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von Hirsch, A., Sentencing reform: its goals and prospects, in Duff, R. A., Marshall, S., Dobash, R. E., Dobash, R. P. (eds.), 1994 von Hirsch, A., The Future of Proportionate Sentencing, in Blomberg, T. G. and Cohen, S. (eds.), 1995. von Hirsch, A., Extending the Harm Principle: Remote Harms and Fair Imputation, in Simester, A. P. and Smith, A. T. (eds.), 1996. von Hirsch, A., Desert and Previous Convictions, in von Hirsch and Ashworth, A. (eds.), 1998. von Hirsch, A., Seriousness, Severity and the Living Standard, in von Hirsch, A. and Ashworth, A. (eds.), 1998 von Hirsch, A., Penal Theories, in Tonry, M. (ed.), 1998. von Hirsch, A. and Ashworth, A., Principled Sentencing, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 1998. Walker, N., Punishment, Danger, and Stigma, Blackwell, Oxford, 1980. Walker, N., Why Punish?, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991. Walker, N., Modern Retributivism, in Gross, H. and Harrison, R. (eds.), 1992. Walker, N., Legislating the Transcendendal: von Hirschs Proportionality, Cambridge Law Journal, vol. 51, no. 3, 1992. Walker, N., Even More Varieties of Retribution, Philosophy, vol. 74, 1999. Wasik, M. and Pease, K., Sentencing Reform. Guidance or Guidelines?, Manchester, 1987. Wasik, M. and von Hirsch, A., Non-Custodial Penalties and the Principles of Desert, Criminal Law Review, 1988. Wertheimer, A., Should Punishment Fit The Crime?, Social Theory and Practice, Vol. 3, no. 4, 1975. Wertheimer, A., Punishing the Innocent - Unintentionally, Inquiry, vol. 20, 1997.

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Williams, B., The Macropulos Case: Reflections on the Tedium of Immortality, in Problems of the Self, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973. Zedner, L., Reparation and Retribution: Are They Reconcilable?, Modern Law Review, vol. 57, 1994. Zimring, F., Making Punishment Fit the Crime: A Consumers Guide to Sentencing Reform, in Duff, R. A. and Garland, D. (eds.), 1994.

INDEX

Acton, H. B. 10, 53, 150, 199, 208 Adams, K. 120, 199 Alexander, L. 180, 199 anchor problem 7, 48, 123, 129ff, 138ff, 142, 144, 147ff, 163, 190 Anscombe, G. E. 199 Arenella, P. 73, 75, 96f, 199 Armstrong, K. G. 10,199 Arneson, R. J. 177, 182 Ashworth, A. 10, 54, 57, 63, 70, 78, 95ff, 108, 120, 151f, 182, 197f, 199f, 209, 213ff attempts 50, 63f, 66, 87, 90ff, 189, 194 Bagaric, M. 10, 53, 200 Baldwin, T. 24, 54, 200 Barnett, R. E. 200, 208 Bayles, M. 96, 200 Beccaria, C. 12f, 93, 99, 200 Bedau, H. A. 200 Belliotti, R. A. 151f, 200 Benn, S. I. 99, 111, 200 Bennett, J. 180, 201 Bentham, J. 10ff, 53, 103, 109, 120, 160, 201 Blomberg, T. G. 201 Bottoms, A. E. 197, 201 Brandt, R. 96, 201 Braithwaite, J. 152, 180, 201, 214 Brownless, I.201 Brownsword, R. 197, 201 Buchner, D. 120, 201 Burgh, R. W. 38, 40, 43, 55ff, 181, 201 burglary 13, 59 Byrne, J. M. 99, 201, 214 cardinal proportionality 13f, 48, 56, 124, 143ff, 149, 152, 156, 189 Calvert, B. 201 Cederblom, J. B. 200f, 210 censure 21, 25ff, 30f, 36, 78, 143f, Clark, R. S. 10, 202 Clarkson, C. 10, 202 condemnation 20, 22f, 25, 50, 184 217

