Earthquake Engineering

Earthquake Engineering course
F. Danesh K.N.Toosi university
Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake response spectra spring Semester 1386
References for Study

Books:
The Seismic design Handbook, Farzad Naeim Earthquake Engineering, Bozorgnia and Bertro Earthquake Engineering, Chen
Web sites
ATC, EERC, EERI, IAEE FEMA, MAE, MCEER NCEER, PEER, SEAOC, USGS

Proceedings of Conferences :
World Conference of Earthquake Engineering (WCEE) every four years European Conference of Earthquake Engineering (ECEE) every four years Canadian Conference of Earthquake Engineering (CCEE) every four years seismology and earthquake engineering (SEE) every four years

Journals:
Earthquake Spectra Earthquake Engineering Dynamics of Structures Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamic Earthquake Design Criterion Global Tectonic & Earthquake Risk structural Engineering
Societies of earthquake engineering

ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ATC Applied Technology Council BSSA Bulletin of Seismological Society of America EERC Earthquake Engineering Research Center, at the University of California at Berkeley EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

EESD Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics EQ Earthquake FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency IAEE International Association for Earthquake Engineering MAE Mid-America Earthquake Center

NCEER National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research NISEE National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering SAC Joint venture consisting of SEAOC, ATC and CUREe to manage and administer a program to reduce earthquake hazards in steel moment frame structures SEAOC Structural Engineers Association of California USGS United States Geological Survey
Expected Magnitude
Source Mechanism
Distance from Site
Attenuation Relationships
Peak Ground Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement
code Type Design Spectrum Equivalent Lateral Force Calculation
Elastic or Design Spectra Modal Analysis Mode Combination
Acceleration Time -History Direct Integration In Time Domain
Base Shear and Storey Forces
Peak Ground Motion

Peak Ground acceleration, velocity and displacement Duration of ground motion Frequency content
Response spectrum
The maximum relative displacement, SD, the pseudo-acceleration, PSA, the pseudo-velocity, PSV, can all be read from the tripartite paper (four-way logarithmic paper) plot.
PSV = SD PSA = SD
2
Duration of Ground Motion

The two methods for computing duration of the records have been used as : Page and Bolt method: The first and last acceleration peaks greater than 0.05%g. Trifunac and Brady Method: the time interval in which significant contribution to the integral of square of acceleration referred to as accelerogram intensity take place. They selected the time interval between 5% and 95%.
Ground acceleration of the 1978 Tabas, Iran, earthquake (Ms = 7.4) recorded at Tabas (N16W component), and the corresponding evolution of the Arias intensity.
Ground motions
Ground motions
Ground motions
Definition of response spectrum

It is an important tool in seismic analysis and design of structures. Unlike the power spectral density which present information about input energy and frequency content of ground motion, response spectrum presents the maximum response of a structure to a given earthquake ground motion.
Frequency content of Ground Motion

The frequency content can be examined by transforming the motion from a time domain to a frequency domain through a Fourier transform. The finite Fourier transform F() of an accelerogram a(t) is obtained as:
F ( ) = a (t ) e
0
i t
dt
The Fourier amplitude spectrum FS() is defined as the square root of the sum of the squares of the real and imaginary parts of F().
Frequency content of Ground Motion

where F() is the Fourier transform of the ground acceleration, is circular frequency (rad/sec), T0 is time duration and i = (1)1/2 Given the Fourier spectrum, F(), the time series ag(t) can be recovered through the inverse Fourier transform
Fourier amplitude spectrum
Fourier phase spectrum
Peak Ground Motion

FS ( ) = a (t ) sin t dt + a (t ) cos t dt 0 0
T T 2 2
Since a(t) has units of acceleration, FS() has units of velocity. The Fourier amplitude spectrum is of interest to seismologists in characterizing ground motion. Next slide shows a typical Fourier amplitude spectrum for the SOOE component of EI Centro, the Imperial Valley earthquake of May 18, 1940. The figure indicates that most of the energy in the accelerogram is in the frequency range of 0. 1 to 10 Hz, and that the largest amplitude is at a frequency of approximately 1.5 Hz.
Peak Ground Motion
Factors influencing response spectra

