- coupler types. v. Valve boxes. vi. Sprinklers and devices. vii. Specialties. Include emitters, drip tubes, and other devices. viii. Controllers. Include wiring diagrams. 2 Shop Drawings: Show irrigation system, including plan layout and locations, types, sizes, capacities, and flow characteristics of piping components. Include water meters, backflow preventers, valves, piping, sprinklers and devices, specialties, accessories, controls, and wiring. Show areas of sprinkler spray and overspray in accordance with the requirements of the Specification. 3 Coordination Drawings: Show piping and major system components. Indicate interface and spatial relationship between piping, system components, adjacent utilities, and proximate structures. 4 Test Reports: Submit reports of tests on materials and installations as directed by the Engineer. 5 Maintenance Data: Include in maintenance manuals data for the following: i. Valves / surge control devices. ii. Automatic, pressure-reducing control valves. iii. Sprinklers. iv. Specialties. v. Controllers. 6 As-Built Drawings: At project close-out, submit record drawings of installed pipework and products, in accordance with the requirements of the Specification, Section 1, Sub-section 1.12. The drawings shall show the location, with respect to the highway and other pipelines and other permanent features, of all pumping stations,
16-12 water tanks, irrigators, valves, pipelines, fittings and other items incorporated in the Works. They shall also show the sizes of all pipes, their pressure class or rating, and the actual pressures as measured on the highest and lowest spray heads commanded by each control valve. 7 Submit certificates of compliance from manufactures. 16.2.1.5 Delivery, Storage and Handling 1 Preparation for Transport: Prepare valves according to the following: i. Ensure that valves are dry and internally protected against rust and corrosion. ii. Protect valves against damage to threaded ends and flange faces. iii. Set valves in best position for handling. Set valves closed to prevent rattling. 2 During Storage: Use precautions for valves according to the following: i. Do not remove end protectors unless necessary for inspection; then, reinstall for storage. ii. Protect from weather. Store indoors and maintain temperature higher than ambient dew-point temperature. Support off ground or pavement in watertight enclosures when outdoor storage is necessary. 3. Deliver piping with factory-applied end caps. Maintain end caps through shipping, storage, and handling to prevent pipe-end damage and to prevent entrance of dirt, debris, and moisture. 4. Protect stored piping from moisture and dirt. Elevate above grade. Do not exceed structural capacity of floor when storing inside. 5. Protect flanges, fittings, and specialties from moisture and dirt. 6. Store plastic piping protected from direct sunlight. Support to prevent sagging and bending. 7. Manufacturers recommendations on handling, repairing, laying, jointing, anchoring, cutting and other works for pipes and fittings are to be strictly followed. 16.2.1.6 Installation and Checking 1 The irrigation work shall be supervised by qualified representatives of the Contractor and full facilities and assistance shall be provided by the Contractor to enable the Engineer to inspect or check the Works at any time. Such inspection or checking shall in no way relieve the Contractor from any of his obligations. He may be required to open up for inspection any equipment that has been delivered to the Site partly assembled. 2 The Contractor shall be responsible for making minor adjustments to the location of sprinklers and specialties as necessary to avoid plantings and obstructions such as signs and light standards subject to the approval of the Engineer. 3 The Contractor shall be responsible for the correctness and safety of all electrical and mechanical connections for the irrigation system, before the system is brought into service, including checking the proximity of different metals to ensure no chemical reaction or corrosion will occur. 16.2.1.7 Spares 1 At the commencement of the Contract the Contractor shall submit a detailed list of minimum essential spares recommended by the irrigation system manufacturer, together with current prices and catalog identifications. 2 Lists of any additional spares recommended by the manufacturers shall also be submitted, referenced to each major item of equipment and showing the current prices and catalog identifications. 3 The Engineer will select the types and numbers of spares he requires and will instruct the Contractor to proceed with their purchase and delivery to the Employer's store or depot. The spares shall be supplied and suitably packed for transportation to the Site and for long term storage and shall include all fastenings, lugs, screws, etc. Identification labels shall be attached to the outside and also enclosed within the package. 16.2.1.8 Equipment Labels and Charts 1 Each piece of equipment shall have a certified nameplate, permanently attached at the factory and in a readily accessible location, printed or stamped clearly with the name and address of the manufacturer, equipment model number, serial number, date of manufacture, performance rating or duty, pressure, temperature, or other limitations and other relevant data. 2 Aluminum tags 50 mm diameter and 1.5 mm thick with stamped lettering filled with black print and with heavy aluminum or brass hooks and chains shall be provided in lieu of labels wherever the latter cannot easily identify the equipment. 3 Charts indicating the schedules for equipment lubrication, maintenance and essential operating instructions shall be prepared, mounted on wooden or 6 mm dense hardboard back boards, covered with heat bonded clear plastic laminate or framed under glass. These charts shall be permanently fixed with four brass screws at approved locations as directed. 4 Prior to preparing labels and tags, and maintenance charts, a preliminary schedule shall be submitted for approval, showing the equipment to be labeled or tagged with suggested nomenclature, and proposed maintenance schedules. 16.2.1.9 Operation and Instruction Manuals 1 Prior to final acceptance, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer 6 sets of operation, maintenance and instruction manuals relating to the irrigation system. The manuals shall be A4 size, bound in loose leaf binders or
16-13 booklets suitably enclosed and shall include the following information: i. Setting up, putting into service and operating instructions. ii. Fault location and repair procedures. iii. Maintenance instructions, including schedules for preventive maintenance, and recommended lubricants and equivalents. iv. Complete recommended spares list, including manufacturers' names and catalog numbers. v. Names and addresses of manufacturers' local authorized representatives and service agents. 