Chapter 1

SPM
Temperature Electric current

Quick revision before exams

9 How many bytes of memory space are there in a 120 GB hard disk?(B in GB stands for byte.)

1 What is the missing word? A physical quantity that cannot be derived from other physical quantities is known as a 2 Complete the table by stating the SI units for the following quantities. Quantity SI Unit Length quantity. 10 Fill in the blanks with the correct words. (a) A quantity which only has magnitude is known as a

Kelvin/K

scalar

quantity.

(b) A quantity which has direction as well as magnitude only is known as a

3 Underline the correct answer. (a) The SI unit of mass is (gram, kilogram). (b) The SI unit of time is (second, minute). 4 What is the missing word? A prefix is used to denote the of a unit. 5 Complete the following table by stating the missing prefixes, abbreviations or factors where appropriate. Prefix Giga Abbreviation M m Factor

vector

quantity.

11 Group the following quantities into its correct grouping. time momentum pressure force Scalar quantity mass distance temperature displacement

Vector quantity

Mega Micro
Nano

6 Write the following quantities in numbers and symbols. Quantities Twelve millimeters Thirty eight milligrams Fifty three kilometers 7 Write the following quantities in words. Quantities in numbers and symbols 23 ms 135 mg 135 MW 8 Express the following numbers using the scientific notation. (a) 6 500 000 = (b) 0.000 000 028 = Quantities in words Quantities in numbers and symbols

12 Fill in the blanks with the correct words. (a) Errors caused by the state of the environment in which the measurements are taken are known as

random errors. (b) Errors caused by the wrong positioning of the eye when reading the scale of a measuring cylinder are
known as

parallax

errors.

13 Name the instruments you would use to measure the following measurements. Measurement The internal diameter of a beaker The thickness of a coin The length of ball point pen 14 State the accuracy of the measuring instruments stated. Measuring instrument Metre rule Vernier calipers Micrometer screw gauge Accuracy Instrument

0.1cm

0.01cm 0.001cm

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 15 What is the reading of the vernier scale shown below if it has a zero error of + 0.01 cm?
0 7 8

(d) The slope of the velocity versus time graph of a body moving in a straight line is its displacement. (e) A ball that is thrown vertically upwards experiences a zero acceleration at the peak. (f) The speed shown on the speedometer of a car is its instantaneous speed. 3 What is the average speed of a runner if he takes 48 s to run a 400 m race?

10

Vernier reading =

7.9-0.01=7.89

16 What is the micrometer screw gauge reading shown below if it has a zero error of 0.02 mm?
0 20 15 10

Micrometer reading =

1.61+0.02=1.63cm

4 Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

17 Sketch the shape of the graphs that would most likely represent the equations stated. Equation (a) y = 2x + 5 Shape of the graph (b) y 2 = 3x (c) y = 5x

velocity

(a) An object is said to be accelerating when the of the object changes.

(b) Negative acceleration is also known as . deceleration 5 Match the statements to the correct graphs. (a) Object at rest Graph
displacement

Q
0 Graph P time

Chapter 2
1 Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

displacement is the distance travelled per unit time in a stated direction.

2 State whether the statements below are true or false. Statements (a) The displacement of a car that travels from Penang to Kuala Lumpur is always equal to the distance it travelled. (b) An object will have a constant speed if it has a constant velocity. (c) An object is travelling with a constant velocity when its speed is constant. True or False

distance is the distance travelled per unit time.

(b) Object with uniform deceleration Graph

displacement

Graph Q

time

(c) Object with uniform velocity Graph

displacement

R
0 Graph R time velocity

(d) Object with uniform acceleration Graph

Graph S

time

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 6 Calculate the acceleration from the graphs shown below. velocity/cm s-1 (a)
9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0

11 State whether the following statements are true or false. Statements (a) Momentum is measured in joules per second. (b) A cat running down the street has a bigger momentum than a car in a parking lot. True or False

true true

(b)

2 4

6 8 10 12 14 16 time / s

velocity/cm s-1 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0

(c) A moving object which no forces are acting will continue to move with a constant momentum. (d) Impulse is equal to the force on an object multiplied by the distance the object moves.