Site geology Magnitude Distance Source characteristics Duration
Site geology
On the effects of soil conditions on Japanese earthquake had shown that soil conditions significantly affect the spectra shapes. The study by seed et al. and Mohraz considered the influence of soil conditions on response spectra. The study by seed et al. used 104 horizontal components of earthquake records from 23 earthquakes. The records were divided into four categories: rock, stiff soils less than about 150 ft deep, deep cohesionless soil with depth greater than 250 ft, and soft to medium clay and sand.
Site geology
The results show that for period greater than 0.4 to 0.5 sec. the normalized spectral ordinates for rock are substantially lower than those for soft to medium clay and for deep cohesionless soil. The work done by Mohraz shows that similar results. A comparison of accelerations for 5% damping from Seed and Mohraz studies indicates a remarkably close agreement even though the records used in the two studies are somewhat different.
Site geology
Crouse and Mcguire used 238 horizontal accelerations from 16 earthquakes to formulate a relationship for pseudo-velocity in terms of various earthquake parameters.
ln( psv) = a + b M s + d ln[R + c1 exp(c2 M s )] + eF

Where Ms is the surface wave magnitude, R is the closest distance from the site to the fault rupture in km, and F is the fault type parameter which equals 1 for reverse-slip and 0 for strike-slip earthquakes. The other parameters are given in tabular form for different periods and soil categories.
Site geology
A similar study was carried out by Boore et al. using the average shear velocity in the upper 30 m of the surface to classify the soil conditions. In this study, the pseudoacceleration response PSA in g is given by
ln( PSA) = b1 + b2 ( M w 6) + b3 ( M w 6) 2 vs + b5 ln R + h + bv ln vA
2 jb 2
Where Mw and Rjb are the moment magnitude and distance. The parameter b1 is related to the fault type and listed for different periods for strike slip and reverse-slip earthquakes, and the case where the fault mechanism is not Specified. The other parameters for different periods are presented in tabular form.
Magnitude
A study by Mohraz has shown that the earthquake magnitude influences on response spectra. As indicated in the Figure in next slide, the records with magnitude between 6 and 7 have larger acceleration amplifications than those records with magnitudes between 5 and 6.
Magnitude
The equations in previous slides also show the influence of magnitude on the pseudo-velocity and pseudo-acceleration. Next Figure presents the spectral ordinates for soil with Vs =310m/sec at a zero source distance for earthquakes with magnitudes 6.5 and 7.5 and an unspecified fault mechanism. The figure shows that the effect of magnitude is more pronounced at longer periods.
Distance
Recent studies have considered the effect of distance on the shape and amplitudes of the earthquake spectra. Using the data from Loma Prieta earthquake, Mohraz divided the records into three groups: near field (distance less than 20 km), mid-field (distance between 20 to 50 km) and far-field (distance greater than 50 km). The plots indicate that for sites on rock, the amplifications for the near-field are substantially smaller than those for mid- or far field for periods longer than 0.5 sec. For shorter periods, however, the amplifications for the near-field are larger. The effect of distance is less pronounced for records on alluvium.
Distance
The Figure in the next slide shows the pseudovelocity response computed using Equation mentioned before for sites on soil for a magnitude of 7.5 at various source distances for strike-slip and reverse-slip fault mechanisms. The figure indicates that the spectral ordinates decrease with distance. Since the spectral shapes are nearly parallel to each other for the distance range of 10 to 80 km, it may be concluded that distance does not significantly affect the spectral shape but influences the spectral ordinates through attenuation of ground acceleration.
Distance
Source characteristics
Fault mechanism may influence the spectral ordinates. using equation that proposed by crouse et al. indicates that the spectral ordinates for reverse-slip faults are greater than the ordinates for strike-slip faults for short periods but not for long periods. as shown in the previous slide, the reverse-slip faults result in a larger response for short periods and the strike-slip faults result in a larger response for long periods. The difference between the response from the two fault mechanisms, however, is not that significant.
Duration
Although earthquake spectra provide the best quantitative description of the intensity and frequency content of the ground motion, they do not provide information on the duration of strong shaking, the parameter that many researchers consider to be important in evaluating the damaging effects of an earthquake. The influence of duration on spectral shapes has been studied by Peng et al. who used a random vibration approach. Their study shows that the long durations increase the response in the low and intermediate frequency regions.
Effect of P.G.V on Design spectra
Effect of P.G.A on Design spectra
Effect of duration on design spectra
Effects of Damping on Response Spectra