Cohen, J. 153, 182, 217 Cohen, M. 153, 182, 217 Cooper, D. E. 202 Cottingham, J. G. 4, 53, 12, 202 Cragg, W. 202f crime 2ff, 6f, 11f, 13ff, 21, 24ff, 30ff, 38f, 45ff, 51ff, 101ff, 110ff, 124ff, 130ff, 135ff, 142ff, 147, 158ff, 166ff, 184ff, 191ff culpability 6, 59, 68ff, 75ff, 83f, 85, 93, 127, 158f, 167f, 185 Dagger, R. 38, 55, 170f, 202 Darley, J. M. 202 Davis, L. H. 15, 202 Davis, M. 5, 39, 87ff, 91ff, 114, 141, 173, 188, 202 desert 3ff, 12, 14ff, 19, 22, 32, 39, 44ff, 71ff, 77, 82, 93, 106, 114, 123, 125f, 132, 142f, 184, 188, 194f deterrence 12, 19, 45, 93, 164, 169, 187, 196 dignity 7, 61, 126, 131ff, 137ff, 141ff, 148 Dolinko, D. 15, 53, 56, 98, 151, 182, 202 draconian punishment 143f Duff. R. A. 10, 21, 25f, 28ff, 54ff, 95f, 120, 169, 180, 199, 203 Dunbar, I. 10, 203 Durham III, A. M. 80, 97, 203 Dworkin, G. 174 Ellis, A. 55, 98, 204 Erikson, M. L. 120, 204 Ewing, A. C. 206 excuses 27, 68, 71ff, 76f, 83, 159, 168 expressionism 6, 19ff, 28ff, 33f, 51, 115, 125, 143, 167ff, 179 Ezorsky, G. 18f, 204 fairness theory 6, 8, 12, 15, 36ff, 40ff, 50f, 87, 93, 114, 125, 169ff, 175ff Feinberg, J. 19, 36, 204

218

THE ETHICS OF PROPORTIONATE PUNISHMENT Kadish, S. H. 96, 207 Kant, I. 4, 44, 72, 116, 134ff, 155 Kahan, D. M. 207 Kellogg, F. 207 Kemp, P. 151, 207 Kershnar, S. 42, 56, 152, 207 Khatchadourian, H. 207 Kleinig, J. 15, 125, 131, 137f, 207 Kolnai, A. 151, 207 Kuhse, H. 133, 207 Lacey, N. 96, 182, 199, 207 Lempert, R. O. 156f, 161, 207 lex talionis 14, 68, 125ff, 130, 148 living-standard 61f, 05 Lucas, J. R. 20, 22, 24, 35, 207 Lyons, W. 56, 207 Mabbott, J. D. 4f, 88, 208 Mackie, J. L. 2, 208 Maclagan, W. G. 127, 208 Martin, R. 208 Matravers, M. 54, 202, 208 McCloskey, H. J. 44ff, 50, 208 McMahan, J. 180, 208 mercy 7, 117ff Meyer, M. J. 134, 208 Miller, F. G. 208 Mitias, A. H. 56, 208 mitigation 72, 78, 81f, 116, 168 Moberly, W. 48, 50, 208 Moore, M. S. 49f, 161, 163, 208 Morison, J. 209 Morris, H. 40, 170, 209 Morris, N. 119, 192, 194, 209 Mundle, C. W. K. 15, 124, 209 Murphy, J. G. 123, 312, 135ff, 155, 170, 178, 193, 209 Nagel, T. 12, 209 Narayan, U. 29ff, 209 Nathan, G. 120, 212 negligence 69, 158 Nino, C. S. 210 Norcross, A. 180, 210 Nozick. R. 20f, 23f, 34f, 37, 68, 70f, 73, 84, 210 Oldenquist, A. 210

Fine 2, 6, 13, 19, 47, 51, 66, 101ff, 110, 112f, 124, 129f, 42, 149, 185 Finnis, J. 55, 296 Fletcher, G. 75, 77, 96f, 204 Frankel, M. E. 10, 204 Frase, R. S. 204 Freeman, M. D. A. 204 Fried, C. 181, 204 Galligan, D. J. 13, 53, 188, 197, 204 Gardner, J. 95, 199, 205 Gerstein, R. S. 137, 152, 205 Gibbs, M. R. 120, 203 Glover, J. 181, 205 Golash, D. 205 Goldman, A. H. 205 Gotesky, R. 152, 205 Griset, P. L. 10, 205 Gross, H. 5, 46, 205 Hampton, J. 54, 116, 121, 197, 205 harm 6, 14, 58, 60ff, 65ff78, 83ff, 87, 93, 107, 127, 133, 148 Harlow, R. E. 120, 205 Harrison, R. 205 Hart, H. L. A. 22, 36f, 45, 72, 84, 111, 168, 206 Hegel, F. 125, 155, 202, 206 Hestevold, S. 121, 206 Hill, T. E. 151, 206 Hinton, J. W. 197, 201 Holmgren, M. 206 Honderich, T. 206 Hudson, B. 10, 121, 181, 198, 206 Husak, A. N. 64, 206 hybrid theories 7, 14 individualization 188 intention 66, 69ff, 113, 158. 162ff intermediate sanction 101, 133 Jacobs, J. 206 Jareborg, N. 61ff, 66ff, 206 Johnson, C. A. H. 121, 206 just deserts 3, 5, 49f, 187 justice: criminal 4, 107, 117, 158, 169 justice: social 7, 37, 156, 167, 177, 186f