12 A 1 200 kg car travelling at 16 m s1 brakes to a stop in 8 s. What is the average braking force?
10 12 14 16 time / s

2 4 6 8 7 Fill in the missing words.

(a) The gradient of a displacement-time graph represents the

velocity

of the object. 13 Forces of 7 N and 10 N acts at right angles at a point. What is the resulting magnitude on that point?

(b) The gradient of a velocity-time graph represents the

acceleration of the object.

(c) The area under a velocity-time graph represents the displacement travelled by the object. 8 Define inertia.

Tendency of an object to resist change in its state of motion

9 Fill in the blanks. (a) A perfectly the collision. (b) An the collision is one in which part of energy is changed to some other

14 Which of the diagrams below depicts an object moving to the right with constant speed?
30 N 10 N 30 N A 15 N 30 N B 20 N 5N

elastic

collision is defined as one

in which there is no loss of

kinetic

energy in

form of energy in the collision. 10 State whether the following collisions are elastic or inelastic. Examples of collisions (a) Collision among gas molecules (b) Collision between two snooker balls (c) Collision between a big lorry and a small car (d) Collision between two ping pong balls Type

15 Which law of physics states that within the limit of elasticity the strain produced by a force is proportional to the stress?

16 What are the four factors that affect the spring constant of a coiled spring? (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)

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Chapter 3
1 Diagram 1 shows four shoes with different shapes of heels worn by the same lady.

(b) (i) Why does the water flow from the reserve water tank to water tank Y? Water flows to Y when the water level in the reserve tank is at is water is which at than Y. This is because

Diagram 1

(a) Arrange in descending order, the heels according to their pressure exerted on the ground.

than at Y. (ii) Why does the water stop flowing to water tank Y when the water level in the reserve water tank drops to a certain level? Water stops flowing to Y when the water in the reserve water tank is at the level as the water in Y and both are at pressure. (c) State three factors that affect the pressure in a liquid. 1. 2. 3.

(b) (i) Define pressure. Pressure is the normal

force

per unit

on a surface. acting area (ii) Write down a formula relating pressure p , force F and area A.

(iii) State the units for measuring pressure.

(c) Complete the table below by giving two examples of application of high pressure and two examples of application of low pressure in daily life. Application of high pressure (1) (2) 2 Diagram 2 shows a system of supplying water from a reserve water tank to water tank Y at the roof of a house.
Reserve water tank V 2m W 3m 4m X Floor level of the house Water tank Y

Application of low pressure

(d) Based on the given information, sketch the following graphs to show (i) the variation of pressure p with area A , where force F remains constant, (ii) the variation of liquid pressure p with depth h, where density and gravitational field strength g are kept constant. (iii) the variation of liquid pressure p with density , where depth h and gravitational field strength g are kept constant. State the relationship between the variables for each graph drawn. (i) Graph p against A
p

Relationship:

(ii) Graph p against h

p

Relationship:

Diagram 2

(a) Based on the information given in Diagram 2, identify (i) the point where the water pressure is highest: (ii) the point where the water pressure is lowest:

(iii) Graph p against

p

Relationship:

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 3 Diagram 3.1 shows two rubber cups which are pressed against one another.
Rubber cups Wooden handle Wooden handle

(c) Diagram 3.3 shows the altitudes of an aeroplane and a satellite above sea level.