The effect of damping on response spectra is to reduce the spectral ordinates; however, the amount of this reduction depends on various factors, including the period of the structure and the frequency content of the ground motion. Because of the basic characteristics of response spectra at very short and very long periods, viscous damping does not have much influence in these period ranges. In the intermediate period range, however, damping has its greatest effect on the response reduction. Figure 5.6 shows response spectra of the Rinaldi Receiving Station (S48W component) record for various damping ratios.
Scaling of Response Spectra with PGA

As mentioned before, at very short periods, the spectral acceleration approaches the peak ground acceleration (PGA). PGA has been traditionally widely used by earthquake engineers to characterize the severity of ground motion. In practice, however, the importance of PGA alone to quantify the damage potential of the recorded ground motion may have been overemphasized. It should be noted that scaling of the entire amplitude of a ground acceleration time history results in scaling of its elastic response spectrum over the entire period range. However, a single high acceleration spike in a record, resulting in a spurious PGA, is not necessarily associated with high spectral ordinates over the entire period range and, hence, it does not necessarily represent a high damage potential of this ground motion. This is demonstrated in Figure in the next slide. In this figure the response spectrum of the recorded motion at Dzce (EW component) during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake is plotted. Also shown in this figure is the response spectrum in which time history has been altered by increasing the amplitude of the peak acceleration pulse by a factor of 2. Similarly, the response spectra for the original and the altered records of the El Centro ground motion are also plotted in this Figure. It should be noted that in these cases, the entire time history is not scaled but only the amplitude at the peak spike is increased. It is evident from this Figure that from a practical point of view, an increase in the amplitude of the acceleration pulse of the time history mainly affects the short-period (high frequency) range of the response spectrum.
acceleration-displacement response spectrum

Another format for presenting the response spectrum is the acceleration-displacement (AD) diagram, also referred to as the acceleration-displacement response spectrum (ADRS). It is a plot of Sa versus Sd with periods represented by lines radiating from the origin. An example of an AD diagram is shown in Figure 5.8. The AD format of the response spectrum has been used by structural engineers for simplified analysis procedures to estimate the deformation demanded by the earthquake ground motion. The AD format has the visual advantage of being able to overlay the acceleration displacement demand and the capacity diagrams of a structure on the same plot. A disadvantage of the AD diagram is that for long periods the spectral points become close to each other.
acceleration-displacement response spectrum
tripartite logarithmic format

