Introduction

The Salt Range forms the southern border of the hydrocarbons-bearing, potwar basin in northern Pakistan, the northwestern margin of the indo-Pakistani plate. The Hazara Arc lies in the south of Salt Range it is a crescent-shaped trough, form the western border of the HazaraKashmir Syntaxis.the town Balakot, a gateway to the Higher Himalayas (kaghan valley), and forms the northern tip of the Hazara Arc. Our field work assigned area was Hazara region (including Murree, Nathiagali, Abbott bad, Mansehra, Ohghai, Lora-Maqsood road) and Eastern Salt Range (including Khewra- Choa Saidan Shah road, Bisharat, Wahali). Salt Range has attracted geologists because of its well exposed Cambrian stratigraphy, Permian-Triassic boundary and lower Tertairy stratigraphy which is important for sedimentology biostratigraphy and S.E.R.Gee (1945) dedicated almost his 10 years to study to Salt Range. He solved the problem of age establishment of the Salt Range formation. He contributed a lot for producing a geological map of this area. Davies and Pinfold (1937) worked on lower Tertairy larger foraminifera of the Salt Range. Waagan (1982) worked on the Brachiopods of the Permian of the Salt Range. Hottinger (1971) gave the preliminary report on Aeolian which was not followed up by a detailed account. Fatimi (1973) studied the Ceratite of the Triassic of Salt Range and Trans-Indus Salt Range. Kummel and Trichert (1966-1970) illustrated Permian Brachiopods and described the stratigraphy of the Permian rocks. Haque (1956) described the foraminifera from the tertiary formations of the western Nammal Gorge and Salt Range. Afzal studied on the planktonic foraminifera of the Paleocene. Ashraf and Bhatti worked on the nannofossils of western Salt Range. In the Hazara area, Bossart, Dietrich, Greco, Ottiger and Ramsay (1984) worked on new structural interpretation of Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis, southern Himalayas. Butt (1962), Wagon, Wynnes studied on Triassic rocks of the Hazara district, N.W.F.P. He also worked on stratigraphic nomenclature in the Hazara District and also Hazara stratigraphy. Calkins, Offield, Abdullah, and Tayyab Ali (1975) studied the geology of the southern Himalaya in Hazara, and its adjacent areas. Davies and Gardezi (1945) worked on presences of Bouleiceras in Hazara and its geological implications. Mir latif (1970) worked on explanatory notes on the geology of southeastern Hazara, to accompany the revised geological map. Gardezi (1974) studied on preliminary of the tectonic of Kala Chitta range and Gardezi worked with the ghazanfar (1965) on the change of facies at the base of the Jurassic in district Hazara. Middlemiss (1896) worked on geology of Hazara and Block Mountains. Stratigraphy played important role in geology, when we exploite any geologic material stratigraphy of that area observed intensively for the evaluation of that geologic material. We observed Cambrian to Pleistocene stratigraphy during our fieldwork. We examined sedimentology of different rock units in the field and predict their depositional environments. Paleontology mainly foraminiferal studies were also intensively carried during the field. We find different fossils and identified them. Fossils identification helped us in predicting the depositional environment of different rock units as well as their ages. Different sedimentological structures were also observed and studied intensively, also apply their significance in depositional environmental prediction. Different rock bounbries and contacts were also studied. Demarcation of sedimentary boundaries, that was a fun for us, we paid a lot of attention to that. Different igneous and metamorphic rocks were also observed and studied their genesis and history. Tectonics and structural geology of any area imparts large impacts on the deposition of different rock units and in exploitation of any geologic material structural and tectonics of that area is very important. Different structural features were marked and studied intensively. We saw normal faulting, thrusting, over thrusting, shear movements, different folds like open, chevron, etc. mechanism of folding and faulting was studied deeply. We paid deep attention to predict movement and recognition of faults types during the fieldwork.

Economic geology is the study of fuels, metals and other valuable material of the earth that are of interest to industry or the economy in general. It is concerned with the distribution of the resources, the cost and the benefits of their recovery and the value and benefits of the existing material. These materials include metallic, nonmetallic minerals, construction grade stone, petroleum minerals, coal and water. Geological explorations basically concern with the hunting of new economic mineral deposits and natural resources present within the earth. Minerals of economic value constitute the backbone of the economy of the country. The scope of our work was restricted to the lithostructural mapping, study of depositional environment related to sedimentary structures and other related structures and seismic data interpretation but it is necessary to write something on economic deposits present in mapped area. Economical aspects of different geologic materials were also carried out during our fieldwork. Sandstone, Limestone, Dolomite, Coal, Fire clays, Cherts, was observed and their economical significance was studied. We also learn the methods for the exploitation of these materials. Source rocks, reservoir rocks, and cap rocks were also studied and identified. At last we map a specific area of our fieldwork. Some areas from Hazara and Eastern Salt Range were mapped. Different mapping techniques like dip, strike, bed recognition, structural geologic aspects etc. were used. Geologic hammer, Brunt ton, HCL, topographic sheets, GPS were used during the mapping.