Satellite in space

Diagram 3.1

10 000 m above sea level Sea level

(a) Why it is difficult to separate the two rubber cups in Diagram 3? The air inside the rubber cups is , so the higher pressure outside acts on the rubber cups to prevent them from being separated. (b) Diagram 3.2 shows the air molecules inside a car tyre.
Air molecules Car tyre

Diagram 3.3

(i) Compare the atmospheric pressure at the altitude of the aeroplane to that at sea level. The atmospheric pressure at the altitude of the aeroplane is than the atmospheric pressure at sea level. (ii) What causes the difference in atmospheric pressure at different altitudes? There is altitudes to exert their air present in higher that with

Diagram 3.2

produces the atmospheric pressure. Therefore, atmospheric pressure and altitudes. (iii) Predict the atmospheric pressure at the altitude of the satellite. Give one reason for your answer. The atmospheric pressure at the altitude of the satellite is because air is

(i) What is the pattern of movement of air molecules inside the car tyre? The air molecules move . (ii) How does the movement of air molecules exert a pressure on the car tyre? The air molecules are constantly on the wall of the tyre, giving rise to a that produces the air pressure. (iii) What happens to the air molecules when the volume of the container where they are enclosed is decreased? The air molecules that move in a space force that produces a more often on the wall of air the container. This gives rise to a pressure. (iv) What happens to the air molecules when their temperature is raised? The mean (average) of the air molecules container. This gives rise to a force that produces a pressure. air energy , so they

in space. (d) (i) Name two instruments that can be used to measure gas or atmospheric pressure. 1. 2. (ii) Name four applications of atmospheric pressure in everyday life. 1. 3. 2. 4.

4 Diagram 4.1 shows toothpaste being squeezed out from its tube.

more often on the wall of the

Diagram 4.1

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(a) (i) Explain how the toothpaste is being squeezed out from its tube. Pressure that is applied to the toothpaste tube is with parts of the tube, to causing the toothpaste to flow out from the open end of the tube. (ii) Name one physics principle related to the above situation.

(ii) Relate the readings shown in Diagram 5 to the physical quantities in the table below. Physical quantity Weight of the metal block Apparent loss in weight of the metal block Volume of the metal block Buoyant force (iii) State Archimedes principle. An object which is partially or wholly upward in a (liquid or gas) is acted upon by an force equal to the it displaces. (b) A small stone sinks in water and a large ship made of steel floats on water. Compare and contrast the physical properties between the small stone and the large steel ship in the table below. Physical properties (a) Volume (b) Density (c) Buoyant force (c) Name four applications of Archimedes principle in everyday life. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6 (a) Diagram 6.1 shows water flows at a steady rate through a Venturi tube with a narrow section at the centre. The water level in tubes X, Y and Z shows the variation in water pressure along the tube.
X Y Z

Reading

(b) Diagram 4.2 shows a hydraulic lift. A force F1 is applied on the small piston J of cross-sectional A1 to exert a pressure p1 on the fluid in it. The pressure and force produced on the large piston K are p2 and F2 respectively.
F1 Crosssectional area = A2 p1 Piston J Piston K Oil p2 F2 Cross-sectional area = A2 p2 = F2 =

Small stone

Large steel ship

Diagram 4.2

(i) On Diagram 4.2, state expressions that relate p2 to p1 and F2 to F1 in the space provided. (ii) Compare the magnitude of F1 to the magnitude of F2. (c) Name two applications of Pascals principle in everyday life. 1. 2.

5 Diagram 5 shows a metal block that is attached to a spring balance. The spring balance gives a reading a when the metal block is in the air. When the metal block is placed into a Eureka can containing water, the spring balance reading is b. The volume and weight of water displaced from the can are v and w respectively.
Spring balance reading = b Eureka can Metal block Water

Spring balance reading = a

Volume of water displaced = v Weight of the water displaced = W

Metal block

Water in

B A C

Water out

Diagram 5

Diagram 6.1

(a) (i) On Diagram 5, mark and label the forces acting on the metal block when it is immersed in water.

Based on the information given (i) Sketch a graph to show how the speed of water flow varies along the tube.

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(ii) Sketch a graph to show the variation of water pressure along the tube. (i)
Speed of water flow

Chapter 4
1 Write your answers to the following questions in the space provided. (a) What is the measure of the degree of hotness of an object?

Distance

(b) What unit is used to measure temperature? (c) What is the total kinetic energy of molecules called?