The spectra can also be shown in a tripartite logarithmic format. In this format, the three response spectra parameters Sa, Sv and Sd are combined such that Sv is on the vertical axis and period is on the horizontal axis, both on a logarithmic scale. Sa can be read off an axis rotated 45 counterclockwise and Sd can be read off an axis rotated 45 clockwise from the vertical axis. Thus, the lines with 45 Slopes represent constant Sa lines and the lines with 135 slopes represent constant Sd lines. Apparently, this type of paper was first introduced sometime before 1958 by Edward Fisher (Housner, 1997). In recent years, practical applications of the tripartite logarithmic format have been curtailed.
Elastic Design Spectra
Whereas a response spectrum is computed for a specific ground motion, for design purposes it is more appropriate to use a design spectrum. A design spectrum is based on a statistical analysis of a collection of numerous spectra of different recorded ground motions in different earthquakes, with possible modifications based on engineering experience. In the history of earthquake engineering, design spectra have been proposed by various engineers. Biot (1941) suggested that: When we possess a collection of earthquake spectrums at a given location, it is suggested that a simplified envelope should be used as a standard spectrum for the purpose of design in that region. Widely used design spectra were developed by Housner (1970b), Seed et al. (1976), Newmark et al. (1973) and Newmark and Hall (1982). Also, various editions of building codes and seismic design guidelines have recommended design spectra.
Earthquake Design Spectra

Design spectra are obtained by averaging a set of response spectra from records with similar characteristics such as soil condition, epicentral distance, magnitude, source mechanism, etc. the difference between response spectra and design spectra should be kept in mind. A response spectra is a plot of the maximum response of a damped SDOF oscillator with different frequencies or periods to a specific ground motion, whereas a smooth or a design spectrum is a specification of seismic design force or displacement of a structure having a certain frequency or period of vibration and damping.
Design Spectra
The first earthquake design spectrum was developed by Housner. His design spectra shown in the Figure in the next slide and are based on the characteristics of the two horizontal components of four earthquake ground motions recorded at El Centro, California in 1934 and 1940, Olympia, Washington in 1949, and Taft, California in 1952. The plots are normalized to 20% acceleration (0.2g) at zero period (ground acceleration). For any other acceleration, the plots or the information read from them are simply scaled up or down by multiplying them by the ratio of the desired acceleration to 0.2g.
Design Spectra
In the late sixties, Newmark and Hall recommended straight lines be used to represent earthquake design spectra. They suggested that three (acceleration, velocity, and displacement) which are constant in the high, intermediate, and low frequency regions of the spectrum together with peak ground acceleration, velocity, and displacement of 1.0g, 48 in/sec, and 36 in. be used to construct design spectra. Their recommended ground motions and the amplifications were based on the characteristics of several earthquake records without considering soil condition.
Design Spectra
The spectral ordinates which are obtained by multiplying the three ground motions by the corresponding amplifications are plotted on a tripartite (four-way logarithmic) paper as shown in the Figure. The spectral displacement, spectral velocity, and spectral acceleration are plotted parallel to maximum ground displacement, ground velocity, and ground acceleration, respectively. The frequencies at the intersections of spectral displacement and velocity, and spectral velocity and acceleration define the three amplified regions of the spectrum. At a frequency of approximately 6 Hz, the spectral acceleration is down to the maximum ground acceleration.
Design Spectra
It is assumed that the spectral acceleration for 2% damping intersects the maximum ground acceleration at a frequency of 30 Hz. The tapered spectral acceleration lines for other damping are parallel to the one for 2%. The normalized design spectra in the Figure can be used for design by scaling the ordinates to the desired acceleration.
tripartite logarithmic format
Design Spectra
In 1992, a workshop on site response during earthquakes was held by the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER), the Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC), and the Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC). The workshop recommended that the spectral amplifications at different periods should depend not only on the soil condition but also on the intensity of shaking due to soil nonlinearities. Consequently, a two-factor approach was suggested for constructing the design spectra in order to account for the dependence of the spectral shape on the shaking intensity.