16.2.2 Material 16.2.2.1 Pipes, Fittings and Accessories 1 Ductile iron pipe i. Ductile iron pipe for water shall be to BS EN 545 or equivalent. Unless otherwise indicated in the Bill of Quantities or the Drawings, Class K9 shall be used for diameters up to 500 mm, Class K8 for diameters 500 to 800 mm and Class K7 for diameters greater than 800 mm. ii. Spigot and socket ended pipes shall be used for straight runs and adjacent to elbows or fittings. These joints shall be provided with rubber gaskets, and an external thrust block is required at elbows or fittings. Anchored or self restrained joints shall be used for sections adjacent to elbows in areas where space is restricted or indicated on the Drawings or BOQ. Anchored joints are to be push-in, self anchored type able to take up the axial forces thus allowing concrete thrust blocks to be dispensed with. The Contractor shall submit calculations verifying the number of restrained joints required noting that pipe pressure testing will be made when pipes are partially backfilled. iii. Flanged pipes wherever specified shall have screwed-on or cast-on flanges to sustain working pressure of NP 16 minimum. iv. Flanges shall conform to BS EN 1092-2. v. Factory protection for pipes and fittings: a. Pipes shall be internally cement lined to BS EN 545 with ordinary Portland cement to BS EN 197-1 to specified thicknesses b. Externally, pipe shall be coated with metallic zinc to BS EN 545 and followed by a bitumen coat to BS 3416 of minimum thickness 6 mils. A hot applied coal tar based material to BS 4164 may replace the bitumen coat. c. Fittings shall be coated internally and externally by dipping, or other method, using hot applied coal tar based material to BS 4164 or hot applied bitumen to BS 3416, Type 1, grade d, minimum thickness 10 mil. 2 uPVC Pressure Pipes i. Pipes shall conform to BS EN 1452 or to DIN 8061/8062, Series 4 and 5 or ISO 161 Class 10 & 16. Concrete encasement shall be used if cover is less than 1 meter or greater than 5 meters. ii. Fittings shall be to BS EN 1452 part 3 or DIN 8063 part 1 fabricated from pipe. iii. Joints shall be to DIN 8063 part 1, socket spigot with rubber sealing rings shall be to BS EN 681-2. iv. Pipes and fittings shall be protected from the direct rays of the sun at all times by means of reflective cover sheets. 3 Polyethylene PE Pressure Pipe i. Pipes and fittings with 110 mm (4) diameter and larger shall be to ISO 4427, DIN 8074/8075 or AWWA C906. Pipe shall be supplied in straight pieces and not rolled on a drum. The ends of each pipe shall be plain and suitable for heat fusion. Pipe and fittings shall be minimum class 12 kg/cm2, Dimension Ratio 9.3, according to AWWA C906 Table 9 or ISO 3126. ii. Irrigation pipes smaller than 110 mm (4) in diameter shall be according to ISO 4427, BS EN 12201-2 (PN12) or to DIN 8074/8075 class 12Kg/cm2. iii. Materials used shall have a standard PE codes designation 3408 and 3406 with respective minimum hydrostatic design basis of 1600 and 1250 psi according to AWWA C906 Table 1. PE Pipes shall contain a minimum 2% carbon black well dispersed and shall be constructed with UV stabilizer material according to ASTM D2239. iv. Manufacturers shall provide certification that stress regression testing has been performed on the pipe products. Materials shall also meet elevated temperature requirements as given in Table 2 AWWA C906. v. Fittings shall be to AWWA C906, extruded or injection moulded suitable for class of pipe required: a. For irrigation pipes with diameters equal or larger than 50 mm (2) the following fittings shall be used: for similar size PE pipes joining use PE butt-weld fittings: to ASTM D3261. for dissimilar pipes sizes use PE socket fittings that uses the electrical
16-14 heating with the appropriate pipe clamps according: to ASTM D2683. b. For irrigation pipes with diameters less than 50 mm (2) use PVC/PP compression fittings. The compression fittings shall conform to BS 5114 with minimum 12 kg/cm 2 nominal pressure. c. The use of insert and/or solvent welded fittings for PE irrigation pipes shall not be allowed thicknesses. vi. Joints for pipes and fittings shall be by heat fusion and in strict accordance with pipe manufactures recommendations. Joints shall have a tensile strength equal to that of the pipe. Fusion temperature, interface pressure, alignment and cooling time, shall be according to manufactures recommendations. vii. Pipes must be marked at intervals of not more than 2 m. with legible cast, stamped lettering to show the following, as appropriate: a. nominal pipe size, b. type of plastic material in accordance with designation code, c. standard dimension ratio SDR, d. pressure rating, e. Initials and number of relevant standard, f. manufacturer name or trademark, g. date of manufacturer: 4 GRE Pipes and Fittings i. Pipes and Fittings: Conform to AWWA C950-07 or BS EN 1796 and BS EN 14364 or equivalent suitable for 10 bar working pressure with a minimum stiffness of 10000 N/m2. ii. Resin: Use epoxy resin. The resin-curing agent mixture will have sufficient chemical and mechanical resistance to meet the imposed requirements. iii. The reinforcement of thermosetting resin shall consist of two types of glass with a low alkali content. iv. C-glass or polyester non-woven shall be used as reinforcing material for the chemically resistant inner layer (liner). v. E-glass shall be used as reinforcing material for the structural wall. The reinforcing material is to be provided with a special finish to assure a good adhesion with the matrix. vi. GRE pipe and fittings shall have a resin-rich exterior surface having a minimum thickness of 0.5 mm. vii. Flexible tensile resistant rubber seal lock joint shall be used with a O-ring seal and a locking device on all end connections except those adjacent to flanged fittings when rigid tensile resistant flanges are required. viii. Pipes and fittings shall show no porosity when tested in accordance with ASTM D 2444 or BS EN 1796 and BS EN 14364. ix. Samples made from pipe or fitting laminates shall show no evidence of delaminating or other impairment when tested in accordance with ASTM D 570. x. The axial modulus of elasticity of pipes shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D 2925. xi. The short-time hydraulic failure strength of pipe and fittings, shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D 1599. xii. The axial tensile stress for pipes shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D 2105. xiii. The hoop tensile strength of pipes shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D 2290. xiv. The indentation hardness of pipes and fittings shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D 2583. xv. The glass content of the reinforced wall of pipes and fittings, will be determined in accordance with ASTM D 2584. xvi. The hydrostatic design stress for pipes and fittings will be obtained from the extrapolated long term hydrostatic tests in accordance with ASTM D 2992. xvii. Joints shall be GRP double socket couplings with rubber rings to ISO 4633 or BS EN 681-2. The allowable angular deflection shall conform to the requirements of BS EN 1796 and BS EN 14364 Table 3. xviii. Transition couplings for underground piping shall be to AWWA C219, metal, sleeve-type coupling same size as, with pressure rating at
16-15 least equal to and ends compatible with, piping to be joined 16.2.2.2 Valves and Penstocks 1 Gate Valves: Cast Iron. i. Type: Size 50 mm and smaller to BS 5154 inside screw, solid wedge, rising stem and screwed bonnet. ii. Type: Size 65 mm and larger to BS 5163, inside screw, solid wedge, resilient seated, for valves 350 mm and smaller and metal seated for valves 400 mm and larger, bolted bonnet, non- rising stem type, suitable for NP 16 for irrigation networks. iii. Material of component parts from basic or alternative materials listed in BS 5163. iv. End Connections: Size 50 mm and smaller screwed end to BS 21. v. End Connections: Size 65 mm and larger flanged end connection to BS EN 1092-2. vi. Operation: Valves larger than 400 mm diameter are to have spur gear drive operated by removable key. Valves smaller than 400 mm are to be operated by hand-wheel. vii. Factory Protection: Casting surfaces are to be given an initial coat of protective paint immediately after shot blasting and a second coat on assembly. Protective coating is to be hot applied coal tar or bitumen to BS 4164 or BS 3416 respectively. Thickness of coat to be 250 microns. 