(ii)

Water pressure

Distance

(d) What is the unit used to measure heat? (e) What is the instrument used to measure temperature? (f) What is the term used to describe the condition in which there is no net heat flow between two objects that are in contact with each other? (g) Which thermometer uses the expansion of a bimetallic strip to measure temperature? (h) Which thermometer is used by doctors to measure body temperature? 2 Write your answers to the following questions in the space provided. (a) What is the heat required to raise the temperature of any substance by 1 C called? (b) What is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 C called? Arrange the specific heat capacity of the following solids in ascending order. Lead Aluminium Ice

(iii) State Bernoullis principle. The of a fluid (liquid or gas) at the region where the of the fluid flow . (b) Diagram 6.2 shows a contestant on a windsurfer that moves against the wind. Diagram 6.3 shows the pattern of airflow that passes the sail of the windsurfer.
Wind direction Sail Sailboard Sail Keel

Keel

Diagram 6.2

Diagram 6.3

On Diagram 6.3 (i) Mark, using letters F and S, the region with the fastest airflow and the region with the slowest airflow respectively. 3 (ii) Mark, using letter H and L, the region with the highest pressure and the region with the lowest pressure respectively. (iii) Show, using one arrow, the direction of force acting on the sail. (iv) Name one physics principle related to the above situation. (c) Name four applications of Bernoullis principle in 4 everyday life. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Specific heat in ascending order

Arrange the specific heat capacity of the following liquids in ascending order. Water Mercury Alcohol

Specific heat in ascending order

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 5 What are the missing numbers in the empty cell in the table below? Substance (a) Copper (b) Aluminium (c) Oil Specific Heat Temperature heat gained Mass/g capacity/ change/C or lost/J J g1 C1 600 200 50 2.4 0.4 15 10 1 800 2 400

(d) What is the coldest possible temperature called? (e) What temperature scale has the boiling point of water set at 100 degrees? (f) What do you add to a Celsius reading to convert it to Kelvin? (g) What material expands when it goes from a liquid to a solid? (h) At what temperature does water has its greatest density? 9 Solve the following problems. (a) What is the specific latent heat of ice if 2 600 J of heat is required to change 8 g of ice at 0 C to water at 0 C? (b) How many kilojoules of heat is needed to vaporise 200 g of boiling water into steam at 100 C if the specific latent heat of steam is 2.26 3 106 Jkg1?

6 Solve the following problems. (a) How much heat is generated by a 500 W electric heater if it is switched on for 5 minutes? (b) What is the specific heat capacity of water in kJ kg1 C1 if 4 J raises the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 C? (c) What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 2 kg of lead by 10 C? (Specific heat capacity of lead = 130 J kg1 C1

10 Write your answers to the following questions in the space provided. 7 The graph below shows the cooling curves of liquid A and liquid B. (a) Does water boil above or below
temperature/C

100 C if the pressure is increased? (b) Is the freezing point of salt water above or below 0 C?

Liquid A

11 The following graph shows the cooling curve for naphthalene.

temperature/C time/ minutes

Liquid B

(a) Which liquid cools more slowly? (b) Which liquid has a higher specific heat capacity?

100 80 60 40 20

P Q R

8 Write your answers to the following questions in the space provided. (a) Is the loss of heat from a body always accompanied by a fall in its temperature? (b) What is the term for the heat that is absorbed in the melting process? (c) What is the term for the heat needed to change a liquid to a gas?

time /minutes

(a) Between which two points on the graph is the naphthalene a mixture of solid and liquid? (b) What is the melting point of naphthalene? (c) Is heat absorbed or given out between point Q and R?