Design Spectra
The two-factor approach was introduced in the 1994 NEHRP provisions, see Figure in the next slide. The approach uses new seismic coefficients Ca and Cv in terms of the effective peak acceleration Aa and the effective peak velocity-related acceleration Av , such that Ca = Aa Fa and Cv = Av Fv where Fa and Fv , are site amplification coefficients that vary according to soil condition and shaking intensity (seismic zone).
Design Spectra
The amplifications Fa and Fv corresponding to short- and mid- periods with respect to firm to hard rock for different shaking intensities are shown in Figures in the next two slides. The figures indicate that site amplifications decrease with an increase in shear wave velocity and an increase in ground accelerations. Borcherdt also presented the site amplifications in terms of the average shear wave velocity Vs in the upper 30 meters of the soil profile as: Fa = (VO / Vs)ma Fv = (Vo / Vs )mv Where Vo is the average shear wave velocity for a referenced soil profile (Vo = 1050 m/sec for firm to hard rock). Parameters ma and mv represent the influence of the ground motion intensity on amplification.
Design Spectra
The 1997 Uniform Building Code used a method similar to that in the 1994 NEHRP provisions to construct the design spectrum. The design spectrum, is defined in terms of the seismic coefficients Ca and Cv . These coefficients are presented for the five UBC seismic zones for different soil categories, which are the same as those used in the 1994 NEHRP provisions. The only difference between the design spectra in the 1997 UBC code and the 1994 NEHRP provisions is that the former includes the near-source factors.
Design Spectra
Design Spectra
These factors were introduced to amplify the spectral ordinates for sites close to a seismic source in the zone with the highest seismicity (zone 4). The near-source factors depend on the distance to the closest active fault and the source type (maximum magnitude, rate of seismic activity, and slip rate). Design spectra presented in the 1997 NEHRP recommended provisions can be constructed from the maps of spectral response accelerations at short periods Ss (defined as 0.2 sec) and at 1.0 sec period S1 corresponding to the maximum considered earthquake.
Design Spectra
Since the maps are provided for rock (site class B), the spectral accelerations for other soil categories are adjusted by multiplying the spectral accelerations for rock by the site coefficients Fa and Fv in the short and the mid to long period ranges, respectively. Similar to the 1994 provisions, Fa and Fv depend on the soil category and the shaking intensity and are given in tabular form based on the study by Borcherdt.
Velocity spectra
The pseudo velocity PSV is close to the maximum relative velocity SV at high frequencies (greater than 5 Hz), approximately equal for intermediate frequencies (between 0.5 Hz and 5 Hz), but different for low frequencies.
SV = avT bv PSV av = 1.095 + 0.647 0.382 2 bv = 0.193 + 0.838 0.621 2
T is the natural period, and is the damping ratio
Acceleration spectra
For zero damping, the pseudo-acceleration PSA is equal to the maximum absolute acceleration SA, but for damping other than zero, the two are slightly different. When a structure is equipped with supplemental dampers to provide large damping ratios, the difference between PSA and SA become significant, especially for structures with long periods.
SA ba = 1 + a aT PSA 1.895 aa = 2.436 ba = 0.628 + 0.205
Comparison of design spectra with spectra records of different soil types

4.5 4 3.5
IRAN CODE 2800 (SOIL II) TABAS (L1084-1) NAGFAN1 (L1054-1)
acceleration amplification
3 2.5
ABBAR (T1362-1)
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
period (sec)

5 4.5
IRAN CODE 2800 (Soil III) GOLBAF (T1176-5) GHAZVIN (L1353-1)
4 3.5 3
ABHAR (T1354)
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
period (sec)
The influence of duration on acceleration spectra

3.5
acceleration amplification (50%)
<5 sec 5-10 sec 10-20 sec
2.5
2 >20 sec 1.5
0.5
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
peride (sec)

4.5 4
SOIL I (90%)
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
IRAN CODE 2800
B = 0.816 T
-1.3
SOIL I (50%) determinestic design spectra
3.5
4.5
period (sec)

3.5
SOIL II (90%)
B = 0.89 T
-1.01
IRAN CODE 2800 SOIL II (50%)
2.5
determinestic design spectra
2 1.5
0.5
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

period (sec)

Earthquake Engineering

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Earthquake Engineering course

F. Danesh K.N.Toosi university