2 Butterfly Valves: Cast Iron. i. Type: To BS EN 593, double flange with resilient seating, for horizontal use and suitable for NP 16. ii. Size: For 350 mm and larger. iii. Material of component parts shall be from basic materials listed in BS EN 593 Table 3. iv. End Connections: Flanged to BS EN 1092-2. v. Operation by hand wheel. Maximum shut off pressure against which valve is operated is to be 15 kg/cm 2 . vi. Factory Protection: Casting surfaces are to be given an initial coat of protective paint immediately after shot blasting and a second coat on assembly. Protective coating is to be hot applied coal tar or bitumen to BS 4164, or BS 3416 respectively. Thickness of coat shall be 250 microns. 3 Globe Valves i. Type: To ASTM A48/A48M grade 30B with valve disc to ASTM A276 type 430, valve seat to ASTM A276 type 420 and stem to ASTM A276 type 403. Valve is to be suitable for a working pressure of 16 bars. ii. Construction: Non-rising stem, straight pattern with flanged connections. iii. Material of Component Parts: Cast iron with stainless steel trim. iv. Operation: Manual operated valves are to have hammer type hand-wheel and electric operated valves are to have motor actuator. 4 Ball Valves i. Ball valves 50 mm and under shall be full port of 2-piece construction, lever operated with bronze body and stem, chrome-plated brass ball, replaceable PTFE seats and packing, plastic coated steel handle, threaded end connection for steel piping, and copper compression or solder end connections for copper piping. ii. Ball valves 150mm to 1200mm shall comply with the requirements of AWWA C 507. 5 Check Valves i. Check valves shall be to BS EN 12334, swing, straight, for horizontal use and suitable for working pressure of 16 bars. ii. Material of Component Parts: Ductile iron from basic materials listed in BS EN 12334 Table 5, under 'copper alloy faced' column. iii. Special Requirements: Seating or facing rings are to be renewable. An arrow showing direction of flow is to be visible from outside and cast integral with the valve housing. iv. End Connections: Either flanged to BS EN 1092-2, or screw ended to BS 21 to suit joints specified for adjoining pipes. v. Factory Protection: Casting surfaces are to be given an initial coat of protective paint immediately after shot blasting and a second coat on assembly. Protective coating is to be hot applied coal tar or bitumen to BS 4164 or BS 3416 respectively. Minimum thickness of coating shall be 250 microns. 6 Float Valves i. Type: Globe pattern, with two operating chambers, sealed through piston disc. ii. Operation: Valves shall operate with a mechanical compensating float valve controlling flow to tank by modulating in direct ratio to minimum fall in water level. Control of valve is to be through mechanically operated, three-position, four-way valve. Moving four- way valve control in one direction is to open valve and moving lever in other direction is to close-out valve. When lever is moved to centre, valve will throttle in an intermediate position. iii. Valve positioning control consists of float operated linkage mechanism for remote mounting which feeds water level changes back to main valve through low friction,
16-16 flexible push-pull cable supplied by same manufacturer. iv. Valve operating control consists of secondary linkage mechanism functioning off common lever connected to both main valve position indicator rod and control valve position indicator rod and control valve operating lever. Minute changes in water level are transmitted through push-pull cable to three-position, four- way control valve. v. Construction: Cast iron body to ASTM A126, bronze valve trim and valve operating mechanism to ASTM B62 and all stainless steel valve float and pilots. vi. Factory Protection: Internal coating of epoxy to a thickness of 250 microns and external coating of epoxy and nickel plating to a thickness of 250 microns. 7 Air Valves i. Generally: Valves are to have cast iron body and bolted cover to BS EN 1561 grade 14 minimum, rubber outlet seat, plastic or ebonite ball, forged bronze screws and guide for ball acting under pressure. Valves are to be dynamic type where there is no possibility of ball being drawn into orifice due to high air velocities. Valves are to be factory tested to 1.5 times working pressure and factory coated with coal tar or bituminous coating to BS 4164 or BS 3416 respectively. Thickness of coat to be 250 microns. ii. Double Air Valves (or Combination Air Valves): These are required for relieving air under pressure and in bulk. Large orifice releases or admits air during charging or emptying of mains while small orifice releases air accumulated at summits of mains under pressure. Large orifice area is to be equal to or greater than inlet of valve. Valves are to be fitted with nitrite rubber lined butterfly valve with nylon coated disc on stainless steel shaft operated by lever handle with indicator and locking thumb screw. Valves are to be flanged to BS EN 1092-2 and suitable for working pressures up to NP16. iii. Single Air Valves: Type 1 (or air vacuum valve) for releasing or admitting air during filling or emptying of pipes. Type II (or air release valve) for automatically releasing, under pressure, accumulated air at summits of mains. Air valves larger than 50 mm are to be flanged to BS EN 1092-2 and are to have nitrite rubber lined butterfly valve with nylon coated disc on stainless steel shaft operated by lever handle with indicator and locking thumb screw. Air valves 50 mm and smaller are to have B.S.P. thread with brass or gun metal male screwed stop valves. Valves are to be suitable for working pressures up to NP16. 8 Sluice Gates / Penstock i. Type: To AWWA C560, rising stem, having a flat back for bolting to wall, suitable for 10 meters seating pressure and 4 meters off- seating pressure, with standard conventional closure and rectangular or circular aperture. ii. Material of Component Parts: Unless otherwise specified on the Drawings, any materials listed in Section 2 of AWWA C560 may be used in manufacture except that materials identified as being subject to de-zincification or de- aluminumization are not to be used. iii. Operation: By floor pillar with gear box. Maximum operating head from surface of water to centre line of gate is to be 10 meters. iv. Factory Testing: Leakage test to meet the requirements of Section 6.3 of AWWA C560 is to be carried out on all sluice gates. v. Factory Protection: Casting surfaces are to be given an initial coat of protective paint immediately after shot blasting and a second coat on assembly. Protective coating is to be hot applied coal tar or bitumen to BS 4164 or BS 3416 respectively. Thickness of coat to be at least 250 microns. 9 Pressure Reducing Valves i. Types: Installed where shown on the Drawings to pressure ratings and pressure settings indicated, to automatically reduce higher inlet pressure to steady lower downstream pressure regardless of changing flow rate and/or varying inlet pressure. Valves are to be high pressure rating piston type and hydraulic pilot operated type. ii. Accessibility: Maintenance is to be possible without removing valve from pipeline. iii. End Connections: Flanged to BS EN 1092-2 to pressure rating of 10, 16 or 25 as appropriate and provided from factory with necessary bolts, washers, nuts and gaskets. iv. Factory Protection: Internal coating of epoxy to a thickness of 250 microns and external coating of epoxy and nickel plating to a thickness of 250 microns. v. Piston Pressure Reducing Valves shall be of the spring loaded type, balanced out against upstream pressure by high resistance piston action. Valve shall control a constant downstream pressure to a maximum variation of +/- 10% and close tight with zero flow rate. Accessories shall include two pressure gauges with isolation cocks, one fitted upstream and one downstream.