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 12 Fill in the blanks with suitable words. (a) Boyles Law states that the mass of gas is if the fixed mass of gas is absolute temperature if the is kept constant. (c) The Pressure Law states that the fixed mass of gas is 13 Solve the following problems. (a) Convert 250 C to Kelvin. (b) Convert 25 K to C. (c) 2 m3 of a gas at 100 000 N m2 is compressed to a volume of 1 m3. What is its new pressure if its temperature remains constant? (d) A gas of volume 2 m3 at 27 C is heated to 87 C at constant pressure. What is its new volume? of a proportional to its of a fixed proportional to its volume of the gas is kept constant. of a proportional to its of the gas
rough surface

(ii) Place a tick ( 3 ) at the box in the diagram that shows regular reflection.

(b) Charless Law states that the

smooth surface

(c) Diagram 1.2 shows how a light ray incident on a plane mirror is reflected.
C A plane mirror i r N B

if the volume of the gas is kept constant.

Diagram 1.2

Based on the information given in Diagram 1.2, complete Table 1.2 to explain the laws of reflection. Law (I): Location of the incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray at the point of incidence Law (II): Relationship between the angle of incidence, i and the angle of reflection, r
Table 1.2

Chapter 5
1 (a) Diagram 1.1 shows a picture of the eclipse of the Sun. Based on your observation of the picture in Diagram 1.1, complete the sentences below: (i) Light is a form of that can stimulate the
Diagram 1.1

(d) Diagram 1.3 shows the position of an object, O and its image, I, formed on a plane mirror, M.
M O I

of our eye to see the of an object. and (ii) Eclipse of the Sun is the formation of the of the Sun caused by light from . the Sun being blocked by the (iii) This phenomenon shows that light travels in a line. (b) (i) Name the type of beam in Table 1.1 by using the words below. Convergent Divergent Parallel

Eye

Diagram 1.3

(i) On Diagram 1.3, draw two light rays that starts from O to enter the eye after reflection at the mirror. Draw dotted lines to the image, I to show how it is formed and related to the object O. (ii) Based on your observations of Diagram 1.3, state five characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror in the table below. Characteristics of image formed (1) (2) (3) Characteristics of image formed (4) (5)

Table 1.1

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(iii) Diagram 1.4 shows a student looking at the images of three letters in a plane mirror.

Complete the ray diagram in Diagram 1.6 to determine the position of the image I formed. State the characteristics of this image.

(f) Name four applications of reflection of light. 1. 3.

Diagram 1.4

2. 4.

Draw the appearance of the image as observed by the student in the space provided here.

2 (a) Diagram 2.1 shows how a light ray that is incident on a glass block is refracted.
A On the same plane as ANQ i r B Q N O

(e) Diagram 1.5 shows one of the light rays from an object, O is incident on a concave mirror and a convex mirror respectively.
Concave mirror O F P O Convex mirror p F C

Diagram 2.1

(i) Based on the information given in Diagram 2.1, complete Table 2.1 to explain the laws of refraction. Law (I): Location of the incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray at the point of incidence Law (II): Relationship between the angle of incidence, i and the angle of refraction, r
Table 2.1

Diagram 1.5

On each diagram ; (i) Draw one more ray from the object O, that passes through the principal focus F. (ii) Mark and label the position of the image I. (iii) Place a tick( 3 ) in the appropriate boxes to describe the characteristics of the image formed by a real object placed in front of the various types of mirrors. Characteristics of the image Behind the mirror Upright and virtual Inverted, real and can be formed on the screen Magnified (enlarged) (iv) Concave mirrors can also form a virtual image when an object is placed nearer to the mirror than its principal focus F.
Concave mirror

Plane mirror

Concave mirror

Convex mirror

(ii) State the formula that relates the refractive index, n to the physical quantities given in Table 2.2. Physical quantities involved Angle of refraction, r and angle incidence, i Speed of light in vacuum, c and speed of light in a medium, v Real depth, D and apparent depth, d Critical angle, c
Table 2.2

Formula

Diagram 1.6

(iii) Complete Diagram 2.2 and Diagram 2.3 by drawing the path of the refracted ray. Mark and label the angle of refraction as r .