INDEX ordinal proportionality 13f, 110, 124, 126, 130, 136, 142f, 147ff, 157, 189ff Parent, W. A. 54, 210 parity condition 33, 108, 110, 113, 140, 190, 192 penance 23ff Pettit, P. 152f, 180 Philips, M. I. 180, 212 Pincoff, E. L. 210 poena naturalis 51f, 112, 114 Primoratz, I. 23, 59, 86, 149, 210 principled sentencing 87, 187 proportionality: departures from 19, 194f; justification of 24, 49; principle of 4, 12, 14, 34 prevention 7, 30f, 142ff, 147ff punishment: capital 156f; of innocents 44, 157; justification of 19f, 30, 33, 36, 44, 68, 77, 111, 189 Quinton, M. 53, 206, 210 Rachels, J. 53, 210 Rainbolt, G. 121, 210 rape 13, 44ff, 49, 69f, 79, 126, 128 Rawls, J. 36, 210 reform 4, 18, 21f, 25ff, 28f, 33, 35, 178, 187, 196 rehabilitation 3, 12, 52, 93, 188 Reiman, J. 126f, 211 remote harms 164ff, 185 responsibility: character theory 72ff, 159, 185; choice theory 72ff, 76, 185 retributivism 4ff, 11f, 15, 20, 45, 48ff, 59, 110, 116, 125, 127, 155ff, 161, 167, 178, 184, 187f, 195 Roark, A. P. 211 Robinson, P. H. 104, 190ff, 194, 211 Rosen, F. 211 Rothman, D. J. 211 Ryberg, J. 55, 97, 211 Saduski, W. 39f, 114, 170, 173ff, 211 sanction, see punishment

219 Schedler, G. 211 Scheid, D.E. 84, 91f, 131f, 141, 212 Schoeman, F. 57, 212 Sebba, L. 101f. 212 Sellin, T. 60, 86, 212 sensibility 102ff, 113, 160, 185, 188 seriousness of crime 59f, 76, 90, 93, 105, 125, 127ff, 131, 157, 176, 186 sentencing system 4, 13, 17, 52, 65, 77, 84, 123, 157 severity of punishment 13, 33, 59, 101f, 106, 125, 127f, 131, 157, 176, 186 Sher, G. 40ff, 114, 171f, 175, 209, 212 Shute, S. 95, 199, 212 Sidgwick, H. 164, 212 Simester, A. P. 95, 212 Simmons, A. J. 205, 212 simple desert theory 6, 12, 14ff, 19, 22, 39f, 44, 51, 106, 124, 125, 184 Singer, G. 77, 123, 212 Singer, P. 165, 212 Skillen, A. J. 54, 212 Smart, A. 46, 213 Smart, J. J. C. 46, 213 Smilansky, S. 213 Snare, A. 213 social justice, see justice Sparks, R. 95, 213 Spiegelberg, H. 137, 213 Sprigge, T. L. S. 56, 213 Stewart, M. A. 202, 204, 213 Stuart, J. D. 213 Tamburrini, C. M. 213 Tapper, C. F. H. 53, 95, 199, 213 tax evasion 43, 92, 146 Ten, C. L. 85, 128, 192, 215 Tonry, M. 119, 192, 201, 209, 213 torture 89, 92, 1126, 133, 138f, 141 treatment 3, 22, 23f, 27f, 30f, 69, 80, 104f, 107ff, 137 143f

220

THE ETHICS OF PROPORTIONATE PUNISHMENT

unfair advantage theory, see fairness theory utilitarianism 13, 44ff victims 61, 78, 137, 158, 171, 185 Voltaire, J.F. M. A. 44 von Hirsch, A. 21ff, 29ff, 61ff, 65ff, 76, 78f, 80ff, 104, 107, 123, 142ff, 148, 158, 167f, 186, 201, 203, 213f Walker, N. 11, 110, 215 Wasik, M. 104f, 200, 205, 214 Wertheimer, A. 180, 215 Williams, B. 56, 213, 216 Wolfgang, M. E. 60, 86, 216 Zedner, L. 216 Zimring, F. 216

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