16-17 vi. Diaphragm Pressure Reducing Valves shall be pilot controlled, single seated, hydraulically operated, diaphragm type globe valve. Control system is to be sensitive to slight pressure changes and is to immediately control main valve to maintain desired downstream pressure. Pressure setting adjustment is to be made with single adjustment screw protected by a housing that can be sealed. Body and cover are to be cast iron, ductile iron or cast steel depending upon operating pressure. Main valve trim is to be stainless steel and pilot system all stainless steel. Main valve is to have single removable seat and resilient disc. vii. Diaphragm valve assembly shall be fully guided by a precision machined stem with bearings at both ends in the valve cover and seat. Diaphragm is to be nylon bonded with synthetic rubber. Valve is to have necessary factory fitted pilot valves, small interconnecting piping and accessories to perform required functions. Pilot control is to be direct acting, adjustable spring loaded, normally open, diaphragm valve designed to permit flow when controlled pressure is less than spring setting. Control system is to include Y-strainer, fixed orifice and isolation cocks. Pilot control system is also to include flow control device to regulate closing speed of valve. Valve is to close tight at zero flow rate. 10 On-Off Solenoid Operated Valves i. Type: Pilot controlled, single seated, hydraulically operated, diaphragm type globe valve fitted with solenoid control valve to keep main valve open when energized and to close tight main valve once de-energized. ii. Construction: Cast iron valve body and cover, stainless steel main valve trim and all stainless steel pilot system. iii. Controls: These shall comprise auxiliary controls to permit adjustment of valve opening and closing speeds of up to 2 minutes for opening and for closing. iv. Accessories shall include the following: a. Adjustable opening speed control. b. Adjustable closing speed control. c. No-return check valves. d. Y-strainers. e. Interconnecting stainless steel tubing and unions. v. Factory Protection: Internal and external coating of epoxy as described for float valves. 11 Electric Remote Control Valves i. Type: Normally closed 24 VAC 50/60 cycle solenoid actuated globe pattern with a balanced pressure diaphragm design. The valve operating pressure range shall be between 1.5 and 14 bars. ii. Material: The valve body and bonnet shall be constructed of heavy-duty glass-filled UV- resistant nylon and have stainless steel studs and flange nuts; diaphragm shall be of nylon reinforced rubber. iii. Operation: The valve shall have manual open/close control (internal bleed) for manual opening and closing of valve without electrically energizing the solenoid. iv. Operation: The valve shall have a brass flow control stem for accurate manual regulation and/or shut off of outlet flow. v. Construction: The valve construction shall be such as to provide for all internal parts to be removable from the top of the valve without disturbing the valve installation. 12 Electric Remote Control Valves with Pressure Regulation i. Type: Electric remote control valve as specified above shall have a pressure regulating module capable of regulating outlet pressure between 1 and 7 bars (15 and 100 psi). ii. Operation: Module shall have an adjusting screw for setting pressure and Schrader valve connection for monitoring pressure. The pressure shall be adjustable from the pressure regulating module when the valve is manually bled. 16.2.2.3 Irrigation Equipment 1 Pop-Up Spray Sprinkler i. Type: Fixed, non-rotating spray or stream spray adaptable for full circle, part circle, or strip wetting pattern, suitable for installation on a pop-up mechanism. Spray head to have built in check valve and pressure regulated stem. ii. Material: The sprinkler body, stem, nozzle, and screen shall be constructed of heavy duty, ultra-violet resistant plastic, with a heavy-duty stainless steel retract spring. iii. Construction: Spray head to retract flush with the finished ground level when not in operation. When spraying, net pop-up height to be 150 mm from finished ground level. iv. Performance: This shall meet requirements of discharge and spray radius as specified on the Drawings for the given nozzle pressure. The sprinkler shall have a matched precipitation rate nozzle with an adjusting screw capable of regulating the radius of flow. v. Tests: The Contractor shall provide test results carried out at factory substantiating required performance (discharge and radius of throw at
16-18 prescribed operating pressure and height above ground) and giving actual precipitation rate and its uniformity as obtained for uniformity test carried out using catch cans. 2 Pop-Up Rotor Sprinkler i. Type: Full or part circle pop-up rotor sprinkler, single nozzle. The part circle sprinkler shall have adjustable arc coverage from 25 to 360. The sprinkler shall have a built in check valve and pressure regulated stem. ii. Material: The sprinkler body, stem, nozzle, and screen shall be constructed of heavy duty, ultra-violet resistant plastic, with a heavy duty stainless steel retract spring. iii. Construction: Sprinkler head to retract flush with the finished ground level when not in operation. When operating, net pop-up height to be 100 mm from finished ground level. iv. Performance: This shall meet the requirements of discharge, radius and rotation angle as specified on the Drawings for the given nozzle pressure. The sprinkler shall have a matched precipitation rate nozzle, with an adjusting screw capable of regulating the radius and the flow. v. Tests: The Contractor shall provide test results carried out at factory substantiating required performance (discharge and radius of throw at prescribed operating pressure and height above ground) and giving actual precipitation rate and its uniformity as obtained for uniformity test carried out using catch cans. 3 Bubblers i. Type: Pressure compensating, of the full circle umbrella or trickle discharge, with inlet screen. ii. Construction: Bubbler shall be of a permanently assembled design constructed of durable ultra-violet resistant plastic. iii. Performance: Bubbler to operate at constant flow discharge over a pressure range specified on the Drawings. 4 Emitters i. Type: Pressure compensating, single outlet. ii. Construction: Emitter shall have self-piercing inlet barb constructed of durable ultra-violet resistant plastic. iii. Performance: The emitter shall have a self- flushing action to minimize clogging, and shall operate at a constant flow discharge over a pressure range specified on the Drawings. 5 Backflow Preventers i. Backflow preventers shall be installed in the locations shown on the Drawings. Normally for each control head in the system a backflow preventer shall be installed upstream of all other components in the control head. Backflow preventers shall only be installed in locations where they are readily accessible for maintenance and testing and shall not be located where any part of the device can become submerged at any time. ii. Backflow preventers shall be of the reduced pressure type. iii. Backflow preventers shall be evaluated and tested by an approved authority and certified by the American Society of Sanitary Engineering Standards 1013 (latest edition) for reduced pressure principle backflow preventers. Such valves shall also meet the performance requirements of AWWA C 511. iv. Backflow preventers up to 75 mm in size shall be of machined cast bronze body construction and up to 150 mm in size shall be of cast iron body construction with internal waterways epoxy coated, stainless steel and/or brass internal parts and stainless steel flange bolts, durable, tight-seating rubber check valve assemblies. v. Backflow preventers shall be suitable for supply pressure up to 1.2 MN/sq.m (12 kg/sq.cm) and for water temperature up to 44 degrees C. The operating range for flow and pressure loss shall be as shown on the Drawings. vi. The backflow preventer assembly shall consist of a pressure differential relief valve located in a zone between two positive seating check valves. The relief valve shall contain a separate means whereby free air will enter the zone, and contained water will be discharged to the atmosphere, when the valve is fully open. vii. The backflow assembly shall include 2 gate valves for isolating unit, and 3 test cocks for testing the device to ensure proper operation. viii. Backflow preventers shall be designed for inline servicing. 6 Quick Couplings Valve i. Type: The quick coupling valve shall be a two- piece type. ii. Construction: The valve body shall be constructed of heavy cast brass. iii. Cover: The cover shall be a durable, protective self-closing, locking rubber cover. iv. Valve Operating Key: The valve shall be opened and closed by a brass key supplied by valve manufacturer having a 25 mm male top pipe threads and 19 mm female top pipe threads outlet. The valve throat shall have a keyway with detent positions for regulating water flow. Operating keys are to be supplied