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Normal Air Water i Air

Normal

(i) Light rays travel from an optically medium to a medium. (ii) The angle of incidence is angle . the (d) Name four applications of the total internal reflection of light. 1. 3. 2. 4. than

Water Water

Diagram 2.2 Light traveling from air into water

Diagram 2.3 Light travelling from water into air

(iv) Complete Table 2.3 by comparing between refraction and reflection based on the characteristics given. Characteristics (1) Angle of incidence (2) Type of medium travelled by incident and reflected/ refracted rays (3) Speed of incident and reflected / refracted rays
Table 2.3

Reflection

Refraction

4 (a) Diagram 4.1 shows one of the light rays from an object, O is incident on a convex lens and a concave lens respectively.
Characteristics of image, I formed: 2FO F 2 (i) Convex lens (ii) I 2F

Characteristics of image, I formed:

Concave lens I

3 (a) Diagram 3.1 shows a light ray from a lamp, L, at the bottom of a pool is incident on the water surface at a point O.
Pool Air Water L Lamp Normal O P R Q

2F O

F 2

2F

Diagram 4.1

Diagram 3.1

Given that the critical angle of water is 49. If a = 49, the correct path of the refracted light is . (b) Place a tick( 3 ) at the appropriate box to identify the total internal reflection of light in Diagram 3.2.

On each diagram: (i) Draw one more ray from the object O, that passes through the principal focus F. (ii) Mark and label the position of the image I. (iii) State the characteristics of image, I formed. (iv) Place a tick ( 3 ) in the appropriate boxes to describe the characteristics of image formed by convex lens and concave lens. The object, O is placed further from the lenses than their focal length, f. Characteristics Convex lens Concave lens

Focal length, f of the lens is real

Normal Right-angled prism

Focal length, f of the lens is virtual

Rectangular glass block Semicircular glass block

Plane mirror

Image behind the lens Image upright and virtual Image inverted, real and can be formed on the screen Magnified (enlarged) image

Diagram 3.2

(c) State two conditions for total internal reflection of light to take place.

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(v) The convex lens can also form an upright and virtual image from an object that is placed nearer to the lens than its focal length, f. In the space provided below, draw a ray diagram to show how this image is formed.

(i) 1
v

(iii)

O
Equation: Gradient: y-intercept:

1 u

O
Equation: Gradient: y-intercept: (iv) u

(vi) State one difference between the virtual image formed by a convex lens and that formed by a concave lens. (b)
Screen Object Light bulb u Convex lens Sharp image Metre rule

(ii) v

O
Equation: Gradient: Point of intersection:

1 u

O
Equation: Gradient: y-intercept:

1 m

Diagram 4.3

Diagram 4.2

(d) Diagram 4.4 shows the paths of light rays that enter the eye of a person suffering from myopia (shortsightedness) and hypermyopia respectively.
Light from object Retina

Diagram 4.2 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the focal length, f of a convex lens. An object is placed at distance u from the convex lens to form a sharp image at distance v from the lens. (i) Table 4.1 shows the results obtained by a student.
1 1 1 1 /cm1 /cm1 ( + ) cm1 u v u v 1 /cm1 f

u/cm v/cm f/cm

15 30 10

Eye lens Myopia

Table 4.1 1 1 Complete Table 4.1 by filling the values of , u v 1 and . f

Light from object

Retina

(ii) State the lens formula that relates u, v and f. (iii) Complete the sign convention for the lens formula in Table 4.2. Distance Positive sign

Eye lens Hypermyopia

Negative sign

Diagram 4.4

f u v
Table 4.2

(c) (i) Sketch, on the same axis, the relevant graphs in Diagram 4.3. For each of the graphs: (ii) write down the equation involved, (iii) state the gradient, and (iv) state the y-intercept/point of intersection.

These eye defects can be corrected by wearing suitable types of lenses. (i) Draw, in the boxes provided, the type of correction lens needed to correct each of these eye defects. (ii) Draw the path of light rays after passing through the correct lens in each case. (e) Name four applications of the convex lens: 1. 3. 2. 4.

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