16-19 at the rate of 1 per five valves installed or fraction thereof. 16.2.2.4 Valve Operators and Accessories 1 General i. Gate, butterfly and ball valves are to be manually or electrically operated depending upon size, torque applied on valve stem or as shown on the Drawings. ii. Valves 350 mm and smaller are to be operated manually with a maximum applied torque on handwheel of 100 Nm. iii. Valves 400 500 mm are to be operated manually with a maximum applied torque of 150 Nm. iv. Valves of higher torque are to have appropriate thrust bearings, slides and gearboxes to fulfill these requirements. v. Gate valves 600 mm and larger and ball valves are always electrically operated using thrust bearings, gearboxes and motor actuators. vi. Butterfly valves 600 mm and larger are to be either manually or electrically operated as shown on the Drawings. 2 Programme Controllers i. Type: Solid state or hybrid (combining electro- mechanical and micro-electronic circuiting), capable of fully automatic or manual operation of the remote solenoid valves, with dual programme, independent station timing, 14- day calendar dial for every day or every other day or any sequence starts, time-setting control up to 60 minutes per station in 2 minutes increments 23 starts per day. The number of stations to be as indicated on the Drawings or in the Bill of Quantities. Maximum number of 24 VAC solenoid valves that can be controlled by a station is 4. Controller is to allow for valve power output to be interrupted without affecting the controller timers. ii. Operation: The controller shall have a remote pump start circuit to activate a remote pump start relay to run the pump during the irrigation cycle. iii. Operation: The controller shall allow for opening the first remote control valve before operating the pump and also for closing the last remote control valve within 15 seconds after stopping the pump. iv. Installation: Controller shall be installed in pedestal weatherproof, heavy-duty, locking, steel cabinet adequately protected. Pedestal mount shall include terminal strips for the quick connection of cables. v. Electrical Features: Accept 220 V 50/60 cycle current; to command 24 VAC solenoid valves; to include output surge protection to protect controller from power surges; to include one arrestor for each valve wire and one for the common or ground wire; to include a master on-off switch. vi. The Controller without exception shall be of the same manufacturer as the remote control valve. 3 Cabling for Irrigation Control i. Low voltage wiring from automatic controllers to remote control valves shall be direct burial type, 600 volt solid copper single conductor wire with heat resistant insulation minimum of 0.4 mm thickness. The Contractor shall submit proposed low voltage wire routing shop drawing for the Engineer's approval prior to installation. The low voltage wire shall be encased in 5 mm diameter conduit. ii. Medium voltage cables shall conform to the requirements of BS 5467, IEC 502, or other approved comparable international standards as applicable. Cables shall be 600/1000 volt grade, multicore, stranded copper conductor, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulated, uPVC oversheather type. The service cable for irrigation controllers shall be 3 core 10 mm2 minimum. iii. Conductors shall be annealed stranded copper in accordance with BS EN60228. Conductor insulation shall be moisture and heat resistant, 90 degrees C, grade conforming to the relevant parts of BS EN 50363. The cable cores unless otherwise approved shall be colored as follows: Single Phase System: Red (phase), black (neutral), green or green/ yellow (ground). 4 Valve Chambers, Boxes and Markers i. Valves shall be installed in chambers or boxes of suitable size as shown on drawings for easy access. Chambers and boxes shall be complete with access covers, ladder rungs and other incidental works. ii. Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings all chambers shall be installed on a suitable base for proper foundation and easy leveling to proper grade, and also to provide for sufficient drainage. iii. Valve markers showing the reference numbers of the valves shall be of materials and to the dimensions, shapes and details as shown on the Drawings. 5 Valve Accessories i. Hand-wheels shall be to BS 5163, of cast iron to BS EN 1561. Hand-wheels are to be marked 'CLOSE' with an arrow to indicate clockwise direction of closure. Diameters and other constructional details shall be to
16-20 manufacturer's standards. Hand-wheels are to be supplied at a rate of 1 in 5 valves. ii. Valve caps shall be to BS 5163, of cast iron or malleable iron to BS EN 1561 and BS EN 1562 respectively. Set screw of valve cap is to be mild steel M12. iii. Operation Keys: Combination prizing bar and lifting key type, with 1.5 m vertical bar and 0.5 m horizontal bar. Keys are to be supplied at a rate of 1 in 5 valves. iv. Extension Spindles for Gate Valves: Steel to BS 2470 - M12, hot dip galvanized to BS EN 10240, size 18 x 18 mm for valves up to 200 mm diameter and 24 x 24 mm for valves 250 mm to 400 mm diameter. Length for each valve size is to suit excavation requirements. Spindles are to have cast iron or malleable iron cap and coupling, to BS EN 1561,and BS EN 1562, respectively, on both sides of extension spindle (cap for operating spindle and coupling for connecting to valve). Set screws of caps and couplings are to be mild steel M12. v. Protection Tubes: Either uPVC or cast iron. Shape, sizes and other constructional details are to be to manufacturer's standards and/or as shown on the Drawings. Tubes are to have caps circling extension spindles. vi. Surface boxes shall be to BS 5834 Part 2. Frames and lids are to be cast iron to BS EN 1561, studs, bolts, nuts and hinge pins are to be mild steel M12, chains are to be mild steel or wrought iron and lid is to have a suitable identification marking cast on in accordance with details given on the drawings or as instructed by the Engineer. Boxes are to be of the following types: a. Heavy grade type A for carriageways (wheel loads up to 11.5 tons). b. Medium grade type M for use where heavy commercial vehicles are exceptional. c. Light grade type L for use in places inaccessible to wheeled vehicles vii. Lifting Key Sets: Malleable iron, supplied at the rate of 1 per 5 covers installed or fraction thereof. viii. Guards for Underground Stop Valves: PVC, shape and size and other constructional details to manufacturer's standards and/or as shown on the Drawings. 6 Plastic Valve Boxes i. Generally: Valve boxes may be glass reinforced plastic (GRP) or plastic. ii. GRP valve boxes are to be designed to suit site conditions and loadings. GRP is to be manufactured from E-glass type fibers and thermosetting resin and is to incorporate a corrosion resistant liner. Glass fibers are to be compatible with the resins used. Liner is to comprise an inner face being a smooth hard suitably reinforced resin rich layer. Exterior surface of valve box is to be resin rich. iii. Inside surface of valve box is to be hard, durable, free of tackiness and free of bulges, dents, ridges or other defects that result in a variation of inside dimensions of more than 3 mm from that obtained in adjacent unaffected portions of the surface. iv. No glass fiber reinforcement is to penetrate interior surface of valve box wall, and any glass fiber reinforcement on exterior surface must be thoroughly impregnated with resin. v. Glass content will be determined by ignition loss analysis in accordance with ASTM D 2584 or BS EN ISO 1172. vi. Plastic valve boxes are to be manufactured from high impact, acid and heat resistant, self- extinguishing, hard, durable, low coefficient of expansion PVC compound. 16.2.2.5 Jointing Material 1 Generally i. Gaskets: Elastomeric full face 3 mm thick joint rings to ISO 4633 or BS EN 681-2 with dimensions to BS 3063. ii. Rings: Elastomeric to ISO 4633 or BS EN 681-2 with dimensions to manufacturer's recommendations to suit type of joint required. iii. Bolts and Nuts: ISO metric black hexagon to BS 4190, minimum tensile strength 433 MN/m2, maximum elongation 17%. After fixing, bolt projection shall to be maximum 6 mm, minimum 3 mm. iv. Washers: Black steel shall be to BS 4320 or ISO 887. v. Dielectric joints shall have insulating gasket between flanges and Teflon sleeves and washers between bolts and nuts and flanges. Joints are to be suitable for operating pressure of system. 2 Flexible Couplings i. Type: Gasketed sleeve type, to allow angular deflection and axial movement of two joined pipe ends and to maintain permanent, leak- tight joint. ii. Components comprise one centre sleeve, two end followers or flanges, two rubber- compounded wedge-section gaskets and sufficient draw bolts and nuts to properly compress gaskets. Tightening of bolts to draw end followers together is to compress gaskets
16-21 in recess between centre sleeve and followers onto pipe ends to effect positive seal. iii. Size: Couplings are to have diameter specifically supplied for and to properly fit type of joined pipe ends. Center sleeve is to be of adequate thickness and whole coupling suitable for minimum working pressures shown on the Drawings. iv. Centre sleeve and followers shall be true circular sections, free from irregularities, flat spots or surface defects and formed from steel mill sections with space between sleeve and follower designed to provide confinement of gasket. v. Bolts shall be special steel having minimum yield strength of 2800 kg/cm 2 (40,000 psi) and ultimate strength of 4200 kg/cm 2 (60,000 psi). Bolts shall be track-head design to prevent turning when nut is drawn up and threads are to be rolled with a nominal diameter larger than diameter of shank. Manufacturer shall supply information regarding recommended torque to which bolts are to be tightened. vi. Gaskets shall be synthetic rubber-base compound with other products to produce material which will not deteriorate from age, heat or exposure to air and which is resilient and able to resist cold flow of material so that joint will remain sealed and tight indefinitely when subjected to shock, vibration, pulsation, temperature and adjustment of connected pipes. vii. Factory Protection: Coupling shall be factory painted internally with 10 mils coating of epoxy and externally with red primer to AWWA C203 Type B chlorinated rubber solution compatible with bitumen, coal tar and general paints. viii. Installation: Couplings are to be assembled on site in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to ensure permanently tight joints under all conditions of expansion, contraction, shifting and settlement.]. 3 Dismantling Couplings i. Type: Couplings shall ensure extensible connection between sections of pipework, to be mounted next to valves to enable easy dismantling from pipework or to permit joining pipework when butterfly valve is removed for maintenance. ii. Components: Dismantling piece shall be flanged type composed of two parts, one sliding into the other, and a free flange to compress a trapezoidal section seal to ensure water tightness. Coupling shall have locking devices to provide elements of complete rigidity. iii. Construction: All steel with flanges class PN 10, PN 16 or PN 25 depending upon coupling location on pipework. iv. Size: Couplings shall have diameter specifically supplied for and to properly fit type of joined ends of pipes and valves. Coupling shall permit tightening of end flanges without risk of misalignment. Seal shall be locked after end joints are tightened. 4 Flanged Adaptor: Ferrous i. Material: Cast iron to BS EN 545. ii. Length of adaptor shall be 200 mm for diameters up to 150 mm, 250 mm for diameters between 200 and 300 mm and as approved for diameters larger than 300 mm. iii. Factory Protection: Coated with bitumen or coal tar to BS 3416 or 4164 respectively. 16.2.2.6 Concrete and Metal Work 1 Concrete shall conform to the requirements of Section 5, clause 5.1.2, reinforcing steel to Clause 5.2.2 and reinforced concrete to Clause 5.3.2. Structural steel and other metalwork shall conform to Section 6, Sub- section 6.2 and as shown on the drawings. Structural steel and other metalwork shall be painted and protected in accordance with Section 7. 16.2.2.7 Pumping Plant 1 Refer to Section 17 of the Specification. 16.2.3 Construction Requirements 16.2.3.1 Excavation, Bedding and Backfilling 1 All excavation and backfill shall conform to the requirements of Sub-Sections 2.3 - Road Excavation and 2.7 - Excavation and Backfilling for Structures. 2 All piping under pavements shall be installed in pipe sleeves (ducts) to permit replacement at a later date. Sleeves for irrigation piping shall be sulfate resistant reinforced concrete pipe as specified in Section 8, Clause 8.1.2. Locations and sizes of pipe sleeves are as shown on the Drawings. Pipe and sleeves, or sleeves only, shall be placed prior to or during construction of the highway. Any piping installed after completion of the highway construction shall be placed after jacking a pipe sleeve under the pavement. The Contractor will not be permitted to cut into the pavement for pipe installation. 16.2.3.2 Pipe Laying - Generally 1 Lowering: The Contractor shall not lower pipe into trench until pipe bed is brought to grade and approved. He shall use ropes, wire slings, band slings, spreader beams etc. as recommended by manufacturer for each type of pipe and as approved. 2 Manufactured pipe shall be handled and assembled in accordance, with the manufacturer's instructions. When
16-22 pipe laying is not in progress, the Contractor shall close open ends of pipes with properly fitted temporary wooden plugs or standard caps as directed 3 All material shall be carefully examined for damage and tested in accordance with manufacturer's instructions before laying to the satisfaction of Engineer. 4 The Contractor shall examine material to ensure internal coating or lining and outer coating or sheathing are undamaged. If damaged, the Contractor shall make good or dispose of as directed. 5 The Contractor shall remove dirt and other materials before lowering the pipe into the trench and verify the pipe inside is clear from construction debris before making joint. 6 Pipe on solid ground: The Contractor shall cut holes in bottom of trench to allow proper jointing and for barrel of pipe to bear evenly on solid ground for its full length. 7 Pipe on granular bedding: The Contractor shall scoop out locally at sockets/couplings to enable pipe to rest uniformly on barrel and adjust to exact line and level. After testing, the Contractor shall lay and compact further granular material in 150 mm layers or as approved to levels shown on the Drawings. 8 The Contractor shall lay pipe on an even formation true to grade and line, with sockets (if any) facing up the gradient. 9 Pipe on concrete bed or surround: The Contractor shall provide rectangular blocks of concrete Class 30, made in approved moulds at least 14 days before use, and approved hardwood folding wedges. The Contractor shall provide two concrete blocks for each pipe, set and bone into correct level on formation bottom and lay pipe properly centered and socketed. 10 The Contractor shall insert two hardwood folding wedges of width equal to width of concrete block between body of pipe and block and drive together until pipe is brought to exact level required. The Contractor shall leave blocks and wedges undisturbed while pipes are being jointed and concrete bed and haunch or surround are being placed. The Contractor shall ensure blocks and wedges are of sufficient size and strength to prevent settlement of pipes. The Contractor shall leave sufficient space to enable joints to be made, tested and inspected. 16.2.3.3 Jointing 1 Manufacturer's instructions shall be followed regarding placement of bedding and backfilling, cleanliness of joint surfaces, lubricant used, correct location of components, provision of correct gaps between end of spigot and back of socket for flexible joints etc. 2 Deflection of joint: The Contractor shall not deflect flexible joints beyond maximum permissible angles given by manufacturer and/or relevant Standards. 3 Patent detachable and flexible joints: The Contractor shall strictly comply with special instructions issued by manufacturer's of proprietary joints when laying and jointing. 4 Differing pipe and fitting material: The Contractor shall joint with adaptors as recommended by pipe manufacturer. 16.2.3.4 Line and Gradient 1 In open excavation: The Contractor shall provide and maintain sight rails and boning rods properly painted to ensure correct alignment of pipe runs. Sight rails shall be positioned either vertically above the lines of pipes or immediately adjacent thereto. At no time shall there be less than three sight rails in position on each length of pipeline under construction to any one gradient. 2 In heading: The Contractor shall provide and maintain marks to establish line and level of pipeline. Marks are to be fixed in each working shaft and two further marks established in each length of heading. 16.2.3.5 Floatation 1 Prevention: Whenever water is excluded from interior of pipe, the Contractor shall place sufficient backfill above pipe to prevent floatation. 2 The Contractor shall remove: any pipe that has floated, correct the bedding and relay. 16.2.3.6 Pipe Built Into Structures 1 Treatment of external surface: The Contractor shall thoroughly clean outside surface of pipes to be built-in immediately before installation. The Contractor shall remove protective coating to metal pipes, where ordered. The Contractor shall roughen clay and concrete pipes as directed. The Contractor shall paint plastic pipes with appropriate solvent cement and sprinkle with dry coarse sand whilst wet. The Contractor shall cut away sheathing from sections to be built-in and after installation restore protection up to external face of structure with approved bituminous material. 2 Flexible joints: The Contractor shall provide two flexible joints or flexible patented joints adjacent to structures. The Contractor shall place first joint not more than one pipe diameter from face of structure and second not more than the following distances away from first: i. Pipelines not exceeding 450 mm: 2 pipe diameters. ii. Pipelines over 450 mm and not exceeding 1000 mm: 1.2 m. iii. Pipelines over 1000 mm: 1.8 m. 16.2.3.7 Field Testing: Generally 1 Provision of test equipment: All items for tests shall be provided on site before the test i.e. pressure gauges, instruments, water etc... 2 The Contractor shall carry out tests in the presence of the Engineer's Representative.
16-23 3 Fittings and joints: The Contractor shall permanently anchor fittings before testing and leave all joints exposed for checking. 4 Test sections: The Contractor shall limit test sections to not more than 500 m. 5 Test sections: The Contractor shall test pressure lines between valve chambers whenever possible. 6 Test sections: No testing shall be carried out against or through the pressure reducing valves. The setting of the pressure reducing valves shall not be changed for testing purposes. 7 Test plug: The Contractor shall secure end of main and test plug by struts. 8 Closed valve: The Contractor shall not test against a closed valve unless there is no acceptable alternative. 9 The Contractor shall apply pressure by manually operated test pump or, in the case of large diameter mains, by power driven test pump, if approved. 10 The Contractor shall examine exposed joints and repair visible leaks. 11 Failure: Should a test fail, the Contractor shall locate leak and replace or make good defective pipe or replace and make good faulty joint and retest main. 12 Records: The Contractor shall keep test records in an approved form and hand original copy to the Engineer immediately after completion of test. 13 The Contractor shall carry out hydrostatic test while pipeline is partially backfilled. 16.2.3.8 Hydrostatic Testing of Pressure Pipelines 1 The pipeline shall be filled slowly with water from the lowest point. After filling with water, absorbent pipes shall be allowed to stand for at least 24 hours before testing to allow for complete absorption. 2 Entrapped air shall be bled and pressurizing shall then proceed until the specified test pressure is reached in the lowest part of the pipeline section under test. Further quantities of entrapped air shall be bled while the pressure is being raised. 3 Unless otherwise specified, the test pressure shall be equal to 1.5 times the maximum working pressure of the pipeline as shown on the Drawings or as determined by the Engineer on Site, but shall in no case exceed 75% of the factory hydrostatic test pressure. 4 The test pressure shall be maintained for one hour by pumping using a separate test pump. Pumping shall then be stopped for 2 hours, at the end of which time the line shall be re-pressurized to the original test pressure and the volume of water pumped into the line recorded. 5 The pipeline shall be deemed to have failed the test if visible leaks are detected (regardless of leakage being within the allowable specified limit) or if the volume of water pumped to restore original test pressure after the period when pumping was stopped exceeds 0.1 liter/day per km of pipe per mm of pipe diameter for each 3 kg/cm 2
of applied pressure for other pipe material. 16.2.3.9 Visual Inspection Test 1 Timing: The Contractor shall carry out test after total backfilling of length under test. 2 Limit of length to be tested at one time is three full- length pipes unless otherwise approved. 3 Apparatus: The Contractor shall use rubber tyred bogies which do not damage lining of pipe and an adequate supply of electric lamps. 4 The Contractor shall check joints by means of feelers to ensure rubber rings are correctly located. 5 The Contractor shall check pipe barrel for visible cracks. 16.2.3.10 Deflection Tests for GRP Pipes 1 The Contractor shall conduct deflection tests for GRP pipes as required by the Engineer at 3 stages. Deflection shall be measured at the spigot end at mid point and at socket end. 2 Stage 1: at completion of primary backfill (deflection at this stage should be below 0.5%). 3 Stage 2: at final backfill (Maximum allowable deflection 2.5%). 4 Stage 3: six months after final backfill (maximum allowable deflection 4.0%). 5 Pipes not passing the deflection tests at Stage 2 or Stage 3 will be removed and replaced. 16.2.3.11 Flushing 1 Procedure shall be to AWWA C651. 2 The Contractor shall provide equipment, gauges, temporary connections needed for flushing. The Contractor shall arrange with the Employer to draw water from existing sources. 3 The Contractor shall flush mains in sections as directed by the Engineer. 4 The Contractor shall use washout valves and fire hydrants to drain flushing water. 5 The Contractor shall flush main until effluent is clean and then clean as directed. 1 to 2 times volume of pipe is usually required for such flushing. 16.2.3.12 Field Protection and Coating 1 Iron pipes: Polyethylene encasement shall be to ANSI/AWWA C105, Section 4.1 minimum thickness 200 microns and/or in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. 2 Patented detachable and flexible joints and flanged connections: The Contractor shall protect metal joints with mastic compound and protective tape in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and provide a minimum overlap of 55%. The Contractor shall press out firmly all folds and irregularities.
16-24 16.2.3.13 Irrigation Control 1 The 24V electrically operated irrigation solenoid valves shall be controlled by the irrigation program controller and positioned as shown on the Drawings. 2 The controllers shall be interlocked with the pumping system to ensure that the pumps operate after the irrigation valves are open. 3 The irrigation control electric cables, connecting the irrigation program controller to the solenoid valves shall be copper PVC insulated and PVC sheathed. The sizes of cables shall be commensurate with the distances between the controller and valves, operating pressure and manufacturer's recommendations. The cables shall be approved for ground feeders directly buried and rated for 600/1,000V. They shall be clipped to the main water pipework. Multi-runs of cables shall be bunched and tied together at one m intervals using PVC tape and clipped to the underside of the water pipework at 2 m intervals using plastic straps. 4 To allow full flexibility of the system, each valve shall have a separate control cable such that any valve sequence control may be re-adjusted. 5 Where required, cable junction boxes shall be fitted. These shall be purpose made boxes fitted with fixed connectors and suitably labeled. The boxes shall be fitted with glands and gasketed lid to ensure a fully dust tight and weatherproof enclosure to IP65. 6 Each solenoid valve shall be fitted with fixed terminals inside an IP65 box and suitable for wiring from the valve to be connected. 7 All cable cores shall be fitted with marker ferrules at each end for ease of identification, and all valves shall be fitted with identification labels. 16.2.3.14 Contract Requirements 1 The Contractor shall prepare working drawings of the irrigation electrical system including all necessary calculations and these shall be submitted in triplicate for approval prior to commencing the Works on Site. 2 The Contractor shall submit, in triplicate, full details of all equipment to be supplied for approval before firm orders for the equipment are placed. 3 The Contractor shall submit "As-Built" drawings of the installation on completion. 4 The Contractor shall maintain the installation throughout the Period of Maintenance and shall keep a detailed record of all maintenance and repair action taken. 16.2.3.15 Documentation 1 On completion of the Works, the Contractor shall supply record, operation and maintenance data. A single line diagram of the electrical installation shall be framed and mounted in each pumping station. 2 All equipment and circuits shall be properly labeled and reference shall be included on the single line diagram, 16.2.3.16 Maintenance Program 1 The Contractor shall submit a detailed Maintenance Program for approval, at least 2 months prior to putting the irrigation system into service. This Program shall include an Operation and Maintenance Organization Chart and all activities incidental thereto. 2 During the Period of Maintenance, the Contractor shall maintain in proper operating condition all irrigation equipment, pipes, valves, pumping stations, and appurtenances. A record shall be kept of all maintenance and repair activities throughout the Period of Maintenance, including the date, location and type of work performed, all repairs and replacement, activities and equipment relevant to the Maintenance works. This record shall be complete and acceptable to the Engineer. 16.2.4 Method of Measurement 1 Trench excavation and backfilling shall be measured and paid for as indicated in Section 2, Clause 2.8.4. 2 Pipes shall be measured in linear meters of laid pipe of each type, class and size, measured as a straight line between the centers of consecutive coupling sections. The distance between the two centers of the couplings on both sides of any fitting or valve shall be included as pipe length. No allowance will be made for cut ends and waste. 3 No separate measurement will be made for setting out laying and bedding in trenches or fixing to structures, thrust blocks, sleeves and ducts, jointing material, couplings of any type, special fittings, connecting to equipment and chambers, testing, lining and painting and all other items and work to provide a fully functional system as specified, all of which is considered to be subsidiary work , the cost of which is deemed to be included in the rates stated in the Bill of Quantities for pipes 4 Valves shall be measured by the number of each type and size installed completed and accepted. No separate measurement shall be made for connections to pipes or equipment, ancillary fittings, bolts nuts and gaskets, lining and painting, loose keys spindles and hand wheels, valve boxes or any other items required for a fully functional unit, all of which is considered to be subsidiary work, the cost of which is deemed to be included in the rates and prices for the relevant items. 5 Irrigators, including sprinklers, bubblers and emitters (excluding drip emitter distribution tubing) shall be measured by the number of each type and size installed, completed and accepted. The rates stated in the Bill of Quantities are deemed to include, as appropriate, the costs stated in item 4, above. 6 Drip emitter distribution tubing shall be measured by the linear meter of each size installed, completed and accepted. The rates stated in the Bill of Quantities shall be deemed to include, as appropriate, the costs stated in item 3 above.
16-25 7 Irrigation program controllers shall be measured by the number of each type or specification reference installed. The rates stated in the Bill of Quantities shall be deemed to include for all items and work required for a fully operational system, including transport, electrical installations and civil work. 8 Where spares are ordered by the Engineer, they will be measured by number and paid for at the rates stated in the Bill of Quantities for each type, size and class of spare part authorized by the Engineer, purchased by the Contractor, handed over, and accepted. 16.2.5 Basis of Payment 1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rates for the various items listed in the Bill of Quantities, which unit rates shall be full compensation for supplying, fabricating, connecting and testing, and for labor, transport, materials, equipment, tools, and other items necessary for the completion of the Work as specified in Sub-section 16.2. 16.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities i Pipe (type, class and diameter) lin.m. ii Valves (type and diameter) nr. iii Irrigation Program Controller (type) nr. iv Irrigators (type and size) nr. v Drip Emitter Distribution Tubing (type and diameter) lin.m. vi Spares for Irrigation System (type, class and size) nr.